Postnatal changes in bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs

AbstractA 71-day-long experiment was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of 20% Hermetia illucens (HI) meal; Tenebrio molitor (TM) meal; Gryllodes sigillatus (GS) meal; and Blatta lateralis (BL) meal in comparison to a control diet without any insect-based materials that used fish meal as the main source of protein. A total of 1950 rainbow trout juveniles (53.39 ± 3.74 g) were used. The formulated diets were isonitrogenous (45%) and isoenergetic (10 MJ kg−1). The inclusion of a full-fat insect meal did not affect the survival rate during the experimental period. The growth performance was significantly improved in the BL and TM treatments, while in the HI treatment was not affected. However, the GS treatment had a negative effect on the growth performance. The villus height decreased in the TM and GS treatment groups and increased in the BL diet group. The total number of bacteria increased in all insect meal diet groups. The results of the experiment show that B. lateralis, T. molitor and H. illucens full-fat meals can be used as a partial fish meal replacement without negative effects on survival or growth performance parameters. Moreover, full-fat insect meals may be considered as a protein source and a functional feed component that may positively affect the histomorphological structure of the fish gastrointestinal tract and stimulate the expansion of beneficial bacterial populations in the gut.

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Effect of purified β-glucans derived from Laminaria digitata, Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on piglet performance, selected bacterial populations, volatile fatty acids and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114511006751 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 108 (7) ◽

pp. 1226-1234 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

T. Sweeney ◽

C. B. Collins ◽

P. Reilly ◽

K. M. Pierce ◽

M. Ryan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Immunomodulatory Activity ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

β-Glucans have been identified as natural biomolecules with immunomodulatory activity. The first objective of the present study was to compare the effects of purified β-glucans derived from Laminariadigitata, L. hyperborea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on piglet performance, selected bacterial populations and intestinal volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. The second aim was to compare the gene expression profiles of the markers of pro- and anti-inflammation in both unchallenged and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged ileal and colonic tissues. β-Glucans were included at 250 mg/kg in the diets. The β-glucans derived from L. hyperborea, L. digitata and S. cerevisiae all reduced the Enterobacteriaceae population (P < 0·05) without influencing the lactobacilli and bifidobacteria populations (P>0·05) in the ileum and colon. There was a significant interaction between gastrointestinal region and β-glucan source in the expression of cytokine markers, IL-1α (P < 0·001), IL-10 (P < 0·05), TNF-α (P < 0·05) and IL-17A (P < 0·001). β-Glucans did not stimulate any pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokine markers in the ileal epithelial cells. In contrast, the expression of a panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-17A) was down-regulated in the colon following exposure to β-glucans from all the three sources. However, the data suggest that the soluble β-glucans derived from L. digitata may be acting via a different mechanism from the insoluble β-glucans derived from L. hyperborea and S. cerevisiae, as the VFA profile was different in the L. digitata-treated animals. There was an increase in IL-8 gene expression (P < 0·05) in the gastrointestinal tract from the animals exposed to L. digitata following an LPS ex vivo challenge that was not evident in the other two treatment groups. In conclusion, β-glucans from both seaweed and yeast sources reduce Enterobacteriaceae counts and pro-inflammatory markers in the colon, though the mechanisms of action may be different between the soluble and insoluble fibre sources.

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Evaluation of the in vitro effects of the increasing inclusion levels of yeast β-glucan, a casein hydrolysate and its 5 kDa retentate on selected bacterial populations and strains commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/d0fo02269a ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 2189-2200

Author(s):

Brigkita Venardou ◽

John V. O'Doherty ◽

Mary J. McDonnell ◽

Anindya Mukhopadhya ◽

Claire Kiely ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Casein Hydrolysate ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Prebiotic Activity ◽

In Vitro Effects

The 5 kDa retentate of a casein hydrolysate exhibited an in vitro prebiotic activity.

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Hermetia illucens fat affects the gastrointestinal tract selected microbial populations, their activity, and the immune status of broiler chickens

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2021-0071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Bartosz Kierończyk ◽

Mateusz Rawski ◽

Zuzanna Mikołajczak ◽

Natalia Leciejewska ◽

Damian Józefiak

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Microbial Population ◽

Suppressive Effect ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Hermetia Illucens ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Liver Health

Abstract The present study investigated the effect of Hermetia illucens larvae (BSFL) fat, derived using supercritical CO2 extraction and added to broiler chickens’ diets as a partial (50%) or total replacement for commonly used soybean oil, on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbial population, its activity, and selected physiological and immune traits. A total of 576 one-dayold female Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 16 replicates each. The following treatments were applied: SO – 100% soybean oil, BSFL50 – a mixture of BSFL and soybean oils in a 50:50 ratio, and BSFL100 – 100% BSFL fat. Digesta samples from the crop, jejunum and ceca were collected for further analyses, i.e., pH measurements, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. Additionally, the selected plasma biochemical parameters and immunological traits were assessed. In general, the implementation of BSFL fat in broilers’ diets resulted in increased proliferation of potentially pathogenic bacterial populations in the crop, such as Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides – Prevotella cluster, and Clostridium perfringens. Furthermore, BSFL100 enhanced microbial activity via total SCFA production and lowered the pH in this segment. However, no detrimental effects were observed in terms of other GIT segments, i.e., the jejunal and cecal microecosystems. The strongest impact on reduction of select components of the microbial population in the cecum was observed with the BSFL50 treatment for potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides – Prevotella cluster, while commensal populations were also limited, i.e., Bacillus spp., C. leptum subgroup, and C. coccoides – Eubacterium rectale cluster. Additionally, BSFL100 reduced the cholesterol concentration in the blood, while both experimental treatments decreased the ALT level. In conclusion, due to the insufficient release of lauric acid from the BSFL fat in the crop, an adverse shift in the microbiota can be noted. However, a positive suppressive effect on the select components of the cecal microbiota, as well as improvement of liver health suggests implying the BSFL fat in broiler nutrition.

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Contributions of Microbes in Vertebrate Gastrointestinal Tract to Production and Conservation of Nutrients

Physiological Reviews ◽

10.1152/physrev.1998.78.2.393 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 393-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 307

Author(s):

C. EDWARD STEVENS ◽

IAN D. HUME

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Retention Time ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

B Vitamins ◽

Maintenance Energy ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Nitrogenous Compounds ◽

Ammonia Absorption ◽

Endogenous Substrates ◽

Gut Microorganisms

Stevens, C. Edward, and Ian D. Hume. Contributions of Microbes in Vertebrate Gastrointestinal Tract to Production and Conservation of Nutrients. Physiol. Rev. 78: 393–427, 1998. — The vertebrate gastrointestinal tract is populated by bacteria and, in some species, protozoa and fungi that can convert dietary and endogenous substrates into absorbable nutrients. Because of a neutral pH and longer digesta retention time, the largest bacterial populations are found in the hindgut or large intestine of mammals, birds, reptiles, and adult amphibians and in the foregut of a few mammals and at least one species of bird. Bacteria ferment carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), convert dietary and endogenous nitrogenous compounds into ammonia and microbial protein, and synthesize B vitamins. Absorption of SCFA provides energy for the gut epithelial cells and plays an important role in the absorption of Na and water. Ammonia absorption aids in the conservation of nitrogen and water. A larger gut capacity and longer digesta retention time provide herbivores with additional SCFA for maintenance energy and foregut-fermenting and copoprophagic hindgut-fermenting species with access to microbially synthesized protein and B vitamins. Protozoa and fungi also contribute nutrients to the host. This review discusses the contributions of gut microorganisms common to all vertebrates, the numerous digestive strategies that allow herbivores to maximize these contributions, and the effects of low-fiber diets and discontinuous feeding schedules on these microbial digestive processes.

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Removal of both zinc oxide and avilamycin from the post-weaning diet has a detrimental effect on pig performance through to slaughter

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200006803 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2002 ◽

pp. 24-24

Author(s):

L. J. Broom ◽

H. M. Miller ◽

K. G. Kerr ◽

P. Toplis

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Detrimental Effect ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Pig Performance ◽

The Eu

Avilamycin (antibiotic growth promoter) and zinc oxide are both included in the diets of newly weaned piglets to enhance growth performance and reduce the incidence of diarrhoea (MLC, 2000). It is thought that both compounds positively influence the bacterial populations residing in the gastrointestinal tract. However, growing concerns regarding antibiotic resistance and environmental pollution are likely to result in the banning of these dietary additives within the EU. This experiment, therefore, aimed to investigate what effect removing both avilamycin and zinc oxide from the post-weaning diet would have on the growth performance of weaned piglets.

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Effect of Condensed Tannins on Bacterial Diversity and Metabolic Activity in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.70.2.1104-1115.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 1104-1115 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

Alexandra H. Smith ◽

Roderick I. Mackie

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Condensed Tannins ◽

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Molecular Fingerprinting ◽

Dot Blot ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Metabolic Fingerprint ◽

Dietary Tannins

ABSTRACT The effect of dietary condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) on rat fecal bacterial populations was ascertained in order to determine whether the proportion on tannin-resistant bacteria increased and if there was a change in the predominant bacterial populations. After 3 weeks of tannin diets the proportion of tannin-resistant bacteria increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 0.3% ± 5.5% to 25.3% ± 8.3% with a 0.7% tannin diet and to 47.2% ± 5.1% with a 2% tannin diet. The proportion of tannin-resistant bacteria returned to preexposure levels in the absence of dietary tannins. A shift in bacterial populations was confirmed by molecular fingerprinting of fecal bacterial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Posttreatment samples were generally still distinguishable from controls after 3.5 weeks. Sequence analysis of DGGE bands and characterization of tannin-resistant isolates indicated that tannins selected for Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides species. Dot blot quantification confirmed that these gram-negative bacterial groups predominated in the presence of dietary tannins and that there was a corresponding decrease in the gram-positive Clostridium leptum group and other groups. Metabolic fingerprint patterns revealed that functional activities of culturable fecal bacteria were affected by the presence of tannins. Condensed tannins of Acacia angustissima altered fecal bacterial populations in the rat gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a shift in the predominant bacteria towards tannin-resistant gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides species.

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In vitro fermentation of fructo-oligosaccharides and transgalacto-oligosaccharides by adapted and unadapted bacterial populations from the gastrointestinal tract of piglets

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.07.007 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 116 (3-4) ◽

pp. 225-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Lene Lind Mikkelsen ◽

Knud Erik Bach Knudsen ◽

Bent Borg Jensen

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Bacterial Populations

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Isolation of Aerobic Bacteria Flora in the Gills and Gastrointestinal Tract of Culturable Freshwater Fish from Ogbia Bayelsa State

Archives of Ecotoxicology ◽

10.36547/ae.2021.3.1.5-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 5-8

Author(s):

Obhioze Augustine Akpoka ◽

Christiana Ngozi Opara

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Freshwater Fish ◽

Food Additives ◽

Plate Count ◽

Aerobic Bacteria ◽

Surrounding Water ◽

Bacterial Populations ◽

The Mean ◽

Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽

Qualitative Estimation

Fish is in high demand as food, food additives, and supplements as they are a rich source of carbon, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Fish has been established to possess bacterial populations on or in their skin, gills, digestive tract, etc. with their microbial diversity often reflecting the bacterial populations of the surrounding water which are either allochthonous or allochthonous. This study isolated and enumerated aerobic bacteria flora in the gastrointestinal tract and gills of four culturable freshwater fish (Silver catfish, Tilapia, Clarias, and Heterobranchus). These species of cultural freshwater fish were obtained and each adult specie held in a separate glass containing unchlorinated water and transferred to the laboratory. The quantitative and qualitative estimation of the bacteria flora present in the gill and Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT) of fish were investigated. The Mean total plate count on Nutrient Agar (NA), Blood Agar (BA), MacConkey Agar (MCA), Cysteine-Lactose-Electrolyte-Deficient Agar, (CLED Agar) and Salmonella – Shigella Agar (SSA) was found to be 60 and 40 CFU, 150 and 80 CFU, 100 and 90 CFU and 80 and 70 CFU respectively. Most of the isolates were of public significance. The results showed that fish contains a large number of microbiotas which may play a role in nutrition and health.

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