Patterns of Conservation Acquisition and the Relationship of Conservation to Intelligence for Children of Low Income

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1147-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara H. Wasik ◽  
John L. Wasik
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Standardization Sample ◽  
Conservation Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The acquisition pattern of conservation tasks of the Concept Assessment Kit—Conservation (Kit) and its relationship to intelligence was determined for 105 children, ages 6 to 8 yr., from low-income backgrounds. The acquisition pattern of these children was similar to that demonstrated by the standardization sample of the Concept Assessment Kit—Conservation. The comparison of interrelationships of tasks, intelligence and age of the subjects and children of middle income indicated less differentiation in task performance between tasks for the low-income sample. Conservation performance correlated significantly and positively with age and with 1Q; for older children only, conservation performance was related within age to IQ.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Eye Blink Rate during the Working Memory Delay Period Predicts Task Performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Ortega ◽  
Chelsea Reichert Plaska ◽  
Bernard A Gomes ◽  
Timothy M Ellmore
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Spontaneous eye blink rate (sEBR) has been found to be a non-invasive indirect measure of striatal dopamine activity. Dopamine (DA) neurons project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) through the mesocortical dopamine pathway and their activity is implicated in a range of cognitive functions, including attention and working memory (WM). The goal of the present study was to understand how fluctuations in sEBR during different phases of a working memory task relate to task performance. Across two experiments, with recordings of sEBR inside and outside of a magnetic resonance imaging bore, we observed sEBR to be positively correlated with WM performance during the WM delay period. Additionally we investigated the non-linear relationship between sEBR and WM performance, and modeled a proposed Inverted-U-shape relationship between DA and WM performance. We also investigated blink duration, which is proposed to be related to sustained attention, and found blink duration to be significantly shorter during the encoding and probe periods of the task. Taken together, these results provide support towards sEBR as an important correlate of working memory task performance. The relationship of sEBR to DA activity and the influence of DA on the PFC during WM maintenance is discussed.

Normative Sexual Behavior in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
William N. Friedrich ◽  
Patricia Grambsch ◽  
Daniel Broughton ◽  
James Kuiper ◽  
Robert L. Beilke
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Community Based ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family Variables ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

A large-scale, community-based survey was done to assess the frequency of a wide variety of sexual behaviors in normal preadolescent children and to measure the relationship of these behaviors to age, gender, and socioeconomic and family variables. A sample of 880 2-through 12-year-old children screened to exclude those with a history of sexual abuse were rated by their mothers using several questionnaire measures. The frequency of different behaviors varied widely, with more aggressive sexual behaviors and behaviors imitative of adults being rare. Older children (both boys and girls) were less sexual than younger children. Sexuality was found to be related to the level of general behavior problems, as measured by the Achenbach Internalizing and Externalizing T scores and to a measure of family nudity. It was not related to socioeconomic variables.

Subordinate-oriented strengths-based leadership and subordinate job performance: the mediating effect of supervisor–subordinate guanxi

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1107-1118
Author(s):  
He Ding ◽  
Enhai Yu
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Innovative Behavior ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe aim of the present study was to examine the association of subordinate-oriented strengths-based leadership (SSBL) with subordinates’ job performance (task performance and innovative behavior) as well as the meditating role of supervisor–subordinate guanxi (SSG) in these relationships.Design/methodology/approachSelf-report data on SSBL, SSG, task performance and innovative behavior were gathered from 642 Chinese employees working in various Chinese enterprises. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.FindingsThe results indicated that SSBL is positively related to subordinates’ job performance (task performance and innovative behavior). Furthermore, SSG partially mediated the relationship of SSBL with task performance and with innovative behavior.Originality/valueThis study is the first to empirically examine the relationship of SSBL with job performance. In addition, this study adds to the knowledge on the SSBL–job performance linkage by investigating the mediational effect of SSG on the relationship.

scholarly journals Home Food Environment Factors That Influence Hispanic Preschoolers’ Intake of Fruits and Vegetables (OR03-03-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Lora ◽  
Paul Branscum ◽  
Sixia Chen ◽  
Dorothy Wakefield
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Maternal Feeding Practices ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the relationship of home fruit and vegetable (F&V) availability and maternal feeding practices (restriction, pressure, modeling, monitoring) with preschoolers’ F&V intake. Methods Hispanic mothers (n = 238) of 2-to-5-year-old children from low-income neighborhoods participated in the study. Mothers reported home availability of F&V (whole fruit, fruit juice [FJ], total fruit [FJ and whole fruit combined], and vegetables) in the past month, their feeding practices and their children's F&V consumption (cups) in the past month. Data were collected using one-to-one interviews in English or Spanish. Logistic regression models tested associations of availability of F&V groups and feeding practices with children's intake of ≥ 1 cup per day of total fruit and vegetables as per MyPlate minimum daily recommendation for preschoolers. Results Availability of total fruit and maternal modeling increased the odds of child's consumption of ≥ 1 cup of fruit: Odds ratio (OR) = 2.41; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.56-3.70; P < 0.0001, and OR = 1.73; CI, 1.10-2.74; P < 0.020, respectively. Concurrently, maternal pressure and child's being a female increased the odds of child's consumption of ≥ 1 cup of vegetables: OR = 1.44; CI, 1.10-1.90; P < 0.009, and OR = 1.91; CI, 1.07-3.40; P < 0.028, respectively. Having more children in the home reduced the odds of child's intake of ≥ 1 cup of vegetables: OR = 0.78; CI, 0.61-0.99; P < 0.037. There were no significant associations between children's Body Mass Index (BMI) percentile and children's consumption of F&V or maternal feeding practices. Conclusions Environmental factors within the home appears to influence Hispanic preschoolers’ intake of F&V differently. To increase children's intake of fruit, family interventions should promote home fruit availability and maternal food modeling practices. However, since maternal pressure to eat has not been associated with F&V intake, the significant association between vegetable intake and pressuring children to eat found in this study must be further examined in similar cultural samples to replicate this finding. Funding Sources U54GM104938.

scholarly journals Informal, Inquisitorial, and Accurate: An Empirical Look at a Problem-Solving Housing Court

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 1058-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica K. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Informal Justice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Substantive Justice ◽  
Code Violations ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Improved Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

Substantive justice is often seen as elusive in courts dominated by low-income individuals. Complex court rules, coupled with pervasive lack of counsel, can make it difficult for the traditional adversary process to identify and redress legitimate grievances. This article takes on the social problem of substandard housing and examines whether inquisitorial procedure has the potential to produce accurate outcomes in a tribunal dominated by the unrepresented. Relying on in-court observations of nearly 300 hearings, and a longitudinal review of nearly seventy-five cases, this article surfaces the regularized procedures utilized by a purported “problem-solving” housing court, and theorizes that the inquisitorial features of judicially controlled investigation and enforcement may motivate landlords to repair substantiated housing code violations. This article adds nuance to our understanding of informal justice by identifying the hidden procedural formalisms that may guide alternative decision-making processes. Furthermore, it evaluates the relationship of one iteration of experimental formalism to substantive justice, and suggests that inquisitorial procedures may be correlated with improved accuracy in case outcomes.

scholarly journals Do Rising Top Income Shares Affect the Incomes or Earnings of Low and Middle-Income Families?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Thompson ◽  
Elias Leight
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract This paper uses US state panel data to explore the relationship between the share of income received by affluent households and the level of income and earnings received by low and middle-income families. A rising top share of income can potentially lead to increases in the incomes of low and middle-income families if economic growth is sufficiently responsive to increases in inequality. A substantial literature on the impacts of inequality on economic growth exists, but has failed to achieve consensus, with various studies finding positive impacts, negative impacts, and no impacts on growth from increased levels of income inequality. This paper departs from that literature by exploring the effect of inequality on the standard of living of middle-income and low-income families. In the context of rising inequality, increased overall growth is not necessarily a suitable proxy for overall standard of living, since growth patterns are not uniform for the entire income distribution. The results of this study indicate that increases in the top share of income (particularly the top one percent) are associated with declines in the actual incomes (and earnings) of middle income families, but have no clear impact on families at the bottom of the income distribution.

scholarly journals Are Poor Parents Poor Parents? The Relationship between Poverty and Parenting among Mothers in the UK

Sociology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 003803852093939
Author(s):  
Kerris Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Parenting Skills ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Political Discourses ◽  
Low Income Mothers ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Income Gradient ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Parenting Behaviours

Low-income parents have long been demonised in both political discourses and mainstream media, portrayed as lacking in parenting skills not just financial resources. Using the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) this article examines to what extent there are differences in the parenting of low-income mothers by examining parenting behaviours of low-, middle- and high-income mothers. The findings show that where there are negative differences in the parenting of low-income mothers these are often part of a broader income gradient that extends all the way up the distribution, rather than unique to low-income mothers. Furthermore, there are some positive differences in parenting among low-income mothers compared to middle-income mothers. These findings have important implications: low-income parents are not an unusual or deviant group parenting differently to everyone else. The findings suggest more attention ought to be given to parenting differences higher up the income distribution. In focusing on low-income parents only, existing evidence exaggerates differences and wrongly identifies low-income parents as problematic.

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