Perceived Approbation in Short, Medium, and Long Letters of Recommendation

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris L. Kleinke
Keyword(s):  
Communication Channels ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Job Applicant ◽  
Medium Length ◽  
Letters Of Recommendation

Mehrabian (1965) and Wiens, et al. (1969) found that subjects wrote longer letters of recommendation when the letter was for someone they liked rather than disliked. These results led Wiens, et al. to suggest that communication channels may provide a useful nonreactive measure of attitudes and motivations. The present research replicated the above encoding studies with a series of decoding experiments in which subjects rated short, medium-length, and long letters of recommendation written in English, German, or with deleted text. Short letters were evaluated as being least favorable toward the job applicant and long letters were evaluated as being most favorable toward the job applicant. It was concluded that attitudes attributed to length of letter are consistent with attitudes influencing length of letter. Subjects' limited awareness of the influence of length of letter on their evaluations was related to Nisbett and Wilson's (1977) argument about the weakness of introspection. Suggestions were made for future research.

Culture and Websites Interaction

2014 ◽  
pp. 1461-1495
Author(s):  
Ramazan Nacar ◽  
Sebnem Burnaz ◽  
Nimet Uray
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Business World ◽  
Culturally Adapted ◽  
To Come ◽  
Research Recommendations

With the increasing globalization of the business world, websites have become ever more important tools in international business. After the invention of websites, researchers have begun to analyze the websites as they have for traditional communication channels. Websites, as the communication medium of global firms, are not culturally neutral mediums. Website components should be analyzed very carefully in terms of their interaction with cultural issues to come up with culturally adapted websites. In this chapter, 114 studies on culture and websites are critically reviewed, and selected papers among them from a variety of areas such as marketing, communications, management, information technologies, and others, are analyzed in detail to consolidate the existing knowledge and approaches. This chapter aims to analyze how scholarly research on the interaction of culture and websites has developed. The studies are categorized according to the framework developed and selected. Forty of them are discussed in detail under some subcategories. A number of conceptual and methodological issues that deserve more attention are discussed to fulfill the high potential of websites. A state-of-the-art review of several innovative advances in culture and websites is provided to stimulate new streams for future research, and future research recommendations are proposed at the end of the chapter.

How Anonymity and Visibility Affordances Influence Employees’ Decisions About Voicing Workplace Concerns

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang M. Mao ◽  
David C. DeAndrea
Keyword(s):  
Communication Channel ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Prohibitive Voice

Employees can provide invaluable input to organizations when they can freely express their opinions at work. Employees, however, may not believe that it is safe or efficacious to voice their concerns. How features of communication channels affect employees’ safety and efficacy perceptions is largely ignored in existing voice models. Therefore, this study seeks to understand how the anonymity and visibility affordances of a communication channel influence employees’ safety and efficacy perceptions, and, thus, their intention to engage in prohibitive voice at work. Two between-subjects experiments were conducted to test how these channel affordances affect voicing behavior in organizations. The results indicate that the more anonymous and less visible participants perceive a voicing channel to be, the safer and the more efficacious they evaluate the channel. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.

scholarly journals A Reflexive Model of ICT Practices in Organizations

10.28945/2897 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Oddvar Sornes ◽  
Keri Stephens ◽  
Larry Browning ◽  
Alf Steinar Saetre
Keyword(s):  
Communication Channels ◽  
Structuration Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Communication Structure ◽  
Adaptive Structuration Theory ◽  
Conceptual Base ◽  
Ict Use ◽  
Environmental Agents ◽  
Adaptive Structuration

This paper reports a study of information and communication technology (ICT) use in Norway and the United States. Forty-two depth interviews completed in both countries provide the data source. Using grounded theory as a research method, and Adaptive Structuration Theory as our conceptual base, we analyze these interviews to generate an empirical model of ICT use. The 1490 incidents identified in our analysis are first reduced to 49 categories. These categories are further reduced to four: satisficing, communication channels, communication structure, and environmental agents. These four categories comprise the major parts of the reflexive model. The findings suggest that the parts of the model are interdependent and mutually causal in that individuals consider and even reconsider the use of multiple communication channels within and between tasks. As a conclusion we address future research including, credibility and time issues in ICT use.

Culture and Websites Interaction

2013 ◽  
pp. 316-351
Author(s):  
Ramazan Nacar ◽  
Sebnem Burnaz ◽  
Nimet Uray
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Business World ◽  
Culturally Adapted ◽  
To Come ◽  
Research Recommendations

With the increasing globalization of the business world, websites have become ever more important tools in international business. After the invention of websites, researchers have begun to analyze the websites as they have for traditional communication channels. Websites, as the communication medium of global firms, are not culturally neutral mediums. Website components should be analyzed very carefully in terms of their interaction with cultural issues to come up with culturally adapted websites. In this chapter, 114 studies on culture and websites are critically reviewed, and selected papers among them from a variety of areas such as marketing, communications, management, information technologies, and others, are analyzed in detail to consolidate the existing knowledge and approaches. This chapter aims to analyze how scholarly research on the interaction of culture and websites has developed. The studies are categorized according to the framework developed and selected. Forty of them are discussed in detail under some subcategories. A number of conceptual and methodological issues that deserve more attention are discussed to fulfill the high potential of websites. A state-of-the-art review of several innovative advances in culture and websites is provided to stimulate new streams for future research, and future research recommendations are proposed at the end of the chapter.

Consumer engagement within retail communication channels: an examination of online brand communities and digital content marketing initiatives

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Bowden ◽  
Abas Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Social Engagement ◽  
Digital Communication ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Consumer Engagement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Online Brand Communities ◽  
Behavioural Engagement ◽  
Content Marketing

Purpose Brands are investing heavily in content marketing within digital communication channels, yet there is limited understanding of the effectiveness of this content on consumer engagement. This paper aims to examine how consumer engagement with branded content is created through consumer-initiated online brand communities (OBCs) and brand-initiated digital content marketing (DCM) communications. Self-brand connections are examined as an important antecedent to the cognitive, affective, behavioural and social dimensions of consumer engagement and the subsequent impact of engagement on loyalty is explored across these two channels. Design/methodology/approach A survey approach was used with two consumer samples for one focal retail brand, namely, a consumer-initiated OBC (Facebook) and email subscribers of the retail brand’s DCM communications. A multi-group analysis of structural invariance procedure was used to comparatively examine the formation of engagement for consumers within the OBC and DCM channels. Findings This study demonstrates the different ways in which engagement forms across different digital communication channels. Self-brand connection (SBC) was found to strongly drive behavioural, cognitive, affective and social engagement. The cognitive, affective and behavioural engagement was found to mediate the self-brand connection and consumer loyalty relationship. Overall, this relationship was most strongly and significantly mediated by affective and cognitive engagement within the OBC channel when compared to the DCM channel. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study should be interpreted with several limitations in mind. First, the research was conducted within the confines of one OBC, within one social networking site platform characterised by self-selected membership based on a passion and immersion with the brand. This means that consumers within the OBC were highly connected to one another and the retail brand and highly socialised in-group norms and mores. This type and intensity of connection may not be the case for all forms of OBCs. Second, this study was limited to one retail brand, from one brand category. Future research should examine OBCs across a range of utilitarian and hedonic brands to comprehensively contextualise the dimensions of engagement. Third, the data for this study was cross-sectional. The use of netnographic analysis and qualitative interviews across a range of OBCs would support the triangulation of the findings of this research, especially with regard to the narrative that consumers’ express when discussing how their SBC manifests through the dimensions of engagement. Fourth, this study explored a single antecedent of engagement, namely, self-brand connections. Future research may consider how SBC operates in conjunction with other complementary factors to enhance consumers’ affective, cognitive, social and behavioural engagement such as brand awareness, satisfaction and participation/interactivity. In addition, future research could examine an expanded array of engagement outcomes such as purchase intention, the share of wallet and reputation. Finally, future research should examine the operationalisation and validation of the dimensions of engagement using multiple competing scales to assess the suitability of these engagement scales across multiple brand categories and contexts. Practical implications Given the increasing investment in branding within social media and the fragmentation of brand communications across multiple communications platforms, the management of effective brand communications remains a significant challenge. This study found that the relationship between self-brand connections, affective, social, behavioural and cognitive engagement and loyalty was context-specific and moderated by a digital communication channel (OBC vs DCM email marketing), thus providing insights as to the effectiveness of OBCs and DCMs as two tools for enhancing consumer loyalty. Originality/value This study makes a novel contribution to the engagement literature by examining the antecedent role of self-brand connections in predicting consumers’ engagement; the moderating role of digital communication platforms (OBC vs DCM) on the formation of cognitive, affective, behavioural and social engagement; and the mediating effect of these dimensions on loyalty.

Effect of Vividness of Language on Information Value of Reference Letters and Job Applicants' Recommendations

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 867-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Michael Ralston ◽  
Carl A. Thameling
Keyword(s):  
Value Of Information ◽  
Job Applicants ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Job Applicant ◽  
Personnel Administrators ◽  
Position Analysis ◽  
Informational Value ◽  
Management Position ◽  
Letters Of Recommendation

This study tested the effect of vividness of language in letters of recommendation on the informational value of information in letters and job applicants' recommendations. 120 personnel administrators read either a favorable-vivid, unfavorable-vivid, favorable-pallid, or unfavorable-pallid letter of reference concerning a fictitious job applicant for a management position. Analysis showed that vividness of language influenced perceived favorableness of information but failed to affect recommendations for a candidate.

scholarly journals Laymen’s Narratives in Amouddou’s Eco-documentary: An Ecolinguistic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mliless ◽  
Lamiae Azzouzi ◽  
Saida Hdii ◽  
Handoko Handoko
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Making ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Medium Length ◽  
Threat Appeals ◽  
Susceptibility Model

Documentary films, generally of short or medium-length, have informative and educational purposes. They present authentic reports on areas of life, human activities, and the natural world. Particularly, eco-documentaries aim to raise environmental awareness towards the degradation of natural elements; they present alternatives for environmental issues such as pollution, global warming, and deforestation. To reinforce the argumentative process of environmental documentaries, laymen discourse contributes a lot to the meaning-making of productions. Within the framework of discourse analysis and ecolinguistics, this work examines fear and threat expressions used by ordinary witnesses to reinforce argumentation in Lahoucine Faouzi’s eco-documentary entitled “Whining of the Blue Lagoon. In this vein, the ‘perceived severity and perceived susceptibility’ model was used to investigate the implication of fear and threat appeals in laymen’s testimonies. The results show that these expressions are common among laymen’s narratives. This study has many implications for eco-documentary makers, governmental and non-governmental organs, and future research to explore other linguistic features in eco-documentaries on man’s perpetrated damages to the environmental resources.

scholarly journals Effects of Natural Environmental Stimulation Duration on Psychophysiological Recovery Benefits

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yen-Cheng Chiang ◽  
Pei-Yi Weng
Keyword(s):  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Medium Length ◽  
Environmental Stimulation ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Psychophysiological Recovery ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nature Scenes

The rapid pace of modern life, as well as chronic work and academic overloading, contribute to our society’s progressively increasing stress levels. Chronic stress can affect both physical and mental well-being. Numerous studies have confirmed that viewing a nature-based video presentation can reduce stress and result in attention recovery. However, the discourse has been primarily focused upon stimulation applied over a single duration, rather than over various durations. Therefore, the present study explored the effect of various viewing durations with regard to forest-related videos on stress reduction and attention recovery. Before the videos’ presentation, the participants’ stress and distraction levels were increased through stimulation. Data on stress, attention, and relaxation were collected through the implementation of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory and an electroencephalogram instrument. Equal numbers from the 90 participants (i.e., 30) were assigned to watch a short, medium-length, or long video (5, 10, and 20 minutes in duration, respectively). The viewing of 20-minute forest-related videos significantly promoted stress reduction and physiological relaxation. The present findings advance the understanding of the relationship between viewing nature scenes duration and psychophysiological states; thus, they serve as a reference for future research on the natural-dose concept, as well as the development of relevant activities and courses.

scholarly journals Development and validation of Spanish version of FINCODA: an instrument for self-assessment of innovation competence of workers or candidates for Jobs

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. Marin-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Medium Length ◽  
Questionnaire Version ◽  
Innovation Competence

<p class="Abstract">This work will take the innovation transversal competence a skill to create, introduce, adapt and/or apply a beneficial novelty anywhere in an organization. We consider that innovation competences are a multidimensional construct that represents the skills required in all main process steps, from devising ideas, filtering, modeling and selecting them, to putting them into practice and comparing to see if they add value.</p><p class="Abstract">In this research we aim to validate the long Spanish version (62 items) of the FINCODA innovation questionnaire (Andreu Andres et al., 2018; Marin-Garcia et al., 2016a) and to check if the medium-length version composition (34 items), that derive from a multi-cultural sample (Butter &amp; van Beest, 2017), is stable with an independent sample of Spanish students. We will also propose a short version from the Soft Skills Scale (SSS17) (Marin-Garcia, 2019), based on single-items of all dimensions, which we will compare with other transversal competences by analyzing the relations among them. Data were obtained from self-perceptions (the evaluated person completes the questionnaire) with Likert/rating scales (Marin-Garcia et al., 2015) of innovation competence dimensions. This questionnaire is devised to be used for processes that select/evaluate the people who opt for a job post, regardless of them recently obtaining university degrees or being professionals.</p><p class="Abstract">We examined the main published questionnaires used to measure the innovation competence. The validation of only a few has been published, while no validation has been published in Spanish. We also describe in detail the validation process that we will follow, the employed measuring instrument (by giving a detailed explanation of how the FINCODA questionnaire was built, and by specifying the measuring model and SSS17, F62 and F34 questionnaire items in their English and Spanish versions), the characteristics of the sample of 329 voluntary students, and the analysis procedure following SPSS and smartPLS.</p><p class="Abstract">The results show how the measurement model of the long FINCODA questionnaire version presents content validity (relevance and comprehensiveness) and internal consistency (with analysis considering constructs to be either common factors or composites). Nonetheless, the discriminant validity of the constructs could not be demonstrated with the employed sample. Our analyses did not confirm the medium-length version put forward by other authors’ previous research. So, we will consider that versions F62 and F34 are pending to be analyzed with new independent samples, as is the proposal of the new F34 version obtained by more robust methods. The multidimensionality assumption of the innovation construct also needs revising. Having a short innovation scale with 10-15 items at the most is also recommendable. All this is considered future research in the present work.</p>

scholarly journals When Nobody “Likes” You: Perceived Ostracism Through Paralinguistic Digital Affordances Within Social Media

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 205630511880030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Hayes ◽  
Eric D. Wesselmann ◽  
Caleb T. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Media Communication ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
The One ◽  
Social Media Communication

This research explores the processes of perceived ostracism ensuing from a lack of feedback via paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs), the one-click tools (e.g., Likes and +1s) which are one of the most used features of social media, provided to an individual’s posted social media content. The positive and negative psychological outcomes of social media communication have been well-documented. However, as social media have become entrenched as some of our most common communication channels, the absence of communication via social media has been underexplored and may have negative psychological and communicative outcomes. We utilized focus groups ( N = 37) to examine perceptions of ostracism when individuals did not receive PDAs to their posted content across social media platforms. Participants reported feeling excluded only when they did not receive PDAs from select relationally close or socially superior network members, suggesting audience targeting and expectations when posting. Users frequently attributed low PDA counts to system and content factors. These results contribute to a developing understanding of the psychological effects of lack of communication via social media and provide insight for future research, demonstrating that social exclusion may not manifest from a complete lack of social interaction but rather may occur when individuals do not receive expected or desired feedback.

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