Importance of the Post-Knowledge Delay Interval on Transit Reaction

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reno J. Ramella ◽  
Robert L. Wiegand
Keyword(s):  
Delay Interval ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Interval Data ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Response Interval ◽  
Temporal Location ◽  
Important Time ◽  
Variable Errors

The purpose of this study was to determine if transit reaction or anticipation of coincidence could be improved by allotting more processing time. 120 subjects were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups. The groups were formed by changing the temporal location of knowledge of results within the research paradigm, specifically to control the possible confounding from the inter-response interval. Data were analyzed via a series of two 6 (treatment conditions) × 5 (trial blocks) factorial analyses of variance, with repeated measures on the last factor for absolute and variable errors. The post-knowledge delay interval was the most important time of the paradigm, and transit reaction was positively related to duration of processing.

Processing, Knowledge of Results, and a Multi-Dimensional Task

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reno J. Ramella
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Variable Errors

Individuals learned a motor skill having temporal and spatial dimensions. Two groups, determined by amount of allotted processing time (3 or 6 sec.), were tested. Analyzed data were specific to absolute and variable errors associated with movement. A series of 2 (post-knowledge delay) × 3 (trial blocks) repeated-measures multivariate analysis indicated reduction of errors (both temporal and spatial) by groups. Follow-up analysis favored the 6-sec. group while the 3-sec. group learned only the accuracy portion of the task.

Optimal Experimental Design With Nesting of Persons in Organizations

2013 ◽  
Vol 221 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard J. P. van Breukelen
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Optimal Sample ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Sampling Cost ◽  
Nested Designs ◽  
Simple Equations ◽  
Number Of Individuals

This paper introduces optimal design of randomized experiments where individuals are nested within organizations, such as schools, health centers, or companies. The focus is on nested designs with two levels (organization, individual) and two treatment conditions (treated, control), with treatment assignment to organizations, or to individuals within organizations. For each type of assignment, a multilevel model is first presented for the analysis of a quantitative dependent variable or outcome. Simple equations are then given for the optimal sample size per level (number of organizations, number of individuals) as a function of the sampling cost and outcome variance at each level, with realistic examples. Next, it is explained how the equations can be applied if the dependent variable is dichotomous, or if there are covariates in the model, or if the effects of two treatment factors are studied in a factorial nested design, or if the dependent variable is repeatedly measured. Designs with three levels of nesting and the optimal number of repeated measures are briefly discussed, and the paper ends with a short discussion of robust design.

scholarly journals Effects of relative frequency and delay interval of knowledge of results (KR) in the acquisition of motor skills

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Leandro R. Palhares ◽  
Alessandro T. Bruzi ◽  
Guilherme M. Lage ◽  
João V. A. P. Fialho ◽  
Herbert Ugrinowitsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Delay Interval ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tennis Ball ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Target Time ◽  
Serial Task

The purpose of the present study was to identify the effects of relative frequency and delay interval of Knowledge of Results (KR) in the acquisition of a serial motor skill. Sixty students were randomly distributed in 2 experiments, with three groups in each experiment (n = 10). The Experiment 1 investigated the effects of the KR frequency without KR delay interval and the Experiment 2 investigated the effects of the KR frequency with KR delay interval (3 seconds) in the acquisition of a serial motor skill. The serial task consisted of putting a tennis ball into six holes, positioned in a wood platform in a previously determined target time. In both experiments, the subjects performed 60 trials in target time of 2,700 ms, in the acquisition phase. In the Experiment 1, the results showed superiority of G33 in relation to the other groups, during the tests. In the Experiment 2, the results did not show any difference among the groups. These results are discussed with respect to the effect of KR delay interval, showing the role of combination of the variables.  

scholarly journals Effects of attapulgite dietary supplementation on sow performance in two commercial farms in Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. KANOULAS ◽  
G. A. PAPADOPOULOS ◽  
G. ARSENOS ◽  
E. D. TZIKA ◽  
P. FORTOMARIS
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Performance Indexes ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Reproductive Phases

The present study investigated the effects of attapulgite supplementation in sow diets during gestation and lactation on sow performance. The study comprised two reproductive phases (cycles) in two commercial farrow to finish farms: Farm A (capacity: 550 sows) and Farm B (capacity: 220 sows). The treatment groups were: a) control group (CN): the sows were fed a common gestation or lactation diet; b) attapulgite group (AT): the sows were fed the CN diet supplemented with attapulgite at 0,7% level; c) attapulgite plus group (AT+): the sows were fed the CN diet supplemented with attapulgite (0.7%) and a mix of enzymes, live yeast and amino acids (0.1%), at a total of 0.8% level. Within each cycle the sows included per treatment were: 24 for Farm A; 12 for Farm B. Initially data were analyzed per cycle and per each farm. Data from sows that completed both cycles within each farm, were analyzed by repeated measures analysis. Regarding sow parameters, sow body weight loss during lactation tended to be greater in AT sows compared to CN sows during cycle 1 in Farm B and was greater in AT and AT+ than CN sows in Farm A that completed both cycles (P=0.063 and P=0.023, respectively). A greater litter size 24h postpartum was observed in favour of AT compared to CN group during cycle 1 in Farm A and in sows that completed both cycles in Farm A (P=0.001 and P= 0.011, respectively). Litter size at weaning was greater in sows from the AT group than CN during cycle 1 and 2 in Farm A, in cycle 1 in Farm B and in sows that completed both cycles in Farm A (P=0.004, P=0.037, P=0.037, and P=0.022, respectively). Piglet weight at weaning and average daily gain during lactation were greater in AT group than CN and AT+ in sows that completed both cycles in Farm A (P=0.049 and P=0.040 respectively). Notable similar effects, although not statistically significant, were also observed in Farm B. This field study suggests that attapulgite supplementation in sow diets can improve performance indexes. Further research should investigate the underlying mechanisms involved.

Comparative Clinical Outcomes After Intra-articular Injection With Adipose-Derived Cultured Stem Cells or Noncultured Stromal Vascular Fraction for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 2577-2583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomasa Yokota ◽  
Mari Hattori ◽  
Tadahiko Ohtsuru ◽  
Masaki Otsuji ◽  
Stephen Lyman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽  
Research Society ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
Standard Medical Therapy ◽  
Osteoarthritis Research Society

Background: Intra-articular injection of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) has shown promise for improving symptoms and cartilage quality in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). However, while most preclinical studies have been performed with plastic-adherent ASCs, most clinical trials are being conducted with the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), prepared from adipose tissue without prior culture. Purpose: To directly compare clinical outcomes of intra-articular injection with ASCs or SVF in patients with knee OA. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The authors retrospectively compared 6-month outcomes in 42 patients (59 knees) receiving intra-articular injection with 12.75 million ASCs and 38 patients (69 knees) receiving a 5-mL preparation of SVF. All patients had Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2, 3, or 4 knee OA and had failed standard medical therapy. The visual analog scale (VAS) pain score and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months after injection were considered as outcomes. Outcome Measures in Rheumatology–Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OMERACT-OARSI) criteria were also used to assess positive response. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used for comparison between the treatment groups. Results: No major complications occurred in either group. The SVF group had a higher frequency of knee effusion (SVF 8%, ASC 2%) and minor complications related to the fat harvest site (SVF 34%, ASC 5%). Both groups reported improvements in pain VAS and KOOS domains. Specifically, in the ASC group, symptoms improved earlier (by 3 months; P < .05) and pain VAS decreased to a greater degree (55%; P < .05) compared with the SVF group (44%). The proportion of OMERACT-OARSI responders in the ASC group was slightly higher (ASCs, 61%; SVF, 55%; P = .25). Conclusion: It was observed that both ASCs and SVF resulted in clinical improvement in patients with knee OA, but that ASCs outperform SVF in the early reduction of symptoms and pain with less comorbidity.

Can Seventh Graders Learn Fractions from a Web-Based Pedagogical Agent? Using Comparison Groups Thre Times Over Several Weeks

2011 ◽  
pp. 334-348
Author(s):  
Shannon Adams ◽  
Bruce L. Mann ◽  
Henry Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pedagogical Agents ◽  
Pedagogical Agent ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Educational Multimedia ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
Practice Questions

In this study, a Web-based pedagogical agent presented 7th grade students (n = 91) with examples and practice questions involving the multiplication and division of fractions. Pedagogical agents are animated, talking characters that can be made to introduce, guide or otherwise enhance educational Web sites. It was expected that school-age students using moving and talking pedagogical agents would retain more and find more creative solutions to problems than students in the other treatment conditions. A repeated measures-by-occasion research design was used to determine if the movement and or talking by the agent helped them learn to multiply and divide fractions. Results of the analyses showed that students learned from the pre-test to immediate post-test. But there were no effects for either modality (speech vs. text) or agent animation (movement vs. no movement). Consistent with a previous study with 7th grade students using educational multimedia (Mann, Newhouse, Pagram, Campbell, & Schulz, 2002) positive findings from using speech in educational multimedia may only be generalizable to adults and older adolescents. Implications are discussed regarding the instructional design of educational Web sites.

Effect of Various Combinations of Knowledge of Results on Learning a Multi-Dimensional Task

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-506
Author(s):  
Reno J. Ramella
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
Male Volunteers ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Variable Errors

20 male volunteers (M = 22.9 yr., SD = 3.8 yr.) learned a motor skill (moved a slide) with temporal and spatial dimensions. Two groups, determined by specific combinations of knowledge of results (verbal-verbal and verbal-visual) were used. Multivariate analysis and follow-up procedures indicated an over-all reduction of absolute and variable errors over 4 trial blocks for both groups.

Randomized placebo-controlled trial of isotretinoin in chemoprevention of bronchial squamous metaplasia.

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 937-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
J S Lee ◽  
S M Lippman ◽  
S E Benner ◽  
J J Lee ◽  
J Y Ro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Squamous Metaplasia ◽  
Bronchial Epithelium ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Bronchial Biopsy ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Major Activity ◽  
Complete Reversal ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

PURPOSE Retinoids have proven chemopreventive efficacy in both preclinical and clinical studies. This trial was designed to confirm the finding of an earlier uncontrolled trial that the synthetic retinoid etretinate had major activity in reversing squamous metaplasia found in the bronchial epithelium of chronic smokers. PATIENTS AND METHODS We prospectively evaluated 152 smokers with bronchoscopy and obtained biopsies from six sites. Subjects with dysplasia and/or a metaplasia index of greater than 15% were randomly assigned to receive either 1 mg/kg isotretinoin or placebo daily for 6 months. Of 86 subjects randomized (41 isotretinoin, 45 placebo), 69 were reevaluated at the completion of treatment. RESULTS In the group as a whole, the metaplasia index decreased over time from a mean +/- SE of 35.8% +/- 2.7% at baseline to 28.1% +/- 3.3% at the completion of treatment (P = .01) by repeated measures analysis of variance [ANOVA]); a reduction in the metaplasia index (> 8%) was noted in both isotretinoin and placebo groups (19 of 35 [54.3%] and 20 of 34 [58.8%], respectively). Complete reversal of squamous metaplasia was noted in nine subjects from each group. However, the magnitudes of the mean metaplasia index changes did not differ significantly in the two treatment groups. In both groups, smoking cessation resulted in significant declines in the extent of squamous metaplasia, whereas no significant change in metaplasia index was found among those who continued to smoke. CONCLUSION Squamous metaplasia was frequently observed in bronchial biopsy samples from chronic smokers. From this study, we conclude that isotretinoin has no effect on squamous metaplasia, a potential intermediate end point of bronchial carcinogenesis. Although determining the exact role of isotretinoin in lung cancer prevention requires further study, the finding that there was a significant decrease in squamous metaplasia in the placebo group emphasizes the critical importance of a placebo-controlled study design in chemoprevention trials using intermediate end points.

scholarly journals Effects of Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Facemask Therapy on the Soft Tissue Profiles of Class III Patients at Different Growth Stages

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
Fatma Selen Ozzeybek Can ◽  
Hakan Turkkahraman
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Rapid Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Facial Changes ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and facemask therapy on the soft tissue profiles of class III patients at different growth stages. Materials and Methods Forty-five subjects (23 females and 22 males) were divided into prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal groups. Bonded type RME appliances and Petit-type facemasks were fitted to each patient, and intraoral elastics were applied from the hooks of the RME appliance to the facemask. Statistical Analysis All measurements were statistically analyzed with SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States) for Windows. Repeated-measures of ANOVA and posthoc Tukey tests were used to compare the groups. Results The soft tissue nasion, pronasale, subnasale, soft tissue A point, and labrale superior landmarks were all displaced forward and downward, and the most dramatic changes were recorded in the pubertal group. The labrale inferior, soft tissue B point, soft tissue pogonion, and soft tissue menton landmarks moved backward and downward in all groups, and the greatest displacements were observed in the pubertal group. Conclusions The soft tissue profiles improved significantly and became more convex in all treatment groups. Although, the most favorable facial changes were observed in the pubertal growth stage, the treatments applied in the postpubertal stage also elicited significant changes and should thus be considered viable treatment options.

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