Differentiation of Criminals and Non-Criminals with a Self-Concept Measure

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter V. Clarice ◽  
Kermit R. Hasler
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Junior College ◽  
Female Prisoners ◽  
Adjective Check List ◽  
Data Files ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Predictive Validation ◽  
Junior College Students ◽  
Validation Research ◽  
Male Prisoners

The 81 items on the adjective check list of the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) were analyzed for discrimination between a sample of 100 male prisoners and 5000 applicants and employees representative of the sex and occupation distributions in business and industry. T-score norms were established for the resulting scoring stencil of 41 items, using a sample of 400 male and 100 female non-prisoner AVAs. Additional samples of AVA forms were drawn randomly from data files for testing sex difference and discriminant cross validation. A significant ( p = .001) sex difference on the experimental measure was found among non-prisoners (102 males vs 99 females) and 113 male and 76 female prisoners. Separate discriminant cross-validities among these subsamples were obtained for males and females. Correlations between the new measure and the Vectors of AVA and the factor scores of the 16 PF Test ( n = 104 male junior college students) provided some evidence of construct validity and meaning. Predictive validation research has been initiated.

Phenomenal Correlates of Marital Status in Junior College Students

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 795-798
Author(s):  
Herbert G. Richek
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Junior College ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Background Data ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Junior College Students

Over 500 junior college students (263 males and 249 females) completed the Bown Self-report Inventory (SRI) and a brief background data form. Utilizing marital status as the independent variable and the SRI measures of harmony with the environment as the dependent variables, groups of married and single students were compared. The hypothesis that married college students perceive their phenomenal worlds more positively than do unmarried students was supported for both males and females. While absence of SES data and lack of control of the age variable make definitive conclusions unwarranted, further research using the SRI is suggested.

Convergent Validity in Students' Perceptions of Jimmy Carter, Ted Kennedy, and the Ideal President

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Anthony Butterfield ◽  
Gary N. Powell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Junior College ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jimmy Carter ◽  
Effective Leader ◽  
Junior College Students ◽  
The Ideal

Recently Gelineau and Merenda (1980) reported that students saw an Ideal President of the United States as an effective leader who is forceful, confident, enthusiastic, independent, and aggressive. Students' ratings of President Carter did not match the Ideal President description, but their ratings of Senator Kennedy did. Using a completely different instrument (Bern Sex-role Inventory rather than Activity Vector Analysis) and 378 undergraduate business—rather than 114 junior college—students, the present study found nearly identical results. Both studies were validated by the 1980 U.S. presidential election.

Abstract 302: Sex Differences In Nonlinear Dynamics And Their Circadian Variation In Control Dogs And In A New Arrhythmogenic Canine Model Of Heart Failure

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Zhu ◽  
Steven M Pogwizd
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Dynamics ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Holter Monitoring ◽  
Canine Model ◽  
Nonlinear Parameters ◽  
Arrhythmogenic Substrate ◽  
Males And Females

Introduction: Females can be more arrhythmogenic than males, and this sex difference can persist with development of chronic heart failure (CHF). The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in the arrhythmogenic substrate in control dogs and in a new arrhythmogenic canine model of CHF. Methods: CHF was induced in 30 dogs by aortic insufficiency and aortic constriction. Holter monitoring assessed VT and PVCs from 30 dogs, as well as traditional HRV measures and nonlinear dynamics (including correlation dimension (CD), detrended fluctuations analysis α1 (DFAα1), and Shannon entropy (SE)) at baseline, 240 days (240d) and 720 days (720d) after CHF induction. Results: At baseline, females had lower LF/HF (0.27±0.03 vs 0.33±0.02, p=0.04), CD (1.60±0.17 vs 2.21±0.15, p=0.01), DFAα1 (0.62±0.03 vs 0.72±0.03, p=0.03), and SE (2.99±0.02 vs 3.10±0.03, p=0.03 vs males). Females lacked circadian variation in LF/HF, DFAα1, and SE while males had circadian variation in all of these. Of 11 dogs with frequent runs of VT and PVCs, 95% and 91% of total VT runs and total PVCs, respectively, were in females. With CHF, all these linear and nonlinear parameters progressively declined in males and females. CHF females had less decline in LF/HF than males so that by 720 days there was no more sex difference (0.24±0.06, 0.17±0.03 in females vs 0.22±0.05, 0.18±0.01 in males at 240d, 720d). However, for nonlinear parameters of CD, DFAα1, and SE, CHF females had lower values than males (CD: 1.56±0.21, 0.99±0.32 vs 1.87±0.24, 1.50±0.34; DFAα1: 0.51±0.05, 0.43±0.04 vs 0.54±0.07, 0.48±0.04; and SE 2.93±0.08, 2.76±0.08 vs 3.01±0.11, 2.91±0.04 in females vs males at 240d, 720d). With CHF, circadian variation in CD, DFAα1, and SE were lost in both males and females. Conclusions: There are sex differences in the arrhythmogenic substrate in control dogs and in this new arrhythmogenic canine model of moderate CHF. At baseline, females have lower sympathetic stimulation, reduced cardiac chaos, and loss of circadian variation in nonlinear dynamics. With CHF, sex differences in nonlinear dynamics persist; this reflects a loss of complexity and fractal properties that could contribute to increased arrhythmias in female CHF dogs.

Sex Differences in Inmates: Anger, Sensitivity to Provocation and Family History of Imprisonment

2021 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2110491
Author(s):  
Marta Bodecka-Zych ◽  
Anna Zajenkowska ◽  
Mary Bower Russa
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Female Inmates ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Prisoners ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Incarcerated Populations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Prisoners

Little research has explored the role of aggression, anger, and family history of incarceration as they relate to female offenders. The current study aimed to address this gap in the literature by investigating these possible risk factors for incarceration among both men and women. The survey involved 123 (61 female and 62 male) prisoners convicted for violent crimes and a comparison group of 118 (60 female and 58 male) adults from the community. We found that women (convicted and non-convicted) were more sensitive to provocation than men, while community adults showed higher levels of trait anger than prisoners. Detainees were more likely than community adults to have a relative in prison. Although male and female inmates were equally likely to have a relative in prison, they differed in their relation to the imprisoned relative. Male and female prisoners showed increased risk for incarceration of same sex, first degree relatives (father and brothers for men, and mothers for women). These results may contribute to improved understanding of incarcerated populations. As such, this represents a critical first step in creating recovery programs that are more gender appropriate.

scholarly journals The Effect Of Body Composition On Strenght An Power In Male And Female Students

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Mansour Ghassen ◽  
Kacem Asma ◽  
Ishaq Mohamed ◽  
Grélot Laurent ◽  
Ftaiti Foued
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Jump Test ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Purpose - The Aim of this study is to determine and to compare the impact of fat excess on neuromuscular performances during short maximal exercise in male and female students. Methods - 72 male and 64 female students aged 20 to 23 years were enrolled in this study. After assessing their morphological characteristics (body mass, height and percentage of fat mass), a squat jump test (SJ), a 5 successive jump test (5JT), a hand gripping (HG) and back strength (BS) tests have been conducted for each subject. Male students were re-tested after being weighed down with a weight equivalent to the mean differences in body fat recorded between the two sexes in the form of a loaded worn vest. Results – Male are 15.7% heavier and 7.4% taller and presented a percentage of fat mass (17.2 ± 1.8%) significantly (p<0.001) lower than that of women subject (25.0 ± 2.5%) (difference male vs female for fat mass: -45.5%). HG, BS, 5JT and SJ performances were significantly higher in males (44±5 kg, 141±2 kg, 11±1 m and 32.4 ± 2,7 cm, respectively) than in females (31.0±4 kg, 81.6±13 kg, 8.7 ± 0.7 m and 21.1 ± 1.9 cm, respectively. In the control (unloaded) condition, the relative difference between males and females represented 23.5% and 34.7% of the male performances for 5JT and SJ, respectively. In the weighted condition, the relative difference between weighted males and females still represented 11.7% and 23.8% of the weighted male performances for 5JT and SJ, respectively. Cancelling the sex difference in fat mass by adding weight in males reduced by 50.1% the sex difference during 5JT and 31.4% and 71.7% for hight and power results, respectively during SJ test. Conclusion – During short and maximal exercise, male performed better with their hands, back and legs than female students. Excess fat for female students have a disadvantageous effect on vertical and horizontal jumps performances. The persistence of sex differences after weighting of male students indicates that body fat is responsible for 30 to 70 % of the observed differences between sexes performances and power outcome during jump tests.

scholarly journals The incidence of left-handedness: a meta-analysis [1993]

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Christopher McManus
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Left Handedness ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Unpublished Manuscripts

A meta-analysis is reported of 88 studies, examining 100 study populations, in which the handedness of 284665 individuals has been assessed. The overall incidence of left-handedness was 7.78%. The incidence of left-handedness was not related to the method of measurement, or the length or number of response items included in inventories. Study populations with lower response rates and smaller study populations showed some evidence of higher incidences of left-handedness, presumably due to response biasses. There was no evidence that the incidence of left-handedness was related to the year of publication of studies; however the incidence of left-handedness was lower in older subjects and in those from earlier birth cohorts, the two effects not being statistically distinguishable.Information was available from 64 study populations concerning the incidence of left-handedness in males and females; overall 8.52% of males were left-handed compared with 6.69% of females, the male incidence being 27.4% higher than that in females. Although there was some suggestion that the sex difference was greater in larger studies, and in studies whose main purpose was not the study of handedness, these differences were not significant. It is concluded that the size of the sex difference is unrelated to any of the moderator variables we have studied.It was not possible to carry out a meta-analysis of degree of handedness due to wide-spread differences in the method of reporting of degree of handedness.We recommend that future studies of handedness should, as a minimum, use one of three standard methods of assessment, so that comparison of studies is facilitated. Note: This manuscript was originally prepared in 1993 but due to problems at a major journal, described briefly, was never eventually published. It has however been cited on a number of occasions, and has been available at https://www.ucl.ac.uk/medical-education/publications/unpublished-manuscripts/meta-analysis-of-handedness . A major meta-analysis of handedness in 2019 by another author has now been submitted which cites this manuscript, and therefore it needs to be available in a more archivable format.

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