Shock Facilitation and Suppression of Alcohol- and Coke-Maintained Behavior

1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Davidson ◽  
Edward S. Wallach
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Reinforcement ◽  
Shock Intensity ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Light Flash ◽  
Red Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Contingent ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
The Subject

3 long-term alcoholic patients were introduced to concurrent FR30coke FR30alcohol (30 responses on one manipulandum followed by coke reinforcement, 30 on the other followed by liquor), allowed to stabilize in responding for their preferred reinforcer, then exposed to shock of low intensity contingent on each reinforced response. The shock schedule was accompanied by a distinctive SD (response-contingent red light flash). Shock intensity was increased after every one or two sessions until the subject switched to the other available manipulandum (and reinforcer). Two of three subjects showed increasing rates of response (conditioned reinforcement) correlated with increasing shock intensities, followed by the reverse (suppression) prior to a switch to the other manipulandum. One subject showed only shock suppression over a narrow range of intensities. Later introduction of the SD for shock (red light) was sufficient on most occasions to facilitate a switch prior to shock. Four such reversals were accomplished in each subject.

China and International Relations

1988 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-302
Author(s):  
Michael B. Yahuda
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Open Door ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

These last ten years have witnessed a remarkable development of Chinese academic writing on International Relations. The late Premier Zhou Enlai had recommended the expansion of such studies in 1964 on his return from a tour of Africa after having found the relevant Chinese expertise weak and ill-informed. But the Cultural Revolution of 1966–1976 not only prevented that development, but along with most other intellectuals those few scholars engaged in the subject were humiliated and persecuted. Since 1977, in common with the other social sciences, International Relations has begun to flourish. Although it is a fairly new independent subject of study more than five hundred scholars are engaged in a variety of research institutes and several universities offer courses in it. As in the other social sciences, research in International Relations is carried out under the general guidelines of serving China's long term policies of modernization and the open door.

The Expected Yield of Ordinary Shares

1962 ◽  
Vol 16 (06) ◽  
pp. 401-426
Author(s):  
J. R. Hemsted
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dividend Yield ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Current Price ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
Compound Interest ◽  
A Share

The assessment of ordinary shares is at present the subject of intense activity. A full-scale professional analysis of a particular share can, however, be a most formidable document and one which does not produce the answer to the question ‘What long term return can I expect from my investment?’ On the other hand a simple statement of dividend cover and dividend yield at the current price is clearly insufficient to decide on the merits of a share.This paper describes a method of assessing ordinary shares in terms of ‘expected yield’, i.e. the compound interest return which a long-term buyer would expect to obtain from his investment, and includes a note on a simple way of adjusting a company's published rates of dividend and earnings to produce a consistent growth record suitable for use in estimating the expected yield.

scholarly journals Terms anf Their Translation for Museum Labels

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 774-785
Author(s):  
Marilyn Gill
Keyword(s):  
Fine Arts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Museum Of Fine Arts ◽  
The University ◽  
Teaching Outcomes

Abstract With the development in France of both general and specialized museums, and the growing cultural and touristic exchanges between countries, access to their information is becoming increasingly important. The aim of a long term research project of the English Linguistics Department of the University of Franche-Comté is to translate the French labels of a classified museum (the Museum of Fine Arts and Archeology of Besançon) into English and give practical training in terminology and translation to third year English for Special Purposes students. To do this, two different bilingual lexicons have to be created: one of the repetitive terms used by the Museum to describe the exhibits, i.e. museological terms, and the other of the subject of the label, i.e. in 1993 Egyptology. The theoretical problems and practical solutions concerning the compilation of highly specific bilingual lexicons, the translation of maximum information telegraphic style texts and the choice of specialized terms to be used for a general museum public of all ages as well as the teaching outcomes of such a project are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Endurance Exercise and Lithium Treatment on Neuroprotective Factors in Hippocampus of Obese Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3317
Author(s):  
Jusik Park ◽  
Wookwang Cheon ◽  
Kijin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Lithium Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Bdnf Expression ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Obese Rats

To investigate the effects of long-term lithium treatment and low intensity endurance exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) activity in the hippocampus of obese rats. Fifty 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected. There was a control group of 10 rats (chow control group) while the other forty rats were fed on a high-fat diet for eight weeks to induce obesity. Rats were then assigned into four random groups. The rats were given 10 mg/kg lithium chloride (LiCl) dissolved in 1 mL sterile distilled water once a day, 5 times a week. The rats did 20 min of treadmill walking with an exercise intensity of 40% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) (12 m/min, slope 0%). This was performed for 20 min a day, 3 days a week. Twelve weeks of lithium treatment or endurance exercise significantly reduced body weight and body fat mass in obese rats, without showing additive effects when the treatments were given in parallel or significant toxic responses in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in blood and kidney and liver tissues. BDNF expression in the hippocampus was significantly increased both in exercise and lithium groups with synergistic effects found in the group where both exercise and lithium treatments were given in parallel. On the other hand, the decrease in GSK3β activity was shown only in the lithium treatment group, without showing additive effects when the treatments were given in parallel. Lithium and low-intensity endurance exercise for 12 weeks increased the expression of BDNF, a neuroprotective factor in the hippocampus of obese mice. Lithium treatment alone inhibited the activity of GSK3β. This can be interpreted as a positive indication of applicability of the two factors in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Supplemental But Not Photoperiodic Lighting Increased Seedling Quality and Reduced Production Time of Annual Bedding Plants

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Hurt ◽  
Roberto G. Lopez ◽  
Joshua K. Craver
Keyword(s):  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Seedling Quality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Seedling Production ◽  
Production Time ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Bedding Plant

In northern latitudes, the photosynthetic daily light integral can be less than 5 mol·m–2·d–1, necessitating the use of supplemental lighting (SL) to reduce bedding plant seedling production time and increase quality. Our objectives were 1) to quantify seedling quality and production time under continuous 16-h or instantaneous threshold SL, continuous low-intensity photoperiodic lighting (PL) for 16 or 24 hours with and without far-red light, or no electric lighting; and 2) to determine whether the described lighting treatments during propagation impact finished plant quality or flowering. Seeds of begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens) ‘Bada Bing Scarlet’, gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) ‘Jaguar Deep Orange’, impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) ‘Accent Premium Salmon’, petunia (Petunia ×hybrida) ‘Ramblin Peach Glo’, and tuberous begonia (Begonia ×tuberosa) ‘Nonstop Rose Petticoat’ were sown in 128-cell trays and grown under either SL, PL, or no electric lighting (control). SL treatments consisted of high-intensity light-emitting diode (LED) or high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps providing a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of either 70 µmol·m–2·s–1 on continuously for 16 h·d–1 or 90 µmol·m–2·s–1 based on an instantaneous threshold. PL treatments consisted of low-intensity red:white (R:W) or red:white:far-red (R:W:FR) lamps for 16 h·d–1 or R:W:FR lamps for 24 h·d–1. Seedlings of gerbera, impatiens, and petunia from each treatment were subsequently transplanted and finished in a common greenhouse environment. The highest quality seedlings were grown under SL compared with PL or control conditions. When comparing SL treatments, seedlings produced under HPS or LED SL using an instantaneous threshold were of equal or greater quality compared with those under continuous SL with a 16-h photoperiod. Although the greater leaf area and internode elongation under PL may give growers the perception that seedling production time is reduced, PL did not increase biomass accumulation and seedling quality. Petunia seedlings propagated under HPS lamps using an instantaneous threshold flowered 4 to 11 days earlier compared with the other SL treatments. In addition, petunia propagated under R:W:FR PL for 16 h·d–1 flowered 5 to 7 days earlier compared with LED SL and the other PL treatments.

Interpretations of Underdevelopment in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Brandão ◽  
Hipólita Siqueira
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Slave Labor ◽  
Intellectual Work ◽  
National Space ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Brazil is a vast and highly complex country that is subordinated to its central hegemonic poles and that combines both backwardness, modernity, progress interrupted by unfinished cycles of growth, and extreme inequality. Paradoxically, it is on the one hand ranked among the nine most advanced capitalist countries in the world and, on the other, listed as one of the nine countries with the worst income distribution. Attempts to interpret these dilemmas, historical disjunctives, and impasses have produced a plethora of original intellectual work that deals with the specificities of this most dynamic and yet highly contradictory national space. A select few authors have produced extensive work on the subject and have legitimized themselves as the pinnacle of classical interpreters of Brazilian social and political thought. The originality, broad scope of analysis, and ingenuity of these great national thinkers have made them the authors of choice for those seeking to better understand Brazil as a nation. Their classics have formulated key and critical questions relating to the often-interrupted construction of this nation and the truncated, material, and spiritual or immaterial development of the Brazilian civilization as a whole, which began as a former Portuguese colony founded on slave labor. These are very comprehensive formulations, with a long-term historical perspective produced by those who have taken a very profound and highly structural look at Brazil, shedding light on aspects of its hitherto-obscure or unquestioned reality, enlightening and inviting to think more coherently, boldly, and consequently about its present and, indeed, future. Among the main contributors are the likes of Caio Prado Júnior, Celso Furtado, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, and Florestan Fernandes, who have developed approaches to help unveil the nature and characteristics of the processes of dependence and underdevelopment that are so specific to Brazil’s peripheral capitalism.

Key to Successful Diversification: Focus on Your Assumptions

1986 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-308
Author(s):  
N. Vittal
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vice Chairman ◽  
Diversification Strategies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
A Company

In its April-June issue, Vikalpa featured an article by George Paul entitled “Does Diversification Always Improve Financial Performance?” Paul identified four diversification strategies among 28 MRTP companies. Comparing the four strategies on 11 long-term measures of financial performance, he found that the strategy of having many unrelated businesses had produced the poorest performance. He suggested that management should ensure that the company's central skill or competence is strengthened rather than diffused by diversification. Paul's article has evoked considerable response from practising managers. In view of the importance of the subject, we feature two responses—one fromB VBhatt, former Executive Vice-Chairman and Managing Director of Calico, who comments on Calico Mills, one of the companies included by Paul as a case of a company with many unrelated businesses and poor financial performance, and the other by N Vittal, Managing Director of Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers Company (GNFC), a government-controlled company, which was not one of the companies that Paul studied. Vikalpa hopes that these two responses are useful to managers in evaluating their diversification strategies.

Golgi Apparatus and Melanogenesis: Ultrastructural Study of a Human Cellular Blue Nevus (Melanocytoma)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 380-381
Author(s):  
S.R. Allegra
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Nevus ◽  
Normal Complement ◽  
Golgi Vesicles ◽  
Golgi System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cellular Blue Nevus

The respective roles of the ribo somes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and perhaps nucleus in the synthesis and maturation of melanosomes is still the subject of some controversy. While the early melanosomes (premelanosomes) have been frequently demonstrated to originate as Golgi vesicles, it is undeniable that these structures can be formed in cells in which Golgi system is not found. This report was prompted by the findings in an essentially amelanotic human cellular blue nevus (melanocytoma) of two distinct lines of melanocytes one of which was devoid of any trace of Golgi apparatus while the other had normal complement of this organelle.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

Hidden “holes” in the capital of banks and the supply of credit to the real sector of economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mamonov
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Loan Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The One

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.

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