Middle Managers' Reference Group: Effect of Perception

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1043-1046
Author(s):  
A. Ben Porat
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Middle Managers ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Industrial Organizations ◽  
Management Hierarchy ◽  
Job Levels

This study tested two propositions about whom a sample of 40 Israeli middle managers perceived as their reference group in the organization. We wish to ascertain (a) if each sees management as his reference group and (b) whether he sees a difference between job levels in the managerial hierarchy. As part of the analysis of variance, we performed two contrasts: one between management and workers; another between levels of management. The former explains 95% of the effect and thus supports our first proposition. While the 40 middle managers from 8 industrial organizations see some difference between job levels in the management hierarchy, this difference explains only 5% of the effect.

Reference Group Effect

2020 ◽  
pp. 4342-4344
Author(s):  
Christoph Schild ◽  
Karolina Ścigała ◽  
Ingo Zettler
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Group Effect

The Reference Group Effect

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1205-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Van de gaer ◽  
Aletta Grisay ◽  
Wolfram Schulz ◽  
Eveline Gebhardt
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Group Effect

What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?: The reference-group effect.

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 903-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Heine ◽  
Darrin R. Lehman ◽  
Kaiping Peng ◽  
Joe Greenholtz
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Cultural Comparisons

THE CERTAINTY OF PUNISHMENT: A REFERENCE GROUP EFFECT AND ITS FUNCTIONAL FORM

Criminology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIANG YU ◽  
ALLEN E. LISKA
Keyword(s):  
Functional Form ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Group Effect

scholarly journals ‘Relative Social Standing’: Reference Group Effect on Wealth Accumulation – An Experimental Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 767-783
Author(s):  
Boon-Lian Poh ◽  
Nor Ghani Md Nor ◽  
Jamal Othman ◽  
Mansor Jusoh
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Group Influence ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference

This study intends to find the effect of reference group influence on wealth accumulation using a lab experiment. Specifically, it seeks to find the link between the scores of the participants in the experiment and the effect of comparison with their chosen referents. The effect of comparison with reference group that contributes to wealth accumulation is termed ‘Relative Social Standing’. 220 university students were recruited and assigned randomly to treatment or control group. A game is used as the activity to produce a measurable outcome which is the number of coins obtained. The treatment group was allowed to view the scores of coins obtained by their referents before the game while the control group did not view any score of others. The difference of outcome between these two groups are attributed to the intervention of viewing others’ scores which creates the effect of comparison. The total amount of coins accumulated in the experiment represents wealth accumulation. The findings showed that the effect of intervention is statistically significant, and there is a negative correlation between the change in score and the effect of comparison. This study gauged the effect of reference group using an experimental approach instead of conventional self-reporting questionnaires.

scholarly journals Comparability of Self–Reported Conscientiousness across 21 Countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Mõttus ◽  
Jüri Allik ◽  
Anu Realo ◽  
Helle Pullmann ◽  
Jérôme Rossier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Anchoring Vignettes ◽  
Cross National

In cross–national studies, mean levels of self–reported phenomena are often not congruent with more objective criteria. One prominent explanation for such findings is that people make self–report judgements in relation to culture–specific standards (often called the reference group effect), thereby undermining the cross–cultural comparability of the judgements. We employed a simple method called anchoring vignettes in order to test whether people from 21 different countries have varying standards for Conscientiousness, a Big Five personality trait that has repeatedly shown unexpected nation–level relationships with external criteria. Participants rated their own Conscientiousness and that of 30 hypothetical persons portrayed in short vignettes. The latter type of ratings was expected to reveal individual differences in standards of Conscientiousness. The vignettes were rated relatively similarly in all countries, suggesting no substantial culture–related differences in standards for Conscientiousness. Controlling for the small differences in standards did not substantially change the rankings of countries on mean self–ratings or the predictive validities of these rankings for objective criteria. These findings are not consistent with mean self–rated Conscientiousness scores being influenced by culture–specific standards. The technique of anchoring vignettes can be used in various types of studies to assess the potentially confounding effects of reference levels. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Birds of a Feather Do Flock Together

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Youyou ◽  
David Stillwell ◽  
H. Andrew Schwartz ◽  
Michal Kosinski
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Personality Judgments ◽  
Personality Similarity ◽  
Peer Report

Friends and spouses tend to be similar in a broad range of characteristics, such as age, educational level, race, religion, attitudes, and general intelligence. Surprisingly, little evidence has been found for similarity in personality—one of the most fundamental psychological constructs. We argue that the lack of evidence for personality similarity stems from the tendency of individuals to make personality judgments relative to a salient comparison group, rather than in absolute terms (i.e., the reference-group effect), when responding to the self-report and peer-report questionnaires commonly used in personality research. We employed two behavior-based personality measures to circumvent the reference-group effect. The results based on large samples provide evidence for personality similarity between romantic partners ( n = 1,101; rs = .20–.47) and between friends ( n = 46,483; rs = .12–.31). We discuss the practical and methodological implications of the findings.

The Dying Ulysses: Middle-Aged Middle Managers in the Indian Public Sector

1977 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somnath Chattopadhyay ◽  
K.G. Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Middle Managers ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Life Crisis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Industrial Organizations ◽  
Dominant Theme ◽  
Deep Sense

Middle managers tend to face physiological and psychological crises in their middle age. Part I proposes certain constructs to understand the psychodynamics of these crises and Part II provides empirical support to Part I. The dominant theme in Part I is the process of dying. Two models to cope with this inevitable but passing phase of life can be seen. Part II reports a study of 208 middle managers from 20 industrial organizations in the public sector. They emerge as moderate but not intense, mediocre, and fairly alienated with a deep sense of inefficacy and misanthropy. The paper concludes that by confronting the mid-life crisis in cognitive, affective, and connative planes simultaneously and integrating with it the concern for self and others, managers can give new meaning and richness to their lives.

On the validity of culture‐level personality and stereotype scores

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 987-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. McCrae ◽  
Antonio Terracciano ◽  
Anu Realo ◽  
Jüri Allik
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
National Character ◽  
Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Research Designs

In response to comments by Perugini and Richetin and by Ashton, we discuss the reference‐group effect as a potential source of distortion in cross‐cultural comparisons and suggest some research designs to test its nature and importance. We argue that laboratory studies of personality are of limited utility in understanding personality questionnaire responses in real life. We summarise evidence in favour of the validity of aggregate personality traits and suggest that more scepticism is needed with regard to the accuracy of national character stereotypes. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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