Learned Helplessness and the Self-Control Model of Depression

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 987-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald H. Rozensky ◽  
Susan Kravitz ◽  
Rebecca Unger
Keyword(s):  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Treatment Condition ◽  
Control Model ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Depressed Group ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
And Control

Self-reinforcement, one element of the self-control model of depression proposed by Rehm, was evaluated as to its relationship with Seligman's learned helplessness phenomenon. Within a nonclinical population, subjects were divided by their Beck Depression Inventory scores into a Non-depressed group and a Very Mildly Depressed group. Subjects in each group were exposed to one of three treatments, Learned Helplessness, Nonlearned Helplessness, and Control conditions based upon the Levine multidimensional discrimination task. Depressed subjects gave significantly more self-punishment and less self-reward than nondepressed subjects after exposure to the experimental conditions. A significant interaction of depressed X treatment condition and post hoc analyses suggest an explanation for the previously noted facilitation effects of learned helplessness and suggest a self-control inoculation against increased depression when normals are exposed to conditions of learned helplessness. Effects of the learned-helplessness experience are related to the self-control model of depression.

STEREOTYPE THREAT AND STEREOTYPE LIFT: THE CASE OF 10 YEAR OLD GIRLS AND BOYS

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Anna Kwiatkowska ◽  
Małgorzata Mróz
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Stereotype Lift ◽  
And Performance

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of stereotypical and counter-stereotypicalinformation on the self-esteem and cognitive performance of 10-year-old children. Our sampleconsisted of 37 girls and 37 boys. Children were presented with 10 “mathematical” puzzles in threeexperimental conditions: stereotypical (boys are better), counter-stereotypical (girls are better), andthe control condition (no particular information). Self-esteem was measured using a non-verbaltask. The results showed a significant interaction effect of “condition x sex” on self-esteem andperformance. Girls revealed no significant differences between control and experimental conditions,while boys showed a significant drop in self-esteem and performance in the counter-stereotypicalcondition as compared to the control condition and a significant lift in self-esteem and performancein the stereotypical condition as compared to the control condition.

scholarly journals Efectos agudos de distintas estrategias de calentamiento sobre el rendimiento físico y las habilidades motrices en escolares (Acute effects of different warm-up strategies on physical performance and motor skills in schoolchildren)

Retos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Nicolás Gómez-Álvarez ◽  
Alexander Schweppe-Villa ◽  
Aarón Parra-Gatica ◽  
Falú Cid-Rojas ◽  
Gustavo Pavez-Adasme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Quality Of Movement ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
And Control

  El objetivo de esta investigación fue valorar los efectos de distintos tipos de calentamientos aplicados en escolares sobre la calidad de movimiento de las habilidades motrices y el rendimiento de salto y carrera. La metodología utilizada fue a partir de un diseño estudio cruzado aleatorizado (n=27 escolares), que incluyó tres condiciones experimentales para valorar el efecto agudo de distintos tipos de calentamiento (tradicional, basado en juegos adaptados reducidos y FIFA 11+) sobre el salto vertical, sprint en 20 metros y habilidades motoras de locomoción y control de objetos en niños y niñas. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y comparativa a través de ANOVA de medidas repetidas y Friedman con sus pruebas post-hoc según corresponda. Los resultados muestran que todos los tipos de calentamiento mostraron diferencias significativas en sprint, salto vertical y habilidades motoras, respecto al a la condición control sin calentamiento. El calentamiento basado en juegos adaptados reducidos presentó efectos superiores que las otras modalidades en las habilidades motoras de locomoción (p< .05). Las comparaciones entre calentamientos mostraron que la intervención basada en FIFA 11+ mostró ser más eficaz en reducir el tiempo de sprint en 20 metros y aumentar la altura del salto vertical (p< .05). En conclusión, este estudio sugiere que, la selección de una estrategia adecuada basada en una diversidad de experiencias motrices como las ofrecidas por los protocolos de calentamiento FIFA11+ y de juegos adaptados reducidos podría ser clave para mejorar el rendimiento motor y la magnitud de los beneficios asociados al calentamiento.  Abstract: The objective of this research is to assess the effects of different types of warm-ups applied in schoolchildren on the quality of movement of motor skills and jumping and sprint performance. The methodology used was based on a randomized crossover study design (n = 27 schoolchildren), which included three experimental conditions to assess the acute effect of different types of warm-up (traditional, based on reduced adapted games and FIFA 11+) on the vertical jump, sprint in 20 meters and motor skills of locomotion and control of objects in children. Descriptive and comparative statistics were used through repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman with its post-hoc tests as appropriate. The results show that all types of warm-up showed significant differences in sprint, vertical jump and motor skills, compared to the control condition without warm-up. The warm-up based on reduced adapted games presented greater effects than the other modalities on the motor skills of locomotion (p <.05). Comparisons between warm-ups showed that the intervention based on FIFA 11+ was shown to be more effective in reducing sprint time by 20 meters and increasing vertical jump height (p <.05).  In conclusion, this study suggests that the selection of an appropriate strategy based on a diversity of motor experiences such as those offered by the FIFA11 + warm-up protocols and reduced adapted games could be key to improving motor performance and the magnitude of the benefits associated with warm-up.

scholarly journals Why data is not enough: Digital traces as control of self and self-control

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Butler Reigeluth
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Francophone Literature ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Quantified Self ◽  
To Come ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Control ◽  
Gilbert Simondon

As an alternative to the seemingly natural objectivity and self-evidence of “data,” this paper builds on recent francophone literature by developing a critical conceptualization of “digital traces.” Underlining the materiality and discursiveness of traces allows us to understand and articulate both the technical and sociopolitical implications of digital technology. The philosophies of Gilbert Simondon and Michel Foucault give strong ontological and epistemological groundings for interpreting the relationships between technology and processes of subjectification. In this light, digital traces are framed as objects and products of heteronomous interventions, the logics of which can be traced through the programs and algorithms deployed. Through the empirical examples of “Predictive Policing” and “Quantified Self” digital traces are contrasted with the premises and dreams of Big Data. While the later claims to algorithmically correlative, predict and preempt the future by reducing it to a “what-is-to-come,” the digital trace paradigm offers a new perspective on how forms of self-control and control of the self are interdependent facets of “algorithmic governmentality.”

The Effects of Assigned and Self-Set Goals on Task Performance

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ann Boyce ◽  
Valerie K. Wayda
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
The Self ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Goal Condition ◽  
Motivation Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Control

This study investigated the effect of three goal-setting conditions (self-set, assigned, and control) and two levels of self-motivation (medium and high) on the performance of females participating in 12 university weight training classes (N = 252). The subjects' levels of self-motivation were assessed via Dishman, Ickes, and Morgan's (1980) Self-Motivation Inventory (SMI). The baseline and performance trials were analyzed in a 3 × 2 × 10 (Goal Condition × Motivation Level × Trial) ANCOVA design, with repeated measures on the last factor and baseline as the covariate. A significant interaction of goal-setting groups and trials was found. Planned comparisons indicated that the assigned goal group was statistically superior to the control and to the self-set groups from Trial 3 through retention. In addition, the two goal-setting groups were statistically superior to the control group at the seventh through retention trials. The subjects' SMI levels were not found to moderate the effect of goal setting on performance.

Relying on the self-control of instrumental others

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grainne Fitzsimons ◽  
Catherine Shea ◽  
Christy Zhou ◽  
Michelle vanDellen
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Self Control

Taking the "self" out of self control: What dogs can teach us about inhibiting behavior

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Miller ◽  
Kristina F. Pattison ◽  
Rebecca Rayburn-Reeves ◽  
C. Nathan DeWall ◽  
Thomas Zentall
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Self Control

From Container to Claustrum: Projective Identification in Couples

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Projective Identification ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intimate Partners ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

This paper is a contribution to the growing literature on the role of projective identification in understanding couples' dynamics. Projective identification as a defence is well suited to couples, as intimate partners provide an ideal location to deposit unwanted parts of the self. This paper illustrates how projective identification functions differently depending on the psychological health of the couple. It elucidates how healthier couples use projective identification more as a form of communication, whereas disturbed couples are inclined to employ it to invade and control the other, as captured by Meltzer's concept of "intrusive identification". These different uses of projective identification affect couples' capacities to provide what Bion called "containment". In disturbed couples, partners serve as what Meltzer termed "claustrums" whereby projections are not contained, but imprisoned or entombed in the other. Applying the concept of claustrum helps illuminate common feelings these couples express, such as feeling suffocated, stifled, trapped, held hostage, or feeling as if the relationship is killing them. Finally, this paper presents treatment challenges in working with more disturbed couples.

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