Effect of Expectation and Level of Adjustment on Treatment Outcome

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 936-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron L. Evans ◽  
Keith M. Smith ◽  
Eugen M. Halar ◽  
Carol L. Kiolet
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Client Outcome ◽  
Self Assessments ◽  
Therapeutic Counseling

This analysis assessed the hypothesis that a relation between adjustment prior to treatment and client outcome, based on documented theoretical observations about similar relationships between clients' expectations and subsequent adjustment after therapeutic counseling, is curvilinear. A sample of 77 outpatients at a University-affiliated hospital completed self-assessments using standardized adjustment scales. There was no curvilinear relationship between prior adjustment and outcome, but a linear relationship between expectation and self-assessed outcome was observed.

Relationship between pre-operative anxiety and post-operative state

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Johnston ◽  
Lucy Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Subsequent Research ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
Poor Predictor

SYNOPSISJanis (1958) has proposed a curvilinear relationship between pre-operative anxiety and post-operative emotional state. While other hypotheses share the prediction of a poor outcome for patients with pre-operative high anxiety, Janis' theory is unique in predicting a poor outcome for those with low anxiety. Subsequent research has failed to confirm Janis' hypotheses, perhaps because the designs have been insensitive to the predictions for low anxiety patients.The current study tests the hypothesis more directly and finds some support for a linear relationship between pre-operative anxiety and post-operative negative affect, with no support for Janis' curvilinear hypothesis. On the whole, pre-operative anxiety was a poor predictor of other measures of recovery but, on one measure, patients with low anxiety showed a slower recovery than those with moderate anxiety, i.e. supporting the prediction of a poor outcome for low anxiety patients.The implications of these results for pre-operative preparation of surgical patients and the development of theories of anxiety are discussed.

Determinants of LV diastolic function during atrial fibrillation: beat-to-beat analysis in acute dog experiments

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (1) ◽  
pp. H145-H152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomotsugu Tabata ◽  
Richard A. Grimm ◽  
Junko Asada ◽  
Zoran B. Popović ◽  
Hirotsugu Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Diastolic Function ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ventricular Rate ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Pressure Curve ◽  
Positive Linear Relationship ◽  
Filling Time ◽  
Lv Diastolic Function

Left ventricular (LV) diastolic function during atrial fibrillation (AF) remains poorly understood due to the complex interaction of factors and beat-to-beat variability. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the physiological determinants of beat-to-beat changes in LV diastolic function during AF. The RR intervals preceding a given cardiac beat were measured from the right ventricular electrogram in 12 healthy open-chest mongrel dogs during AF. Doppler echocardiography and LV pressure and volume beat-to-beat analyses were performed. The LV filling time (FT) and early diastolic mitral inflow velocity-time integral ( Evti) were measured using the pulsed Doppler method. The LV end-diastolic volume (EDV), peak systolic LV pressure (LVP), minimum value of the first derivative of LV pressure curve (dP/d tmin), and the time constant of LV pressure decay (τ) were evaluated with the use of a conductance catheter for 100 consecutive cardiac cycles. Beat-to-beat analysis revealed a cascade of important causal relations. LV-FT showed a significant positive linear relationship with Evti ( r = 0.87). Importantly, there was a significant positive linear relationship between the RR interval and LV-EDV in the same cardiac beat ( r = 0.53). Consequently, there was a positive linear relationship between LV-EDV and subsequent peak systolic LVP ( r = 0.82). Furthermore, there were significant positive linear and negative curvilinear relationships between peak systolic LVP and dP/d tmin ( r = 0.95) and τ ( r = –0.85), respectively, in the same cardiac beat. In addition, there was a significant negative curvilinear relationship between dP/d tmin and τ ( r = –0.86). We have concluded that the determinants of LV diastolic function in individual beats during AF depend strongly on the peak systolic LVP. This suggests that the major benefit of slower ventricular rate appears related to lengthening of LV filling interval, promoting subsequent higher peak systolic LVP and greater LV relaxation.

scholarly journals Non-linear effects of relational capital on supply-side resilience

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 1053-1075
Author(s):  
Yiyi Fan ◽  
Mark Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Boundary Spanning ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Tie Strength ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Relational Capital ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Prior studies have largely overlooked the potentially negative consequences of a buyer’s relational capital (RC) with a supplier for supply-side resilience, assuming a positive linear relationship between the constructs. Meanwhile, the focus of research has been at an organisational level without incorporating the role of boundary spanning individuals at the interface between buyer and supplier. Drawing on social capital and boundary spanning theory, the purpose of this paper is to: re-examine the relationship between RC and supply-side resilience, challenging the linear assumption; and investigate how both the strength and diversity of a boundary spanner’s ties moderate this relationship. Design/methodology/approach Survey data are collected from 248 firms and validated using a subset of 57 attentive secondary respondents and archival data. The latent moderated structural equation method is applied to analyse the data. Findings An inverted U-shaped relationship between RC and supply-side resilience is identified. Tie strength in particular has a positive moderating effect on the relationship. More specifically, the downward RC–supply-side resilience relationship flips into an upward curvilinear relationship when boundary spanning individuals develop stronger ties with supplier personnel. Research limitations/implications A deeper insight into the RC–supply-side resilience relationship is provided. Findings are based on Chinese manufacturing firms and cross-sectional data meaning further research is needed to determine their generalisability. Practical implications In evaluating how to enhance supply-side resilience, buying firms must decide whether the associated collaborative benefits of developing RC outweigh the potential costs. Managers also need to be concerned with the impact of developing RC between organisations and enhancing the tie strength of individuals simultaneously. Originality/value The paper goes beyond the linear relationship between RC and supply-side resilience. Incorporating the moderating role of boundary spanners identifies a novel phenomenon whereby the RC–resilience relationship flips from an inverted to a U-shaped curve.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship between Perceived Ease of Use and Continuance Usage of a Mobile Terminal: Mobility as a Moderator

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aoshuang Li ◽  
Yongqiang Sun ◽  
Xiaodong Yang ◽  
Jinyu Guo
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Mobile Terminal ◽  
Mobile Internet ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Perceived Ease Of Use ◽  
Continuance Usage ◽  
The Relationship

As the number of mobile terminal users has increased worldwide, research on continuance usage of a mobile terminal (CUMT) has received wide attention to facilitate the sustainability of development of mobile application providers. However, different results of the relationship between perceived ease of use (PEU) and continuance usage toward information technology were found in prior studies, and studies that mainly focus on their linear relationship cannot provide an explanation of the different results. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between PEU and CUMT to examine the intriguing possibility that a curvilinear relationship can be found. This study proposed a model with a moderator of mobility based on the environment–behavior relationship theory and expectation disconfirmation theory. The research model was tested with 311 respondents collected in China through hierarchical regressions method. The results empirically indicate that mobility moderates the relationship between PEU and CUMT and show a linear relationship under high levels of mobility and a U-shaped relationship under low levels of mobility. At a low PEU stage, PEU negatively and significantly influences the behavior of CUMT, while, at a high PEU stage, there is a positive relationship between PEU and CUMT. This paper provides a detailed explanation of this behavior in the mobile Internet context. This paper discusses theoretical contributions and practical implications for the sustainable development of mobile application providers as well as the limitations of the study and future research directions.

scholarly journals Does the Employability Paradox Exist or Not? An Inverted U-Shaped Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Yu ◽  
Changli Yan ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Zhenhua Dong ◽  
Long Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Prospect Theory ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Chinese Enterprises ◽  
Perceived Employability ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
And Performance

This paper’s purpose is to test the employability paradox by adopting a combined linear and non-linear approach based on the conservation of resource (COR) theory and the prospect theory and further to discuss it in two groups of employees with different seniority following the career timetable perspective. A total of 623 pairs of matched employee and manager surveys was collected from 27 Chinese enterprises in two waves. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The results show no paradox that perceived employability promotes both an employee’s turnover intention and performance. Specifically, perceived employability has a significant inverted U-shaped effect on turnover intention but no direct influence on job performance. Seniority is a moderator, showing the curvilinear relationship only exhibits for employees with shorter work seniority (≤3 years), and a positive linear relationship between perceived employability and job performance only exists for employees with longer seniority (>3 years). This study emphasizes the value of employability for employers and proposes who is more suitable and what timetable should be followed for employability enhancement in practice. In addition, the study provides an enlightening finding of the inverted U-shaped relationship between perceived employability and turnover intention, applies the COR theory and the prospect theory to explain the non-linear relationship, validates the effect of too much of a good thing (TMGT), and negates the paradox from the perspective of the perceived general employability and career timetable.

MO575SEX DISPARITY IN THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIETARY SODIUM INTAKE AND THE RISK OF INCIPIENT OSTEOPOROSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi-yeon Yu ◽  
Jong Wook Choi ◽  
Sang-Woong Han ◽  
Chang Hwa Lee ◽  
Joon-Sung Park
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Hazard Model ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Model ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Proportional Hazard Model ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard

Abstract Background and Aims Rationale & Objective: Dietary nutrition is closely related with bone health, but there is wide controversy on the association of dietary sodium intake with bone densitometry (BMD) and risk of incipient osteoporosis. Method Study Design: Community-based retrospective cohort study Measurement: We used Tanaka method for estimating 24-h urinary sodium excretion (e24hUNaETanaka) as candidate indicator of dietary sodium intake. Setting & Participants: Using long-term follow-up cohort data from the Korean Genome Epidemiology Study, we identified 4310 participants without osteoporosis and classified them into quartile according to their e24hUNaETanaka. Outcome: Participants were followed up for 12 years of less for a new diagnosis of osteoporosis. Analytical Approach: Multiple Cox-proportional hazard model was performed to estimate hazard ratio (HR) of osteoporosis and survival curve analysis was utilized to compare cumulative survivals. Results Decreased dietary sodium intake was deeply related with low BMD parameters. Multiple Cox-proportional hazard model, adjusted for various conventional risk factors of decreased BMD, demonstrated that e24hUNaETanaka had inverse association with the risk of osteoporosis (adjusted HR = 0.868, 95% CI = 0.768-0.981). Interestingly, our RCS analysis revealed that there was wide variation in the relation between dietary sodium intake and the risk of incipient osteoporosis according to sex and female hormone status: negative curvilinear relationship in male participants; positive linear relationship in premenopausal female participants; and negative linear relationship in postmenopausal female participants. Conclusion Our findings suggest that decreased sodium intake was a significant predictor of osteoporosis progression and there was some sex disparity in the relation dietary sodium intake and the risk of incipient osteoporosis.

Sapwood and heartwood width relationship to tree age in Pinusbanksiana

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Yang ◽  
G. Hazenberg
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Thunder Bay ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Natural Stands

The relationships of sapwood and heartwood width with tree age were studied in 101 trees of Pinusbanksiana Lamb. The sample trees were selected from natural stands growing at various stand densities at the Lakehead University woodlot, Thunder Bay, Ontario, and ranged in age from 6 to 97 years at breast height. The number of rings in both sapwood and heartwood and their respective widths were recorded. The sapwood basal area was expressed as the difference between the stem basal area and the heartwood basal area. A linear relationship was found between tree age and sapwood width, sapwood basal area, and heartwood width. A curvilinear relationship was observed between the number of rings in the sapwood or heartwood and tree age. The number of rings in sapwood increased at an average rate of 0.43 ring per year until the tree reached the age of about 70 years. The number of rings in sapwood was, more or less, constant after 70 years. Heartwood began to form at about the age of 6 years. Heartwood was produced at the average rate of 0.57 ring per year until the tree reached approximately 70 years. After 70 years, the average rate of heartwood expansion was 1 ring per year. It is concluded that tree age is one of the main factors that controls sapwood and heartwood width.

scholarly journals Alcohol-Involved Rapes: Are They More Violent?

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Abbey ◽  
A. Monique Clinton ◽  
Pam McAuslan ◽  
Tina Zawacki ◽  
Philip O. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
College Women ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Motor Effects ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship

Alcohol's psychological, cognitive, and motor effects contribute to rape. Based on theory and past research, we hypothesized that there would be a curvilinear relationship between the quantity of alcohol consumed by perpetrators and how aggressively they behaved. Moderate levels of intoxication encourage aggressiveness; however, extreme levels severely inhibit cognitive and motor capacity. We also hypothesized that victims' alcohol consumption would have a curvilinear relationship to their resistance. These hypotheses were examined with data from 132 college women who had been the victims of attempted or completed rape. Although there was a curvilinear result for perpetrators, the slope of the curve suggested that aggressiveness was worst when no alcohol or the highest levels of alcohol were consumed. There was a negative linear relationship between victims' alcohol consumption and resistance. Difficulties associated with accurately assessing degree of intoxication from survey data are discussed and suggestions are made for improving alcohol measurement in rape research.

Therapists' Expectancies and Patients' Improvement in Treatment: The Shape of the Link

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Martin ◽  
Marilynn L. Hunter ◽  
Kenneth E. Guhr ◽  
Nancey J. Acree
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Significant Linear Relationship ◽  
Therapeutic Gain ◽  
The Relationship

It has been hypothesized that therapists' expectancies for therapeutic gain by their patients are linked to the actual clinical improvement shown by the patients during treatment. It has also been hypothesized that therapists' expectancies may help cause patients' improvement. The first hypothesis has received empirical support, but the second has not. The study reported here tested a causative interpretation of the link between therapists' expectancies and patients' improvement, and a second interpretation that therapists' expectancies predict but do not cause patients' improvement. Based on motivation research it was reasoned that a significant curvilinear relationship between therapists' expectancy and patients' improvement would support a causative interpretation; a significant linear relationship between these variables would support a predictive interpretation. Multiple regression analyses produced evidence of a significant linear relationship between measures of expectancy and improvement, but no curvilinear component to the relationship. The results are interpreted as supporting the predictive interpretation. Some limitations of the findings are discussed.

Re-Examination of the Relationship between Locus of Control and Field Independence/Dependence

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sing Lau ◽  
Cyril Figuerres ◽  
J. Kent Davis
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
The Relationship

A total of 187 American and 90 Filipino college students were given Levenson's locus of control scales and the Thurstone's Goetschaldt hidden figures test. Consistent with past studies, no linear relationship between locus of control and field-independence was found. Results point fairly consistently to the existence of a curvilinear relationship instead. Those who were high in field-independence and high in field-dependence were more external than the individuals in the middle of the field-independence/dependence dimension. A similar curvilinear relationship was observed with the Filipino and the American subjects.

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