Monetary Incentives to Improve Follow-up Data Collection

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Matthew Kramer ◽  
Robert W. Jeffery ◽  
Mary Kaye Snell
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Effect Size Estimation ◽  
Power Effect ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

Loss of subjects during follow-up is a frequent occurrence in outcome research on habit disorders. This attrition may have undesirable effects on statistical power, effect-size estimation, and causal inferences. The present study investigated the effects of offering subjects a monetary incentive of $0.00, $5.00, or $15.00 as a cost effective alternative to normal follow-up procedures for attending a scheduled follow-up meeting. The results indicate that these modest incentives did not significantly enhance attendance at the follow-up visit. Suggestions for future applications of monetary incentives in follow-up data collection are provided.

Effective Pharmacist led interventional strategies to improve outcomes in hypertensive patients: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samra Bashir ◽  
Akash Syed
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pharmacist Intervention ◽  
Care Plan ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
The Impact

The role of pharmacist intervention as a cost-effective alternative to physician in disease management is increasingly been recognized. Studies have demonstrated that pharmaceutical care can improve drug therapy as well as patient satisfaction in chronic health conditions including cardiovascular diseases. This study is aimed to review and outline a comprehensive pharmaceutical care plan from the randomized controlled trials previously conducted to assess the impact of pharmacist-managed care on disease outcomes in hypertensive patients. Compared with usual care, the pharmaceutical intervention involved patient evaluation, patient education and counselling, medication review and management, patient monitoring and follow-up, and feedback to the primary physician as major strategies.

scholarly journals Y Stenting in Wide-Necked Bifurcation Aneurysms: A Single-Center Experience

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apratim Chatterjee ◽  
Anshu Mahajan ◽  
Vinit Banga ◽  
Piyush Ojha ◽  
Gaurav Goel
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Stent Migration ◽  
Hematoma Expansion ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Single Center Experience ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

AbstractStent-assisted coiling is an endovascular means of managing wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms. In spite of the wide availability of various newer devices in managing such difficult aneurysms, the Y stenting offers a safe and cost-effective alternative to treat such cases in resource poor settings. This article provides an insight of our initial six cases of Y stent-assisted coiling along with their follow-up over a period of 6 months with no recanalization in any case. It also highlights the various technical aspects involved in such cases. One case had recurrent subdural hematoma probably due to use of antiplatelets and another patient had sudden dip in level of consciousness probably due to hematoma expansion that might also have been due to antiplatelet usage. However, none of the cases had any issues regarding stent migration, malapposition, and dissection. In our experience, Neuroform Atlas stent used for Y stenting offers a safe and technically easy alternative to various newer bifurcation devices.

scholarly journals Designing Studies and Evaluating Research Results: Type M and Type S Errors for Pearson Correlation Coefficient

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Bertoldo ◽  
Claudio Zandonella Callegher ◽  
Gianmarco Altoè
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Design Analysis ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Effect Size Estimation

It is widely appreciated that many studies in psychological science suffer from low statistical power. One of the consequences of analyzing underpowered studies with thresholds of statistical significance, is a high risk of finding exaggerated effect size estimates, in the right or in the wrong direction. These inferential risks can be directly quantified in terms of Type M (magnitude) error and Type S (sign) error, which directly communicate the consequences of design choices on effect size estimation. Given a study design, Type M error is the factor by which a statistically significant effect is on average exaggerated. Type S error is the probability to find a statistically significant result in the opposite direction to the plausible one. Ideally, these errors should be considered during a prospective design analysis in the design phase of a study to determine the appropriate sample size. However, they can also be considered when evaluating studies’ results in a retrospective design analysis. In the present contribution we aim to facilitate the considerations of these errors in the research practice in psychology. For this reason we illustrate how to consider Type M and Type S errors in a design analysis using one of the most common effect size measures in psychology: Pearson correlation coefficient. We provide various examples and make the R functions freely available to enable researchers to perform design analysis for their research projects.

scholarly journals Improving effect size estimation and statistical power with multi-echo fMRI and its impact on understanding the neural systems supporting mentalizing

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael V. Lombardo ◽  
Bonnie Auyeung ◽  
Rosemary J. Holt ◽  
Jack Waldman ◽  
Amber N. V. Ruigrok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Effect Size Estimation ◽  
Size Estimates

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research is routinely criticized for being statistically underpowered due to characteristically small sample sizes and much larger sample sizes are being increasingly recommended. Additionally, various sources of artifact inherent in fMRI data can have detrimental impact on effect size estimates and statistical power. Here we show how specific removal of non-BOLD artifacts can improve effect size estimation and statistical power in task-fMRI contexts, with particular application to the social-cognitive domain of mentalizing/theory of mind. Non-BOLD variability identification and removal is achieved in a biophysical and statistically principled manner by combining multi-echo fMRI acquisition and independent components analysis (ME-ICA). Group-level effect size estimates on two different mentalizing tasks were enhanced by ME-ICA at a median rate of 24% in regions canonically associated with mentalizing, while much more substantial boosts (40-149%) were observed in non-canonical cerebellar areas. This effect size boosting is primarily a consequence of reduction of non-BOLD noise at the subject-level, which then translates into consequent reductions in between-subject variance at the group-level. Power simulations demonstrate that enhanced effect size enables highly-powered studies at traditional sample sizes. Cerebellar effects observed after applying ME-ICA may be unobservable with conventional imaging at traditional sample sizes. Thus, ME-ICA allows for principled design-agnostic non-BOLD artifact removal that can substantially improve effect size estimates and statistical power in task-fMRI contexts. ME-ICA could help issues regarding statistical power and non-BOLD noise and enable potential for novel discovery of aspects of brain organization that are currently under-appreciated and not well understood.

SAMPLE SIZE PLANNING IN QUANTITATIVE L2 RESEARCH

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-870
Author(s):  
Reza Norouzian
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Sample Size Planning ◽  
Effect Size Estimation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Actual Size

AbstractResearchers are traditionally advised to plan for their required sample size such that achieving a sufficient level of statistical power is ensured (Cohen, 1988). While this method helps distinguishing statistically significant effects from the nonsignificant ones, it does not help achieving the higher goal of accurately estimating the actual size of those effects in an intended study. Adopting an open-science approach, this article presents an alternative approach, accuracy in effect size estimation (AESE), to sample size planning that ensures that researchers obtain adequately narrow confidence intervals (CI) for their effect sizes of interest thereby ensuring accuracy in estimating the actual size of those effects. Specifically, I (a) compare the underpinnings of power-analytic and AESE methods, (b) provide a practical definition of narrow CIs, (c) apply the AESE method to various research studies from L2 literature, and (d) offer several flexible R programs to implement the methods discussed in this article.

scholarly journals STEENBEEK FOOT ABDUCTION BRACE FOR CLUBFOOT: COST EFFECTIVE BUT IS IT EFFECTIVE? A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thatikonda Sai Dinesh ◽  
Prem Kotian
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ponseti Method ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Pirani Score ◽  
Proven Efficacy ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Fischer Exact Test

Introduction: Foot Abduction Brace is recommended to prevent recurrence after casting phase in Ponseti method. Various types of braces are described, most current braces with proven efficacy are costly(100-300$) and difficult to acquire especially for the common man in India. Steenbeek brace can be made with locally available materials and is very simple to make and is cost effective(10$). Its efficacy is largely untested.Aim: To evaluate effectiveness of Steenbeek foot abduction brace to maintain correction achieved and to study the reasons for failure and complications associated with the brace.Materials and Methods: In KMC Mangalore and allied hospitals between Jun’2014-Aug’2016 25patients (38feet) who were treated by Ponseti method of cast application were given the Steenbeek foot abduction brace and followed up for a minimum duration of 1 year. The Status of foot was assessed using Pirani score before brace application and at every follow-up. Compliance with the brace protocol was assessed and Compliance defined as brace application for 23 hours/day for the first three months, and nap time brace application for rest of the duration of study.Results: In 36 of 38 feet on the brace the correction was maintained(94.7% effective). In two patients(feet) there was worsening of the Pirani score after brace application and recurrence was seen. The reason for failure was found to be non compliance. The correlation between noncompliance and recurrence was significant(p <0.001) using Fischer Exact Test. Pirani score improved significantly in compliant group with significant worsening noted in noncompliant group. There were no other brace related complications.Conclusions: The significant correlation between noncompliance and recurrence shows that Steenbeek FAB is effective in maintaining correction and can be a cost-effective alternative to the more costly braces, for use in developing countries.

scholarly journals 1-year cost-utility analysis of prostate artery embolization (PAE) versus transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e000071
Author(s):  
Nikisha Patel ◽  
Nathan Yung ◽  
Ganesh Vigneswaran ◽  
Laure de Preux ◽  
Drew Maclean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Cost Utility Analysis ◽  
Utility Analysis ◽  
Artery Embolization ◽  
Prostate Artery Embolization ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
The Cost

ObjectiveTo determine whether prostate artery embolization (PAE) is a cost-effective alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in the management of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) after 1-year follow-up.Design, setting and main outcome measuresA retrospective cost-utility analysis over a 12-month time period was conducted to compare the two interventions from a National Health Service perspective. Effectiveness was measured as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) derived from data collected during the observational UK Register of Prostate Embolisation (UK-ROPE) Study. Costs for both PAE and TURP were derived from University Hospital Southampton, a tertiary referral centre for BPH and the largest contributor to the UK-ROPE. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was derived from cost and QALY values associated with both interventions to assess the cost-effectiveness of PAE versus TURP. Further sensitivity analyses involved a decision tree model to account for the impact of patient-reported complications on the cost-effectiveness of the interventions.ResultsThe mean patient age for TURP (n=31) and PAE (n=133) was 69 and 65.6 years, respectively. In comparison to TURP, PAE was cheaper due to shorter patient stays and the lack of necessity for an operating theatre. Analysis revealed an ICER of £64 798.10 saved per QALY lost when comparing PAE to TURP after 1-year follow-up.ConclusionOur findings suggest that PAE is initially a cost-effective alternative to TURP for the management of BPH after 1-year follow-up. Due to a higher reintervention rate in the PAE group, this benefit may be lost in subsequent years.Trial registration numberNCT02434575.

Fat graft myringoplasty: a cost-effective but underused procedure

2005 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
O B Ozgursoy ◽  
I Yorulmaz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fat Graft ◽  
Temporalis Fascia ◽  
Tympanic Membrane Perforations ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
One Year

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the success of fat graft myringoplasty and to discuss the utilities and advantages of a fat graft in primary versus revision myringoplasties.Methods: Eighteen patients who had not had previous otological surgery, and twelve patients whose tympanic membrane perforations have persisted despite myringoplasty with temporalis fascia were included in this prospective clinical trial. All patients were treated by fat graft myringoplasty and followed up for one year.Results: Successful closure of the perforation was obtained in 82.4 per cent of the ears at the final follow up. The success rate in the group of patients who had not had previous otological surgery was higher than those of revision cases.Conclusions: Adipose tissue provides the basic requirements for grafting of the tympanic membrane, with its own favourable characteristics. Fat graft myringoplasty is a cost-effective alternative in small perforations of the tympanic membrane, including revision cases.

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