Differences in Conformity among Friends and Strangers

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy McKelvey ◽  
Nancy H. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Naive Subject ◽  
Wrong Answer ◽  
Group Norm ◽  
Group Type ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Static Noise

Two studies employed a variation of Asch's 1952 social influence paradigm to assess whether the tendency to conform is the same in a group of close friends as in a group of strangers. In Exp. 1, groups of 4 college students listened to a tape of static noise and attempted to determine whether a tone had been played along with the noise. Three experimental confederates, who were either friends of the naive subject or strangers, responded verbally with the wrong answer on 12 of 16 trials. Subjects in a group of strangers conformed to the incorrect group norm more frequently than subjects in a group of friends. In Exp. 2, two groups of 2 or 6 college students watched a beam of light and were asked to determine whether it had moved. Again, confederates who were either strangers or friends of each subject responded verbally with wrong answers. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance gave no main effects for group size or group type, but the interaction was significant, indicating that subjects were no more likely to conform in the presence of one stranger than one friend but were significantly less likely to conform among 5 friends than among 5 strangers.

Relation of Name Frequency to the Perception of Social Class in Given Names

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 623-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Joubert
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Class Status ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Relationship

In a study of the relationship between name frequency and perceived social class, 116 college students rated the perceived social class of a list of either 60 male names or 60 female names. Each list consisted of equal numbers of common, less common, dated, or rare names. An analysis of variance indicated significant main effects of sex of name and frequency of name as well as a significant interaction between those two variables. The respondents rated the men's names as higher in social class than the women's names. Post hoc comparisons indicated that rare names of either sex were rated as lower in class status than were common, less common, or dated names. While dated women's names were rated lower than were common and less common women's names, dated men's names were not adversely affected in a comparison with common or less common men's names.

Relationship between Professed Values and Emotional Adjustment of College Students

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Katkin ◽  
Edith Weisskopf-Joelson
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Emotional Adjustment ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Relationship

To explore the relationship between value preference of college students and emotional adjustment, 209 students were given a test measuring 9 values, 5 relating to either dependency or individualism. Self-interpretation, Self-actualization, Achievement were the individualistic values, Relationship and Support were the dependent values. Based on the Kleinmuntz scale and the Goldberg index, Ss were divided into four adjustment levels. Using a 2 × 4 analysis of variance for each of the 9 values, and a trend analysis for those with significant main effects, 3 values relating to dependency or individualism differed significantly among the adjustment groups, Self-interpretation, Relationship, and Achievement. There was a significant linear trend for each value, indicating an increase in adjustment level as preference increased for the two individualistic values and a decrease in level as preference increased for the dependent value. A comparison of adjustment groups' most frequently preferred value yielded results consistent with these findings. The results suggest that there is a relationship between value deviance and adjustment.

Concept Attainment as a Function of Figural-Verbal Stimulus Material and an Ordered-Random Stimulus Display

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert J. Klausmeier ◽  
William W. Wiersma
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Stimulus Display ◽  
Verbal Stimulus ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Concept Attainment ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Random Stimulus ◽  
Main Effects

40 male and female college students participated in a concept attainment experiment. The type of material, figural or verbal, in which the concepts were embedded, and arrangement of the instances on the display, ordered or random, were investigated. The sex of the S was also included as a stratifying variable. The data were analyzed according to a 2 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance. Concepts embedded in figural material were attained in significantly less time than concepts stated in words; also less, but not significantly less, time was required on the ordered arrangement. on the second dependent variable, number of incorrect hypotheses, the main effects were not significant; however, the type of material interacted significantly with arrangement. Errors on the ordered figural display and on the random verbal displays were low but were high on the random figural and ordered verbal displays. Sex was not significant.

Inter- vs Intra-Modal Performance of College Men and Women

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1219-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gould
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
College Men ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Female College ◽  
Sensory Mode ◽  
Main Effects

Intermodal and intramodal functioning in the auditory and visual sensory modes within the temporal dimension was investigated with 19 male and 18 female college students, ranging in age from 17 to 32 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented by electronic means in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated: Auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance was conducted for three main effects: sex, modality, and sensory mode. Women made significantly more correct responses than men. No significant differences were found between the groups' performances on intramodal and intermodal functioning tasks. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that modal functioning reaches asymptote prior to adulthood. Results indicating a difference in modal functioning between the sexes were unexpected.

Social influence and social support as predictors of cessation among college students enrolled in a quit and win contest

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winta Ghidei ◽  
Xianghua Luo ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Jill Ronco ◽  
Meredith Schreier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
College Students ◽  
Social Influence

scholarly journals Pacing in Time-Limited Ultramarathons from 6 to 24 Hours—The Aspects of Age, Sex and Performance Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2705
Author(s):  
Hagen Deusch ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
José Ramón Alvero-Cruz ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
And Training ◽  
Age And Sex

(1) Background: Compared with marathon races, pacing in time-limited ultramarathons has only been poorly discussed in the literature. The aim of the present study was to analyze the interaction of performance level, age and sex with pacing during 6 h, 12 h or 24 h time-limited ultramarathons. (2) Methods: Participants (n = 937, age 48.62 ± 11.80 years) were the finishers in 6 h (n = 40, 17 women and 23 men), 12 h (n = 232, 77 women and 155 men) and 24 h (n = 665, 166 women and 409 men) ultramarathons. The coefficient of variation (CV), calculated as SD/mean, was used to described pacing. Low scores of CV denoted a more even pacing, and vice versa. A two-way analysis of variance examined the main effects and interactions of sex and race duration on age, race speed and pacing. (3) Results: More men participated in the longer race distances than in the shorter ones and men were older and faster than women. Comparing the 6 h, 12 h and 24 h races, the finishers in the 6 h were the fastest, the finishers in the 12 h were the oldest and the finishers in the 24 h showed the most variable pacing. Furthermore, the faster running speed in the 12 h (women, r = −0.64; men, r = −0.49, p < 0.001) and the 24 h (r = −0.47 in women and men, p < 0.001) was related to less variable pacing. (4) Conclusions: These data might help runners and coaches to choose the the proper duration of a race and training programs for their athletes.

scholarly journals Effects of a dietary modification intervention on menstrual pain and urinary BPA levels: a single group clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
SoMi Park ◽  
ChaeWeon Chung
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Dietary Modification ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Menstrual Pain ◽  
Adherence Level ◽  
Female College ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Modification Intervention

Abstract Background Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) occurs mainly through dietary intake. Due to current lifestyle trends, young people tend to consume fast food, to use disposable products, and to utilize convenient household items, all of which are major sources of EDCs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a dietary modification intervention on menstrual pain and urinary bisphenol A (BPA) levels throughout three menstrual cycles in female college students who experienced severe menstrual pain. We also analyzed participants’ adherence to the intervention and examined whether their level of adherence was associated with differences in the effects of the intervention. Methods A single-group pretest and repeated posttest experimental design was employed. Thirty female college students with a score of 5 or higher on a menstrual pain scale were recruited through convenience sampling. During three menstrual cycles, menstrual pain was scored on a 10-point scale after each cycle, and urinary BPA levels were measured from the first morning urine collected after each cycle. The intervention involved three components: small-group education, follow-up monitoring, and peer support via social network communication. Statistical analyses were conducted using Friedman one-way repeated-measure analysis of variance by ranks, non-parametric two-way analysis of variance, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test as a post-hoc test. Results The dietary modification intervention had significant effects on menstrual pain at all three time points of menstrual cycles (χ2 = 119.64, p = 0.000) and on urinary BPA levels until the 2nd menstrual cycle (χ2 = 205.42, p = 0.000). Slightly fewer than half (43.3%) of the participants were highly adherent. Menstrual pain differed according to adherence level (F = 4.67, p = 0.032) and decreased over time through the third cycle post-intervention (F = 18.30, p = 0.000). Urinary BPA levels also decreased significantly (F = 7.94, p = 0.000), but did not differ according to adherence level. Conclusions The dietary modification intervention was effective and sustainable for reducing menstrual pain and urinary BPA levels. Detailed information about EDCs and dietary experiences seemed to encourage the young women to become more concerned about EDCs and to perform self-protective actions. Further experimental research is suggested to examine the relationships of EDCs with various health indicators in women. Trial registration: KCT0005472 at 2020-9-24 retrospectively registered.

scholarly journals Characteristics of anteroposterior curvatures of the spine in soccer and futsal players

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Chromik ◽  
Anna Burdukiewicz ◽  
Jadwiga Pietraszewska ◽  
Aleksandra Stachoń ◽  
Paweł Wolański ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Prevention Training ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

AbstractPurpose. The aim of the study was to determine differences in anteroposterior spine curvatures between futsal players, soccer players, and non-training students. The results may contribute to the development of present-day knowledge of posturometry, and its implementation in training can help reduce the risk of body posture disorders in athletes. Methods. The examined group consisted of 48 athletes and 38 non-training college students. Body posture parameters were measured with the use of Posturometr-S. The normality of distribution was checked with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the differences between the groups were measured with ANOVA and the Bonferroni post-hoc test. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results. The analysis of angle values revealed the widest and most similar measurements in the group of futsal players and soccer players. The analysis of variance proved statistically significant differences between the soccer players and futsal players (p = 0.003). The difference between the soccer players and non-training students was statistically significant. The highest γ angular value was measured in non-training students, followed by futsal players and soccer players. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the non-training students and futsal players, as well as non-training students and soccer players (p < 0.001). Conclusions. A complex assessment of athletes’ body posture is crucial in injury prevention. Training overloads may often lead to disorders of the organ of locomotion and affect the correct body posture in athletes. This, in turn, may result in pains and injuries.

Nine, Seven, Five, or Three: How Many Figures Do We Need for Assessing Body Image?

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neala Ambrosi-Randić ◽  
Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian ◽  
Vladimir Takšić
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

320 Croatian female students ( M = 20.4 yr.) were recruited to examine the validity and reliability of figural scales using different numbers of stimuli (3, 5, 7, and 9) and different serial presentation (serial and nonserial order). A two-way analysis of variance (4 numbers × 2 orders of stimuli) was performed on ratings of current self-size and ideal size as dependent variables. Analysis indicated a significant main effect of number of stimuli. This, together with post hoc tests indicated that ratings were significantly different for a scale of three figures from scales of more figures, which in turn did not differ among themselves. Main effects of order of stimuli, as well as the interaction, were not significant. The results support the hypothesis that the optimal number of figures on a scale is seven plus (or minus) two.

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