Acupuncture Alleviates Menstrual Pain in Rat Model via Suppressing Eotaxin/CCR3 Axis to Weak EOS-MC Activation

Introduction. Emerging data show that chemokine-mediated inflammation is involved in the occurrence and maintenance of pain. Recent evidence suggests that eotaxin levels rise when dysmenorrhea happens. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether eotaxin/CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) axis, a key regulatory pathway for eosinophils (EOS) recruitment, is involved in acupuncture analgesia for dysmenorrhea. Methods. After the cold congealing dysmenorrhea (CCD) rat model prepared, animals received perpendicular needling (PN) and transverse needling (TN) at SP6, respectively, for 20 min. The CCR3 agonist CCL11 was administered 30 min prior to acupuncture. Pain behavior was assessed via a writhing response. The uterine contraction test was detected by an electrophysiological method. Eotaxin, histamine (HIS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were evaluated by ELISA. The expression of CCR3 and histamine H1 receptor (H1R) was analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blot. The expression of EOS, mast cells (MCs), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE), Toluidine Blue staining (TB), and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results. Acupuncture prominently attenuated the menstrual pain in CCD rats, particularly TN technique. Electrophysiological recording data showed that the increased uterine contractility was ameliorated by acupuncture. In addition, TN decreased the release of eotaxin, HIS, IL-6, and the expression of CCR3 and H1R. HE, TB staining, and immunohistochemistry experiments showed that the increased expression of EOS, MCs, EPO, and ECP in uterine tissues was reversed by TN. Furthermore, we found that the effects of TN against CCD-induced menstrual pain, increased ECP expression, and HIS level were abolished by CCL11. Conclusion. TN alleviated menstrual pain by improving the uterine inflammatory environment via suppressing eotaxin/CCR3 axis to weak EOS-MC activation in CCD rats. The study findings support the acupuncture as a promising approach for dysmenorrhea, meanwhile, indicating the importance of performing appropriate needling technique.

Fixed Drug Eruption Associated with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Menstrual Pain: A Case Report

Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a type of drug reaction in which cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions recur at the same site due to repeated administration of the causative drug. The most reported FDE-inducing drugs are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We report a case of FDE associated with the use of NSAIDs for menstrual pain. A 33-year-old woman was referred to our department with blisters and soreness on her lips, tongue, and labial mucosa. The results of blood examination helped rule out herpes simplex virus infection, pemphigus, and pemphigoid. An FDE was suspected because these symptoms coincided with the use of NSAIDs for menstrual pain. Thus, the patient was advised not to use these NSAIDs but to use acetaminophen instead. No recurrence has been observed since the patient began avoiding these NSAIDs.

Literature review: Perbandingan tingkat nyeri menstruasi (dismenore) sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan hipnoterapi pada remaja putri

Background: Dysmenorrhea can affect women who experience menstruation at any age. There is no age limit. Almost all women experience discomfort during menstruation, usually accompanied by nausea, dizziness, and even fainting. If it's like this, of course, menstrual pain should not be left alone. This dysmenorrhea can be overcome by pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. One of the non-pharmacological approaches that can be used is hypnotherapy.Objective: To determine the comparison of the level of menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) before and after hypnotherapy in adolescent girls.Method: The method used in this literature review study is to obtain from a search of scientific research articles from the 2015-2020 period using the Google Scholar and Pubmed data bases. A total of 187 articles were obtained and then identification and screening were carried out, so that 10 articles were obtained that matched the inclusion criteria.Results: The average of the articles shows a pValue value <0.005 which means that there is a significant comparison and difference between before being given the intervention and after being given the intervention.Conclusion: There is a comparison of the level of menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) before and after hypnotherapy in adolescent girls. It is recommended for educational institutions to provide information to all young women about hypnotherapy to reduce menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea).

Efektivitas Aromaterapi Lavender dan Peppermint Terhadap Skala Nyeri Haid Pada Remaja Putri

Adolescent girls will experience changes in the reproductive system marked by menstruation. Menstruation experienced in adolescents is often accompanied by complaints of menstrual pain. Menstrual pain can interfere with daily activities, so it requires treatment to reduce menstrual pain. One way of handling that can be done is with aromatherapy. Lavender and peppermint aromatherapy is a treatment that uses lavender and peppermint essential oils which contain linalool and linalyl acetate which are useful for reducing menstrual pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy with peppermint on the menstrual pain scale in adolescent girls. The research design used was quantitative, quasi-experimental method with a two-group pre-test and post-test design with a sample of 14 respondents, 7 respondents in the lavender aromatherapy group and 7 respondents in the peppermint aromatherapy group. The sampling technique used consecutive sampling. The instrument used is a numerical rating scale (NRS). Data were processed by Wilcoxon test and Mann Whitney test. The results of this study indicate that lavender aromatherapy and lemon aromatherapy are effective in reducing menstrual pain scale with p value 0.001 (p < 0.05). Levender aromatherapy and peppermint aromatherapy were effective in reducing menstrual pain scale, but there was no significant difference in reducing pain scale in both lavender and peppermint therapy groups.

EFEKTIFITAS LATIHAN ABDOMINAL STRETCHING TERHADAP INTENSITAS NYERI HAID (DISMENOREA) PADA REMAJA PUTRI

Menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) is one of the menstrual disorders that most women experience in adolescents. With one of the nonpharmacological practice stretching techniques can be done with the goal of knowing if there is an application effect on the intensity of menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) in adolescents women. The type of research is an experimental design with the design approach used is the pre test- post test control group design, which is done in SMKN 01 makassar 2020 with 32 people research respondents, according to the two-split criteria for interagency and control groups as the pre-and post data processing technique on each group. Based on data normality tests, non-distribution of normal results, the tests used were wilcoxon tests. Furthermore, the pre-post normality test of unregulated data control interventions using the mann-whitney test.Research shows that test results on the pre post interventions using wilcoxon tests came p value (0,000 < 0.05). control groups using mann-whitney tests got p value (0,000<0.05). Thus it may be determined that there is an intermediate effect on the intensity of menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea).Based on the results of this study is expected for all elements that include educational agencies, subsequent researchers, teenagers and communities are able to provide information about abdominal tracks exercises as non-pharmacological therapy to reduce the intensity of hairsty pain (dysmenornea).

Endometriosis related sex steroid hormones, hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis hormones and related animal modeling: A comprehensive review of published articles and endometriosis induction methods from 2010 to 2021 with scoring based approach

Endometriosis is an enigmatic gynecological disease initiated by the ectopic growth of endometrial tissue and causes critical symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain, cyclic menstrual pain, subfertility or infertility. Considering extensive investigations for explaining the underlying pathophysiology of endometriosis, origin and distinctive processes which lead to endometritic state are not completely understood. In this comprehensive review, studies published from 2010 to 2021 are reviewed in order to provide a bright insight through the applications of translational animal models and endometriosis induction methods for evaluation of endometriosis pathogenesis and treatment. We provided method based inclusion criteria and reviewed all hormone-based studies with concentration on animal models. Additionally, studies with novel induction methods and approaches are categorized separately and analyzed by a novel scoring table for suitability of further investigations. Eventually, our scoring system suggested that the best-evaluated animal model for hormone related endometriosis studies is an “unopposed estrogenicity baboon model of endometriosis”.

Literature Review : Gambaran Tingkat Nyeri Pada Remaja yang Menstruasi

The period of growth in adolescents is characterized by physical and psychological changes. Girls will experience menstruation and the impact that often occurs is dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain). Dysmenorrhea causes mood disorders in adolescents which will reduce learning motivation. In early adolescents who need adaption, their mental is needed to be ready for the changes which physically and psychologically related to dysmenorrhea. His study aimed to determine the level of pain in adolescents who menstruate. He method used in this research was descriptive with a litetarute review approach. The articles were published in 2011-2021 on Garba Garuda or PubMed. The result obtained according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria were then analyzed using the JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) instrument. The result of study of the 5 articles with a total of 1,807 respondents showed that the level of menstrual pain was 27,6% mild pain, 37,2% moderate pain, and 35,2% severe pain. The number of adolescents who have moderate pain levels is more that those with mild and severe pain levelsKeywords: adolescents, dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain AbstrakMasa pertumbuhan pada anak remaja ditandai dengan perubahan fisik dan psikologis. Pada anak perempuan akan mengalami menstruasi dan dampak yang sering terjadi yaitu dismenorea (nyeri haid). Dismenorea menyebabkan gangguan mood pada remaja yang akan menurunkan motivasi belajar. Pada remaja awal yang membutuhkan adaptasi sehingga perlu kesiapan mental mengenai perubahan yang dialami secara fisik dan psikologis terkait dismenorea. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran tingkat nyeri pada remaja yang menstruasi. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan literature review, pencarian artikel pada rentang waktu 10 tahun yaitu dari 2011-2021 melalui penelusuran didapatkan 4 artikel melalui Garba Garuda dan 1 artikel melalui PubMed. Hasil pencarian sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi kemudian dianalisa menggunakan instrument JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute), kemudian diolah menggunakan uji Chi-Square dan tidak memenuhi syarat sehingga dilanjutkan menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian dari ke-5 artikel dengan total responden 1.807 menunjukkan bahwa tingkat nyeri haid yaitu 27,6% nyeri ringan, 37,2% nyeri sedang, dan 35,2% nyeri berat. Dari ke-5 artikel yang telah dianalisa menunjukkan bahwa remaja putri yang berada pada tingkat nyeri sedang lebih banyak dibanding dengan tingkat nyeri ringan dan beratKata kunci: dismenore, nyeri menstruasi, remaja

An Evaluation of Hot Water Intake and Relief from Menstrual Cramps among Healthy Females - A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain that very women undergo during her menstrual phase. It may vary in its frequency and duration in each and every woman. Many home remedies have been followed by females to combat these menstrual cramps. One such treatment is intake of hot water for three days during the menstrual phase Objective: To aim of the study is to observe the changes experienced by female who consume hot water regularly during menstruation Methods: The study was conducted in 100 female subjects with regular cycles of menstruation. The participants were administered with a self developed questionnaire consisting of 16 questions relating to the menstrual cramps and the remedies they chose and their regularity of hot water intake and the relief they obtained. The responses were collected using google forms. Descriptive statistics, frequency analysis and chi square test was used to analyze the data. Results: The study observed that female subjects experienced better results after regular hot water intake during menstruation. It relieves menstrual cramps and improves mental health. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the majority of the population had a regular habit of taking hot water and experienced improvement and relief from menstrual cramps.

Menstrual characteristics, menstrual anxiety and school attendance among adolescents in Uganda: a longitudinal study

Background Qualitative data show negative impacts of menstruation on health and education in many settings, but there are few longitudinal quantitative studies of the impact of menstruation. We analyse associations with menstrual anxiety and school attendance in a study of Ugandan secondary school students. Methods Data were from a longitudinal pilot study of a menstrual health intervention (MENISCUS), conducted in two secondary schools in Entebbe sub-district, Uganda. Self-completed menstrual-related data, including menstrual anxiety, were collected from 232 participants pre- and post-intervention. A sub-cohort of 100 randomly-selected post-menarcheal girls were asked to self-complete daily diaries during 10 months of follow-up, with data on menstrual flow, pain, and school attendance. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate associations with menstrual anxiety among all girls at baseline, and random-effects logistic regression to estimate associations of menstrual characteristics with school non-attendance for 3 months pre-intervention in the sub-cohort, adjusting for within-girl clustering. Results Overall, 130/222 (58.6%) of menstruating girls reported being anxious about their next period. Menstrual anxiety was higher in those not living with their mother (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–3.60), believing menstrual myths (aOR = 1.83; 0.95–3.50 for not agreeing that it is healthy for a girl to run, dance or cycle during her period; aOR = 1.97; 1.04–3.73 for agreeing that when a girl has her period she is unclean), lower menstrual confidence (aOR = 2.49; 1.33–4.65 for avoiding physical activity during her period; aOR = 1.68; 0.89–3.17 for not feeling comfortable to talk to other girls about her period; aOR = 2.89; 1.28–6.54 for agreeing that boys/girls tease them about their periods; and aOR = 2.27; 1.21–4.27 for worrying about being teased during her period). Those with lower knowledge about menstruation were less likely to report anxiety (aOR = 0.44; 0.23–0.84). During the pre-intervention period of the sub-cohort, school non-attendance was associated with menstrual pain, with 21.7% of girls missing school on days when they reported pain vs. 8.3% on days when no pain was reported (aOR = 3.82; 1.66–8.77). Conclusions Menstruation causes substantial anxiety in Ugandan schoolgirls, and menstrual pain is associated with missing school on period-days. Menstrual health interventions should address socio-cultural aspects of menstruation to reduce anxiety, and provide education on pain management strategies to support school attendance.

Tingkat Pengetahuan Dan Perilaku Swamedikasi Nyeri Menstruasi (Dismenore) Pada Siswi SMAN 1 Kajen Kabupaten Pekalongan Tahun 2021

Self-Medicating is an activity that carried out to prevent the onset of a disease and treat mild symptoms or diseases by using drugs without medical supervision. Self-medicating will be useful if correctly based on sufficient knowledge of the selection. The aims of this study was to determine the level of knowledge and behavior of self-medicating for menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) majoring in social and language at Senior Hight School Kajen Pekalonga. The method is this study used cross sectional method with 162 students with purpose sampling technique and questionnaire as a data retrieval tool. Data was analyzed by testing Spearman’s Rank Correlation using Statistical Package for the Social Science version 16. The results of this study showed that the majority of respondents had a good level of knowledge about sel-medicating menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) with total of 110 respondents (67.9%) and the behavior showed that majority of respondents had good self-medicating behavior of menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) with the number of 111 respondents (58.5%). The conclucion of this study showed a relationship between the level of knowledge to self-medicating behavior for menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) in students of Senior High School Kajen Pekalongan with a correlation value of 0,184.Keywords: Menstrual pain; self-medication; high school student AbstrakSwamedikasi merupakan suatu kegiatan yang dilakukan guna mencegah timbulnya suatu penyakit dan mengobati gejala atau penyakit yang ringan dengan menggunakan obat-obatan tanpa pengawasan medis. Swamedikasi akan bermanfaat apabila dilakukan dengan benar berdasarkan pengetahuan yang cukup tentang pemilihan dan penggunaan yang digunakan.Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuandan perilaku swamedikasi nyeri menstruasi (dismenore)siswi jurusan IPS dan Bahasa SMAN 1 Kajen Kabupaten Pekalongan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode cross sectional dengan responden yang berjumlah 162 siswi. Dalam penelitan ini teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah dengan purpose sampling dan kuesioner sebagai alat pengambilan data. Analisis data dengan cara uji Korelasi Spearman’s Rank menggunakan Statistical Package For the Sosial Scienceversi 16. Hasil penelitian ini pada tingkat pengetahuan menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan sangat baik tentang swamedikasi nyeri menstruasi (dismenore) dengan jumlah responden 110 (67,9%) dan pada perilaku menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas responden memiliki perilaku swamedikasi nyeri menstruasi (dismenore) yang baik dengan jumlah responden 111 (58,5%). Kesimpulan pada penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan terhadap perilaku swamedikasi nyeri menstruasi (dismenore) pada siswi SMAN 1 Kajen Kabupaten Pekalongan dengan nilai korelasi sebesar 0,184. Kata kunci: Nyeri menstruasi; swamedikasi; siswi SMA