Freudian Sexual Symbolism: Theoretical Considerations and an Empirical Test in Advertising

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1131-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Ruth ◽  
Harriet S. Mosatche ◽  
Arthur Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Actual Preference ◽  
Sexual Symbolism ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Freudian sexual symbolism theory and research are discussed and an empirical test of that theory is presented. Following up the 1985 findings of Ruth and Mosatche, an experimental investigation measured the effects of sexual symbolism in advertising on self-reported purchasing tendencies. A within-subjects design exposed 42 male and 57 female undergraduates to liquor advertisements containing genital symbolism and to liquor advertisements lacking such symbolism. Liquors presented in advertisements were matched on purchasing desirability prior to the experimental manipulation with a separate undergraduate sample to balance for actual preference for liquor. Dependent t tests consistently indicated stronger purchasing tendencies for symbolic than for nonsymbolic advertisements. Data from these undergraduates supported the psychoanalytic postulate that sexual symbolism unconsciously motivates an observer toward goal-directed behavior. Specifically, psychoanalytic theory would suggest that genital symbolism motivates consumers' behavior via the sexual arousal based on an unconscious recognition of the male and female genitalia and the act of sexual intercourse.

Experimental Design as a Retrieval Method for Assessing the Phenomenological Characteristics of Episodic Memories, Episodic Future Thoughts, and Episodic Counterfactual Thoughts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Branch
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Retrieval Method ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Demand Effects ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Studies assessing the phenomenological characteristics of episodic memories, episodic future thoughts, and episodic counterfactual thoughts normally utilize a within-subjects design. As such, there are concerns that the observed similarities in phenomenological characteristics are the result of demand effects or other related matters, rather than theoretical considerations. In this study, a within-subjects experimental design was directly compared with a between-subjects experimental design. In both conditions, participants responded to existing questionnaires used to assess phenomenological characteristics of episodic memories, episodic future thoughts, and episodic counterfactual thoughts. The within-subjects design resulted more often in significant findings and larger effect sizes compared to the between-subjects design. The implications for experimental design in future studies is discussed.

Youth Assets and Sexual Risk Behavior: Differences Between Male and Female Adolescents

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisha Mueller ◽  
Lorrie Gavin ◽  
Roy Oman ◽  
Sara Vesely ◽  
Cheryl Aspy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Youth Assets

Youth internal assets and external resources are protective factors that can help youth avoid potentially harmful behaviors. This study investigates how the relationship between youth assets or resources and two sexual risk behaviors (ever had sex and birth control use) varied by gender. Data were collected through in-home interviews from parent—adolescent dyads, including 1,219 females and 1,116 males. Important differences exist between male and female adolescents. Females with the nonparental role models or the family communication resource were more likely to report never having had sexual intercourse than were females without the resources. Among males, the aspirations for the future and responsible choices assets were associated with never having had sexual intercourse. Males and females had two assets or resources in common that were protective of never having had sex: peer role models and use of time (religion). Considering which youth assets and resources are more likely to positively influence sexual behaviors of males and females may be important when planning prevention programs with youth.

Come-ons and Put-offs: Unmarried Students' Strategies for Having and Avoiding Sexual Intercourse

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi B. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Questionnaire Study ◽  
Sexual Encounter ◽  
Sex Role Attitudes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sexual Encounters

One-hundred and twenty male and 109 female unmarried college students participated in a questionnaire study of actual and expected male-female differences in the use of 10 strategies for having and avoiding sexual intercourse. As predicted, both men and women viewed strategies for having sex as used predominantly by males and strategies for avoiding sex as used predominantly by females. However, sex-role attitudes were unrelated to students' expectations of sexual encounters. Both traditional and profeminist students expected that strategies for having sex would be used predominantly by males and strategies for avoiding sex would be used predominantly by females. It appeared that students still stereotyped having sex as a male goal and avoiding sex as a female goal. Men and women were unexpectedly similar in their personal strategies for influencing a sexual encounter. Both men and women reported using more indirect strategies to have sex and more direct strategies to avoid having sex. These findings suggest that when men and women share the same goals (such as having or avoiding sex), expected differences between male and female influencing agents disappear

855 Sexsomnia: A Case Series Looking at a Rare Parasomnia

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A332-A333
Author(s):  
Brian Ku ◽  
Cephas Mujuruki ◽  
Abha Patel ◽  
Gregory Carter
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sleep Latency ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alcohol Cessation ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Epilepsy Monitoring

Abstract Introduction Sexsomnia is a male predominant, rare subset of NREM parasomnia involving sleep-related sexual activity. Symptoms can range from individual sexual acts, such as masturbation, to acts involving bed partners, often without recollection. Sexsomnia results in profound personal, social, and legal ramifications. Though typically treated with benzodiazepines, here we present three patients that were managed nontraditionally. Report of case(s) Case 1 A 34-year-old man with a history of optimized obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), alcohol abuse, and bipolar disorder reported eight-years of parasomnia characterized by fondling, sexual intercourse, and aggressive sexual acts, despite treatment with benzodiazepines. His fiancé noted that his advances when sleeping were atypical for their normal intimate interactions. He was observed to have frequent arousals from N3 sleep during PSG. The patient denied current substance use, but did report bilateral foot discomfort leading to sleep disturbance. His ferritin was 38 ng/mL, and he was started on oral iron and vitamin C. Case 2 A 41-year-old woman with a history of anxiety, psoriatic arthritis, insomnia and childhood somnambulism presented with parasomnia ranging from fondling to sexual intercourse. Her husband noted that during the episodes, her mannerisms and speech pattern were vastly different from normal. She endorsed difficulty initiating sleep, with a sleep latency of one hour and frequent arousals despite using trazodone nightly. She consumed two to five glasses of whiskey in the evenings several nights a week. Parasomnia events were more prevalent on nights that she partook in alcohol and improved with alcohol cessation. Case 3 A 44-year-old man with a history of optimized mild OSA presented with parasomnias characterized by somnambulism with goal-directed behavior and sexual activity, with a family history of violent parasomnias. Given the atypical nature of his events, he was referred to the epilepsy monitoring unit, which was ultimately nondiagnostic. Benzodiazepine therapy was ineffective. He chose to defer further medical management, leading the patient to pursue cognitive behavioral therapy, with moderate benefit. He reports infrequent parasomnias off medications. Conclusion Sexsomnia remains a rare, and likely under reported phenomenon. In each of the highlighted cases, the patients responded to treatment without the use of standard benzodiazepine therapy. Support (if any):

Investigating over-dispersion; Moniliformis (Acanthocephala) and rats

Parasitology ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. T. Cromptom ◽  
A. E. Keymer ◽  
S. E. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Tentative Hypothesis ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Outbred Strain ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Over Dispersion ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Host Heterogeneity

SUMMARYAn analysis of the frequency distribution of numbers of Moniliformis dubius in rats of an outbred strain of Wistar origin (CFHB) and feeding ad libitum on Oxoid 41B diet, showed that over-dispersion occurred regardless of the age and sex of the rats and the infective dose given (12, 20 or 40 cystacanths/rat). Over-dispersion was also shown to be independent of variability in the age and sex of the cystacanths given. The analysis demonstrated that the over-dispersion declined as the course of the infection proceeded. As expected, parasite survival was found to be age-dependent with female worms living longer, on average, than males, and both male and female worms living longer in rats given 12 as opposed to 20 cystacanths. Possible mechanisms for generating the over-dispersion observed during this work are discussed and a tentative hypothesis, invoking host heterogeneity with regard to carbohydrate availability in the small intestine, is proposed for further experimental investigation.

scholarly journals Sexual conflict over mating in red-sided garter snakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis ) as indicated by experimental manipulation of genitalia

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1774) ◽  
pp. 20132694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Friesen ◽  
Emily J. Uhrig ◽  
Mattie K. Squire ◽  
Robert T. Mason ◽  
Patricia L. R. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Copulation Duration ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Basal Spine ◽  
Copulatory Plugs

Sexual conflict over mating can result in sex-specific morphologies and behaviours that allow each sex to exert control over the outcome of reproduction. Genital traits, in particular, are often directly involved in conflict interactions. Via genital manipulation, we experimentally investigated whether genital traits in red-sided garter snakes influence copulation duration and formation of a copulatory plug. The hemipenes of male red-sided garter snakes have a large basal spine that inserts into the female cloaca during mating. We ablated the spine and found that males were still capable of copulation but copulation duration was much shorter and copulatory plugs were smaller than those produced by intact males. We also anaesthetized the female cloacal region and found that anaesthetized females copulated longer than control females, suggesting that female cloacal and vaginal contractions play a role in controlling copulation duration. Both results, combined with known aspects of the breeding biology of red-sided garter snakes, strongly support the idea that sexual conflict is involved in mating interactions in this species. Our results demonstrate the complex interactions among male and female traits generated by coevolutionary processes in a wild population. Such complexity highlights the importance of simultaneous examination of male and female traits.

Fluid Rheological Effects in Sliding Elastohydrodynamic Point Contacts With Transient Loading: 1—Film Thickness

1971 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Sanborn ◽  
W. O. Winer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Hertzian Contact ◽  
Point Contacts ◽  
Transient Loading ◽  
Thickness Profile ◽  
Sliding Motion ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the elastohydrodynamic problem. The investigation was limited to a study of nominal point contacts in pure sliding motion. The profile of the lubricant film separating the bearing surfaces was determined during a transient of the normal load. During this transient the Hertzian contact stresses were increased from zero to a maximum of 150,000 lbf/in2 in approximately 45 milli-secs. The sliding velocities used in this study were varied from 13.7 to 92.1 ips. The resulting mean shear rate, however, was typically 107 reciprocal seconds. Both pure and polymer-blended naphthenic and paraffinic oils, in addition to several synthetic fluids, were studied. On the basis of the film thickness profiles obtained for the polymer-blended oils, it was concluded that the ambient value of viscosity often used in theoretical considerations does not characterize the behavior of the system. It was also found that the rapid application of the normal load had a negligible effect on the film thickness profile. During this investigation the contact traction was also measured. The results of those measurements are reported in the companion paper, “Fluid Rheological Effects in Sliding Elastohydrodynamic Point Contacts With Transient Loading: II—Traction.”

Effects of Frequency, Duration of Study Trial, and Total Duration of Exposure on Affective Judgments

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary G. Marcus ◽  
Karl L. Hakmiller
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Introductory Psychology ◽  
Study Trial ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Affective Ratings ◽  
Within Subjects

Studies of frequency and duration of exposure of stimuli, e.g., Chinese characters, Turkish words, faces, paintings, have traditionally been factorial, resulting in confounding among the parameters of frequency, duration of study trial, and total duration of exposure. This study attempted to separate the effects of these variables on affective ratings. 60 male and female introductory psychology students served as subjects. The stimuli were slides of female nudes. There were three comparison conditions, each of which was itself a within-subjects design in which two levels of two variables were established and repeated measures made for a given subject. Subjects viewed the slides and then rated them on attractiveness. Results indicate that, if total duration of exposure is held constant, no changes in judgments of attractiveness occur whereas, if total duration increases and duration of study trial or frequency increases concurrently, increases in ratings of attractiveness, or affect, will occur.

scholarly journals Experimental Manipulation of Muscularity Preferences Through Visual Diet and Associative Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy Jacques ◽  
Lynda Boothroyd
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Mere Exposure ◽  
High Status ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Before And After

Body preferences are somewhat flexible and this variability may be the result of one’s visual diet (whereby mere exposure to certain bodies shifts preferences), associative learning mechanisms (whereby cues to health and status within the population are internalised and affect body preferences), or a mixture of both visual diet and associative learning effects (Boothroyd et al, 2012). We tested how these factors may drive changes in preferences for muscularity in male bodies across a male and female sample. Two studies were conducted where participants viewed manipulation images of high and/or low muscle mass males which were either aspirational (high status clothing and posture) and/or neutral (no obvious cues to status). Preferences for muscularity were recorded before and after exposure to such manipulation images to assess whether body preferences had changed following manipulation. We found evidence for both the visual diet and associative learning hypotheses. Exposure to muscular (non-muscular) male bodies increased (decreased) preferences for muscular (non-muscular) bodies regardless of image valence. Exposure to aspirational non-muscular male bodies alongside neutral muscular male bodies lead to a decrease in muscularity preferences.

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