Investigating over-dispersion; Moniliformis (Acanthocephala) and rats

Parasitology ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. T. Cromptom ◽  
A. E. Keymer ◽  
S. E. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Tentative Hypothesis ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Outbred Strain ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Over Dispersion ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Host Heterogeneity

SUMMARYAn analysis of the frequency distribution of numbers of Moniliformis dubius in rats of an outbred strain of Wistar origin (CFHB) and feeding ad libitum on Oxoid 41B diet, showed that over-dispersion occurred regardless of the age and sex of the rats and the infective dose given (12, 20 or 40 cystacanths/rat). Over-dispersion was also shown to be independent of variability in the age and sex of the cystacanths given. The analysis demonstrated that the over-dispersion declined as the course of the infection proceeded. As expected, parasite survival was found to be age-dependent with female worms living longer, on average, than males, and both male and female worms living longer in rats given 12 as opposed to 20 cystacanths. Possible mechanisms for generating the over-dispersion observed during this work are discussed and a tentative hypothesis, invoking host heterogeneity with regard to carbohydrate availability in the small intestine, is proposed for further experimental investigation.

The Neurobiology of Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 387-414
Author(s):  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael W. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of development and sex on pain perception has long been recognized but only recently has it become clear that this is due to specific differences in underlying pain neurobiology. This chapter summarizes the evidence for mechanistic differences in male and female pain biology and for functional changes in pain pathways through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. It describes how both developmental age and sex determine peripheral nociception, spinal and brainstem processing, brain networks, and neuroimmune pathways in pain. Finally, the chapter discusses emerging evidence for interactions between sex and development and the importance of sex in the short- and long-term effects of early life pain.

scholarly journals GENETIC LINKAGE IN THE HORSE. II. DISTRIBUTION OF MALE RECOMBINATION ESTIMATES AND THE INFLUENCE OF AGE, BREED AND SEX ON RECOMBINATION FREQUENCY

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Leif Andersson ◽  
Kaj Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Recombination Frequency ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Male Recombination ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Individual Male ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Age And Sex

ABSTRACT n the present study an extensive amount of data, comprising more than 30,000 offspring in total, was analyzed to evaluate the influence of age and sex on the recombination frequency in the K-PGD segment of the equine linkage group (LG) I and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination in the Al-Es segment of LG II. A highly significant sex difference is reported for both segments. Male and female recombination values in the K-PGD segment were estimated at 25.8 ± 0.8 and 33.3 ± 2.5%, respectively. Similarly, recombination was less frequent in the male (36.6 ± 0.7%) than in the female (46.6 ± 1.2%) in the Al-Es segment. Comparison of data from two Swedish horse breeds revealed no significant breed differences in either sex for recombination in the Al-Es segment. No evidence of an age effect was found in any segment or sex. The distribution of individual male recombination estimates was also investigated, and a significant heterogeneity among stallions was revealed in the K-PGD segment. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies on factors affecting recombination in mammals.

scholarly journals Check This One out: Analyzing Slang Usage among Iranian Male and Female Teenagers

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hashemi Shahraki ◽  
Abbass Eslami Rasekh
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Completion Test ◽  
Female Teenagers ◽  
Age And Sex

Slang usage in modern age Iran is a popular phenomenon among most male and female teenagers. How pervasive this variation of language use is among various age and sex groups in Iran has been a question of debate given the significance of religion in a theological system of social structure. The work presented in this study aims to investigate the effect of age and sex on variability of slang usage. Sixty Iranian participants were selected, and then were divided into three age groups (i.e. primary school, high school, and senior university students) each group consisting of ten males and ten females. A self-made questionnaire in the form of Discourse Completion Test (DCT) describing nine situations of friendly conversations was given to the participants. They were asked to make their choice on the responses, which ranged from formal to very informal style (common teenage slang expressions), or to write down what they wish to say under each circumstance. The results of the chi–square tests indicated that slang usage among high school students is more frequent as compared with other age groups. Unlike the popular belief suggesting that slang is used by boys rather than girls, the findings suggested that young Iranians both male and female use slang as a badge of identity showing their attachment to the social group they wish to be identified with.

scholarly journals Visuospatial Reasoning and Its Relation to External Variables

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (58) ◽  
pp. 197-204
Author(s):  
Juliana Carnevalli Siqueira Nery ◽  
Fabián Javier Marín Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Age Group ◽  
Older Students ◽  
Normative Sample ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Visuospatial Reasoning ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
The City ◽  
Age And Sex

In this study, the relation of age and sex with visuospatial reasoning assessed by the Cube Test was investigated. In addition, a comparative study was conducted between this study sample and the normative group of the test with regard to visuospatial reasoning performance results. Six hundred and eighty-four students participated in this study, from the city of Belo Horizonte (State of Minas Gerais, Brazil), aged between 15 and 57 years old, both male and female. The results showed both age and sex differences, where younger students showed a significantly higher performance than older students and men showed significantly higher averages than women in every test comparison. In the study with the normative sample, men showed higher averages than women throughout every age group and in the overall result of both studies. The results obtained reflect those found in the literature and highlight the influence of age and sex on visuospatial reasoning.

scholarly journals Analisis Bobot Badan dan Karakteristik Semen Ayam Gaok Terseleksi Generasi ke-6

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Komarudin Komarudin ◽  
Tike Sartika ◽  
Tatan Kostaman ◽  
Soni Sopiyana ◽  
Hasnelly Zainal
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Line ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Male Line ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Live Sperm ◽  
Semen Characteristic

ABSTRAK. Ayam Gaok merupakan salah satu rumpun ayam lokal yang memiliki potensi besar dikembangkan. Balai Penelitian Ternak (Balitnak) telah melakukan program seleksi pada ayam Gaok untuk menghasilkan bibit ayam lokal pedaging yang dipanen umur 10 minggu dan dapat dijadikan galur jantan (male line) yang akan disilangkan dengan ayam KUB yang merupakan galur betina (female line). Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan bobot badan dan karakteristik semen ayam Gaok generasi ke-6 yang dipelihara di Balitnak. Sebanyak 211 ekor anak ayam Gaok umur satu hari dari generasi ke-6 dipelihara pada kandang koloni pada masa starter dan grower. Ayam dewasa dipelihara pada kandang individu. Pakan dan air minum diberikan ad libitum. Bobot badan ayam jantan dan betina pada umur 10 minggu masing-masing 1.075,26 ± 156,55 g (KK= 14,56 %) dan 868,25 ± 109,34 g (KK= 12,59 %). Rerata bobot badan jantan dan betina sudah mulai berbeda nyata (P0,05) pada saat ayam berumur lima minggu. Konsumsi dan konversi pakan sampai umur 10 minggu yakni masing-masing 2.801,61 g dan 2,99. Bobot badan ayam jantan dan betina pada umur 20 minggu masing-masing 2.354,01 ± 280,06 (KK= 11,90%) dan 1.646,5 ± 205,97 g (KK= 12,51%). Volume semen, konsentrasi, motilitas dan persentase sperma hidup ayam Gaok jantan pada umur delapan bulan masing-masing sebesar 0,4 ml, 3.927 × 106, 57,22 dan 62,5%. Bobot badan ayam Gaok umur 10 minggu menunjukkan hasil baik dengan variasi yang cukup seragam. Kuantitas dan kualitas semen ayam Gaok tergolong normal.  (Analysis of body weight and semen characteristic of 6th generation selected gaok chicken) ABSTRACT. Gaok chicken is one of local breed chicken which potentially to be developed. Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production (IRIAP) have been executed selection program on Gaok chicken to obtain meat type local chicken which is harvested on 10 weeks old age and can be made as male line to be crossed with KUB chicken which is the female line. The objective of this study was to observe growth of body weight and characteristics of semen of Gaok chicken 6th generation which are raised in IRIAP. A number of 211 DOC Gaok chicken 6th generation were raised in colony cage in starter and grower periods. Mature chickens were kept in individual cages. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Body weight male and female at 10 weeks were 1,075.26 ±156.55 g (CV=14,56 %) and 868.25 ± 109.34 g (CV=12,59 %) respectively. Body weight on male and female were started significantly differ from five weeks (P0.05). Feed consumption and conversion for 10 weeks were 2,901.61 g and 2.99, respectively. Body weight male and female at 20 weeks were 2,354.01 ± 280.06 g (CV=11,90 %) and 1,646.5 ± 205.97 g (CV=12,51 %) respectively. Semen volume, concentration, motility and proportion of live sperm of male Gaok chicken were 0.4 ml, 3,927 × 106, 57,22 % and 62.5 %, respectively. 10th week body weight of Gaok chicken showed good results with uniform variation. Quantity and quality of Gaok chicken semen belonged to be normal.

scholarly journals Age- and Gender-Related Changes in Ligament Components

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Osakabe ◽  
M Hayashi ◽  
K Hasegawa ◽  
T Okuaki ◽  
T M Ritty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Mineral Components ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Matrix Components ◽  
And Gender

The age- and gender-related changes in extracellular matrix components (elastin, elastin cross-links, fibrillin, collagen and glycoprotein) and mineral components (calcium, Ca; phosphorus, P) in human lumbar yellow ligaments were investigated using samples obtained from surgical specimens. The mineral (Ca and P) contents increased with ageing ( r=0·703 and r=0·772, respectively), whereas the contents of matrix components tended to decrease with ageing (elastin r= −0·261, elastin cross-links r= −0·213, fibrillin r= −0·494; collagen r= −0·322 and glycoprotein r= −0·143). Comparison of the male and female groups revealed that the ligament elastin content and elastin cross-links decreased in the male group, whereas the ligament collagen content decreased in the female group significantly in an age-dependent manner ( r= −0·788, r= −0·753 and r= −0·721, respectively). These findings demonstrate age- and gender-related changes in mineral and matrix components (especially elastin and collagen) in the lumbar yellow ligaments in the Japanese population. It is suggested that elastin and collagen metabolism in ligaments changes both with age and according to gender.

Genetic components of growth and ultrasonic fat depth traits in Meishan and Large White pigs and their reciprocal crosses

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Haley ◽  
E. d'Agaro ◽  
M. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Impact

AbstractGenes from the Chinese Meishan pig have the potential to enhance reproductive performance of European pigs. In order to allow prediction of the impact of Meishan genes in a range of alternative improvement programmes all traits of economic importance must be evaluated and genetic crossbreeding effects estimated. Entire male and female pigs of four genotypes, purebred Meishan (MS) and Large White (LW) pigs and both reciprocal Fl crossbred genotypes (MS ♂ × LW ♀ and LW ♂ × MS ♀), were farrowed in Edinburgh and subsequently performance tested at either Edinburgh or Newcastle. In Edinburgh, animals were penned in groups of four and fed ad libitum between pen mean weights of approximately 30 and 80 kg. At the end of test fat depths at the shoulder, last rib and loin were measured ultrasonically. In Newcastle, animals were penned in groups of six and fed ad libitum between pen mean weights of approximately 30 and 70 kg. Genotypic means and genetic crossbreeding effects (additive and heterosis direct effects and additive maternal effects) were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood.When compared with the LW, the direct additive effect of genes from the MS produced increased growth rate up to the time of weaning, no change in growth rate between weaning and start of test and greatly reduced growth rate during the performance test. The maternal additive effect of genes from the MS was to reduce growth rate up to the time of weaning, with little effect thereafter. There was substantial direct heterosis for growth rate in all periods measured, but heterosis was less in males than in females during the performance test. The combined effect was such that, within sex, the LW and the two crossbred genotypes were of similar ages when they reached 70 and 80 kg, but MS pigs were 38 to 60 days older. The direct additive effect of MS genes was to increase subcutaneous fat levels and there was little evidence for the effects of maternal genes or direct heterosis on these traits. There was a direct additive effect of MS genes reducing food intake and increasing food conversion ratio and there was direct heterosis for increased food intake. There were significant interactions between genotype and sex. Male and female LW pigs had a similar performance but male MS pigs had slower growth rates on the performance test with lower food intakes, food conversion ratios and subcutaneous fat levels than the females.

Developmental and sex differences in cardiac tolerance to ischemia–reperfusion injury: the role of mitochondria

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 808-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ostadal ◽  
Z. Drahota ◽  
J. Houstek ◽  
M. Milerova ◽  
I. Ostadalova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Cyclophilin D ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Postnatal Maturation ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Age And Sex

Age and sex play an essential role in the cardiac tolerance to ischemia–reperfusion injury: cardiac resistance significantly decreases during postnatal maturation and the female heart is more tolerant than the male myocardium. It is widely accepted that mitochondrial dysfunction, and particularly mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, plays a major role in determining the extent of cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury. We have observed that the MPTP sensitivity to the calcium load differs in mitochondria isolated from neonatal and adult myocardium, as well as from adult male and female hearts. Neonatal and female mitochondria are more resistant both in the extent and in the rate of mitochondrial swelling induced by high calcium concentration. Our data further suggest that age- and sex-dependent specificity of the MPTP is not the result of different amounts of ATP synthase and cyclophilin D: neonatal and adult hearts, similarly as the male and female hearts, contain comparable amounts of MPTP and its regulatory protein cyclophilin D. We can speculate that the lower sensitivity of MPTP to the calcium-induced swelling may be related to the higher ischemic tolerance of both neonatal and female myocardium.

Growth differences of male and female Göttingen minipigs during ad libitum feeding: a pilot study

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J.A. Bollen ◽  
L.W. Madsen ◽  
O. Meyer ◽  
J. Ritskes-Hoitinga
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Age and Sex Determinants of Bone Phenotype in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Sickle Cell Disease

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 3249-3249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idowu Akinsheye Akinsanmi ◽  
Angela Lin ◽  
Robert Guldberg ◽  
Manu Platt ◽  
Gilda Barabino
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Model ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Bone Phenotype ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Microct Analysis ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Abstract 3249 Variations in the amino acid sequence of the beta globin gene (HBB) chain can result in the production of variant hemoglobins. Sickle cell anemia is caused by homozygosity for a single nucleotide mutation in codon 6 of HBB, GAG>GTG, resulting in the substitution of valine for glutamic acid (glu6val). Bone pathologies are among the myriad complications of sickle cell disease and are a common cause of pain and morbidity. These pathologies include osteonecrosis, osteoarthritis and vaso-occlusive infarct. Chronic vaso-occlusion in sickle cell disease patients leads to ischemia and necrotic lesions while bone marrow hyperplasia contributes to the softening of trabecular bone, and overall bone loss. The mechanism underlying these structural changes in sickle bone are not fully understood. Bone constantly undergoes a self-renewal process and adapts to damage through remodeling. The remodeling process is highly regulated and carried out by bone forming cells (osteoblast) and bone resorption cells (osteoclast). Disease states can alter the remodeling capacity of bone and compromise its structure and quality. To determine the effect of sickle cell disease on bone, we used microcomputed tomographic (microCT) analysis, real time PCR and immunohistochemistry to characterize the bone phenotype in a transgenic mouse model (Townes) of sickle cell disease. Osteoclasts are characterized by their expression of tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP), while proliferating osteoblasts show alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. Relative levels of TRAP and AP mRNA were measured in RNA derived from the bone of 10 week and 21 week old mice. TRAP and AP were elevated (P<0.05) in (heterozygous) trait mice compared to (homozygote) sickle mice at 10weeks (Figure 1a), suggesting reduced bone formation in sickle mice. At 21 weeks, TRAP and AP mRNA in trait stayed relatively the same, while there was a 6 fold decrease in AP expression (P<0.05) in sickle mice and TRAP remained the same as 10 weeks (Figure 1b). The reduction in AP expression in sickle mice shows a balance shift favoring bone resorption in 21 week old mice. Taken together, sickle mice show reduced bone formation, and in an age dependent manner show bone loss. MicroCT analysis of the femoral trabecular morphology of the epiphysis and metaphysis also showed an age-dependent effect on bone. In addition, there were significant differences observed on the basis of sex. At 10 weeks, there were no significant differences observed between trait and sickle mice, however, there was a trend towards lower values in sickle mice. Although these differences were not statistically significant, an increase in the sample size might lead to more significant findings. Comparison of the 10 week old mice to the 21 week old mice showed a general decrease in trabecular number, and an increase in trabecular spacing, which may be indicative of bone loss. This difference was significant in the female trait mice. Although the trend in the female sickle mice was noted, a full statistical analysis was not possible due to the small sample size of the 21week old female sickle mice. Sickle cell disease and its impact on bone are highly variable. Our preliminary result suggest that age and sex may play a role and form the basis for further study. Figure 1, A and B. Expression levels of AP and TRAP mRNA in RNA derived from bone in trait and sickle mice. Figure 1, A and B. Expression levels of AP and TRAP mRNA in RNA derived from bone in trait and sickle mice. (A) AP and TRAP show relative and elevated expression in 10 week and 21 weeks old respectively trait mice compared to sickle mice. Results are shown as mean +/− SD (n=3 for each). (B). Alkaline phosphatase significantly reduces in sickle mice at 21weeks. (*) denotes statistical significance. Figure 2. Figure 2. Representative 3D thickness maps for femoral metaphyseal trabecular volumes of interest. Top panel shows trait mice at 10 and 21 weeks respectively. Bottom panel shows sickle mice at 10 and 21 weeks respectively. Measurements are depicted in pseudocolor scale - thicker = red, thinner = blue/green. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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