scholarly journals Goal Orientations Predict Exercisers’ Effort and Enjoyment While Engaged in Exercise and Reasons for Using a Fitness Tracker

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Lauren Easton ◽  
Mary D. Fry ◽  
Candace M. Hogue ◽  
Susumu Iwasaki
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity Behavior ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Personal Effort ◽  
Ego Orientation ◽  
Activity Behavior ◽  
Fitness Tracker ◽  
Fitness Trackers ◽  
And Task

Summary Fitness trackers (FTs) can help increase activity levels and decrease sedentary behavior. However, researchers have yet to examine whether individuals’ goal orientations influence physical activity behavior in response to FT use. This study examined whether goal orientations predicted participants’ effort and enjoyment while exercising and their reasons for using a FT. Participants (203 females, 57 males; Mage = 42.35 years) reported goal orientations, enjoyment and effort while exercising, and reasons for using an FT. Four stepwise linear regression analyses were calculated to assess the extent that goal orientations predicted effort and enjoyment while exercising and task- and ego-related reasons for using FTs. Both task and ego orientation scores positively predicted effort and enjoyment. Task orientation had a much greater influence than ego orientation over these motivational outcomes. Moreover, task orientation positively predicted task-related reasons for using a FT (e.g., “helps me strive to be my physical best”), while ego orientation positively predicted ego-related reasons for using a FT (e.g., “notifies me that I outperformed others”). Results suggest practitioners and FT manufacturers should consider promoting a task orientation (e.g., define success based on personal effort & improvement) to foster clients’ sustained motivation to engage in PA.

Physical Activity Behavior and Competing Activities: Interrelations in 55- to 70-Year-Old Germans

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Cihlar ◽  
Sonia Lippke
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Physical Activity Behavior ◽  
Active Citizenship ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Activity Behavior

In this study, we draw attention to time-competing activities and psychological variables as impeding or enabling factors of physical activity behavior in 55- to 70-year-old Germans. Cross-sectional data was used (n = 4,891). Results indicate that paid work has a negative relationship with sufficient physical activity. Persons who provide nursing care seem to be motivated to achieve sufficient physical activity behavior, but do not meet established recommendations. Active citizenship positively relates to higher physical activity levels. The investment of energy in life domains and a distinct internal locus of control characterize motivated underachievers. Those sufficiently physically active show higher values in conscientiousness. This suggests that time-consuming and strongly externally determined activities like nursing care and paid work hinder a sufficient level of physical activity, even if the motivation is existent. Active citizenship and physical activity seem to be linked processes.

Goal Orientations, Perceptions of Aggression, and Sportspersonship in Elite Male Youth Ice Hockey Players

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G.H. Dunn ◽  
Janice Causgrove Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Goal Theory ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Aggressive Behaviors ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Ego Orientation

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between goal orientations, perceptions of athletic aggression, and sportspersonship among elite male youth ice hockey players (M age = 13.08 years). Athletes (N = 171) completed questionnaires to assess their goal orientations, attitudes toward directing aggressive behaviors during competition, and non-aggression-related sportspersonship. In accordance with Vallerand, Deshaies, Cuerrier, Brière, and Pelletier (1996), sportspersonship was conceptualized as a five-dimensional construct. Multiple regression analyses revealed that high ego-oriented athletes were more inclined to approve of aggressive behaviors than those with low ego orientation. Players with higher levels of task orientation (rather than low task orientation) had higher sportspersonship levels on three dimensions. An analysis of goal orientation patterns revealed that regardless of ego orientation, low (compared to high) task orientation was more motivationally detrimental to several sportspersonship dimensions. The practical implications of these results are discussed in the context of Nicholls’s (1989) achievement goal theory.

Effects of Long-Term Resistance Training and Detraining on Strength and Physical Activity in Older Women

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Porter ◽  
Miriam E. Nelson ◽  
Maria A. Fiatarone Singh ◽  
Jennifer E. Layne ◽  
Christine M. Morganti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Physical Activity Behavior ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Activity Behavior ◽  
Increased Strength

Resistance training (RT) increases strength in older adults, but there have been few studies of long-term RT or detraining in older adults. Postmenopausal participants (51–71 years of age) were randomized to RT or a control group for Year 1. For Year 2, participants chose whether to resistance train or not. Three groups emerged: train/train (n = 8: 60 ± 4 years), train/no train (n = 11: 62 ± 3 years), or controls (n = 17; 58 ± 6 years). Both training groups increased strength (p < .05) in Year 1. In Year 2, train/train maintained strength, whereas train/no train lost strength for knee extension (p < .001) but not for arm pulldown. Controls did not change. Reported physical activity levels were significantly increased in trainers in Year 1 and remained high regardless of RT in Year 2 (p < .05). Therefore, sustained changes in strength and physical activity behavior might be possible even if RT is discontinued.

Prediction of Goal Orientation and Perceived Competence on Intensity and Direction of Precompetitive Anxiety among Adolescent Handball Players

2007 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiung-Huang Li ◽  
Likang Chi
Keyword(s):  
Goal Orientation ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Ego Orientation ◽  
The Relationship

This study explored the main and interactive effects of goal orientations and perceived competence on intensity and direction of the symptoms of precompetitive cognitive and somatic anxiety. 109 handball players from 16 high school teams ( M = 16.2 yr., SD = 1.5) participated. All were asked to complete the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, Perceived Competence Questionnaire, and a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. Using separated multiple hierarchical regression analyses, direction of the symptoms of precompetitive somatic anxiety was predicted by perceived competence and interaction of ego orientation x perceived competence. Perceived competence and the interaction of ego orientation x task orientation x perceived competence were significant predictors of direction of the symptoms of precompetitive cognitive anxiety. The results suggest that perceptions of competence and task orientation moderate the relationship between ego orientation and direction of the symptoms of precompetitive anxiety.

Parental Influences on Physical Activity in Children: An Exploration of Potential Mechanisms

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Welk ◽  
Kherrin Wood ◽  
Gina Morss
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Parental Influence ◽  
Physical Activity Behavior ◽  
Parental Influences ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Activity Behavior ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Children’S Physical Activity

This study examined the utility of a model to explain parental influence on children’s physical activity. Children (n = 994) from 3 elementary schools completed a survey with scales assessing physical activity, attraction to activity, perceived competence, and perceived parental influence. Self-report data on the physical activity levels of parents (n = 536) were also obtained to test the hypothesis that active parents may provide more encouragement and support for their children. The parental influence scales accounted for 20%, 26%, and 28% of the variance in physical activity, attraction to physical activity, and perceptions of competence, respectively. Correlations between parent and child levels of activity were low, but children of active parents had higher scores on the parental influence measures and psychosocial correlates than inactive parents. This study provides further confirmation of the important influence that parents exert on their child’s physical activity behavior.

scholarly journals Participation in Sport and Moral Functioning: Does Ego Orientation Mediate Their Relationship?

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kavussanu ◽  
Nikos Ntoumanis
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Contact Sports ◽  
Moral Functioning ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Ego Orientation

This study examined whether participation in contact sports influences moral functioning within the sport context, and whether these effects are mediated by ego orientation; the role of task orientation on moral functioning was also examined. Participants (N = 221) were college athletes participating in basketball, soccer, field hockey, and rugby. They completed questionnaires assessing sport participation, goal orientations, moral functioning, and social desirability. Structural equation modeling analysis indicated that participation in contact sports positively predicted ego orientation, which in turn predicted low levels of moral functioning. The direct effects of sport participation on moral functioning became nonsignificant in the presence of ego orientation, indicating that the latter construct mediates the relationship between the first two variables. Task orientation corresponded to high levels of moral functioning. These findings help us further understand the processes operating in contact sports and are discussed in terms of their implications for eliminating unsportspersonlike conduct from the sport context.

scholarly journals Goal Orientations and Beliefs about the Causes of Sport Success among Elite Skiers

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan L. Duda ◽  
Sally A. White
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Goal Orientations ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Ego Orientation ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Elite Skiers

The purposes of this study were to determine the relationship between goal orientations and beliefs about the causes of success among elite athletes and to examine the psychometric characteristics of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) in high-level competitive sport. Male and female intercollegiate skiers (N=143) completed the TEOSQ specific to skiing and a questionnaire assessing their perceptions of the determinants of success in skiing. Factor analysis of the TEOSQ revealed two independent subscales that demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. Task orientation was positively linked with the beliefs that skiing success is a result of hard work, superior ability, and selecting activities that one can perform successfully, and ego orientation to the beliefs that taking an illegal advantage, possessing high ability, selecting tasks that one can accomplish, and external variables are reasons for skiing success. Factor analysis of the two goal orientation and four belief scale scores revealed two divergent goal/belief dimensions in competitive skiing.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Changes in Physical Self-Perceptions and Associations With Physical Activity During Adolescence

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Inchley ◽  
Jo Kirby ◽  
Candace Currie
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Physical Activity Behavior ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Activity Behavior ◽  
Baseline Physical Activity

The purpose of this study was to examine adolescents’ physical self-perceptions and their associations with physical activity using a longitudinal perspective. Utilizing data from the Physical Activity in Scottish Schoolchildren (PASS) study, changes in exercise self-efficacy, perceived competence, global self-esteem and physical self-worth were assessed among a sample of 641 Scottish adolescents from age 11–15 years. Girls reported lower levels of perceived competence, self-esteem and physical self-worth than boys at each age. Furthermore, girls’ physical self-perceptions decreased markedly over time. Among boys, only perceived competence decreased, while global self-esteem increased. Baseline physical activity was a significant predictor of later activity levels for both genders. Findings demonstrate the importance of physical self-perceptions in relation to physical activity behavior among adolescents. Among older boys, high perceived competence increased the odds of being active by 3.8 times. Among older girls, high exercise self-efficacy increased the odds of being active by 5.2 times. There is a need for early interventions which promote increased physical literacy and confidence, particularly among girls.

Correlates of Physical Activity Among Hispanic Adults

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Bungum ◽  
Melva Thompson-Robinson ◽  
Sheniz Moonie ◽  
Monica A.F. Lounsbery
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Physical Activity Behavior ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Educational Attainments ◽  
Hispanic Adults ◽  
Activity Behavior ◽  
Physical Activity Group

Background:Health behaviors of minority populations, including Hispanics, are important from a public health perspective because this subpopulation is growing and health behaviors of this subgroup are understudied. Physical activity is a component of healthy lifestyles and Hispanics have been shown to be less active than are Caucasians. It will be necessary to know correlates of physical activity to enhance the physical activity of this group. Recently, the importance of environmental and cultural factors has been recognized as correlates of physical activity behavior. The purpose of this study was to identify environmental and cultural correlates of physical activity among Hispanic adults.Methods:A 52-item telephone survey was employed to assess physical activity and its potential correlates.Results:The sample included 175 females and 156 males. Respondent ages ranged from 18 to 82 years (x = 38.39 ± 15.0). Approximately 20% of respondents were assigned to a “higher physical activity” group. Predictors of being in this group were having supportive environments, being acculturated, attending some college, and age.Conclusions:Providing environmental supports may be an effective strategy to enhance physical activity levels of adult Hispanics. Older Hispanics, those with lower educational attainments and those of lower acculturation should be targeted for intervention.

Differences of Daily Physical Activity Levels of Children According to Body Mass Index

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Mota ◽  
Paula Santos ◽  
Sandra Guerra ◽  
José C. Ribeiro ◽  
José A. Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Physical Activity Behavior ◽  
Activity Monitor ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Daily Physical Activity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Activity Behavior ◽  
Low Levels

The purpose of this study was to compare the daily activity levels of children varying in body mass over 3 consecutive weekdays. The sample was comprised of 157 children (boys, n = 64; girls, n = 93), aged 8–15 years. BMI was used as obesity indicator. Children were categorized as non-obese and over- weight/obese group, according to the age-adapted values. The CSA activity monitor was used as an objective measure of daily physical activity. No significant differences were reported in the daily physical activity among boys and girls according to BMI group. Boys were significantly more engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activities (p = .05) than girls. Significant differences in moderate-to-vigorous physical activities (p = .05) were found between non-obese (69.3 min • day−1) and obese girls (50.7 min • day−1), while no significant differences were reported in boys. Differences between overall activities and involvement in MVPA emerged between overweight/obese and non-obese girls; therefore, obesity in girls may be linked to low levels of physical activity behavior.

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