scholarly journals Infection, Inflammation and Immunity in Covid-19 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
R. Cherneva ◽  
Z. Cherneva
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has increased the burden on healthcare system. Despite some progress in its diagnostics has been made, effective prevention and treatment are still insufficient. Since SARS-CoV-2 infections often cause systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure, the therapeutic options aimed at modulating the host immune responses to prevent subsequent systemic complications are demanding. The review provides a summary of the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and underlines the current perception of pulmonary host’s immune response and its contributions to disease severity and systemic inflammation. Signaling pathways which have the potential to manipulate host immunity and improve clinical outcomes are also presented.

scholarly journals Candida albicans Pathogenesis: Fitting within the Host-Microbe Damage Response Framework

2016 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 2724-2739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk ◽  
Eric F. Kong ◽  
Christina Tsui ◽  
M. Hong Nguyen ◽  
Cornelius J. Clancy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Damage Response ◽  
Systemic Infections

Historically, the nature and extent of host damage by a microbe were considered highly dependent on virulence attributes of the microbe. However, it has become clear that disease is a complex outcome which can arise because of pathogen-mediated damage, host-mediated damage, or both, with active participation from the host microbiota. This awareness led to the formulation of the damage response framework (DRF), a revolutionary concept that defined microbial virulence as a function of host immunity. The DRF outlines six classifications of host damage outcomes based on the microbe and the strength of the immune response. In this review, we revisit this concept from the perspective ofCandida albicans, a microbial pathogen uniquely adapted to its human host. This fungus commonly colonizes various anatomical sites without causing notable damage. However, depending on environmental conditions, a diverse array of diseases may occur, ranging from mucosal to invasive systemic infections resulting in microbe-mediated and/or host-mediated damage. Remarkably,C. albicansinfections can fit into all six DRF classifications, depending on the anatomical site and associated host immune response. Here, we highlight some of these diverse and site-specific diseases and how they fit the DRF classifications, and we describe the animal models available to uncover pathogenic mechanisms and related host immune responses.

scholarly journals Immunological perspectives on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanghong Ni ◽  
Aqu Alu ◽  
Hong Lei ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Min Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Cytokine Release Syndrome ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Daunting Challenge

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). COVID-19 can spread to the entire body and cause multiple organ failure. It is a daunting challenge to control the fast growing worldwide pandemic because effective prevention and treatment strategies are unavailable currently. Generally, the immune response of the human body triggered by viral infection is essential for the elimination of the virus. However, severe COVID-19 patients may manifest dysregulated immune responses, such as lymphopenia, lymphocyte exhaustion, exacerbated antibody response, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), etc. Understanding of these immunological characteristics may help identify better approaches for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients. As specific anti-viral agents are notoriously difficult to develop, strategies for modulating the immune responses by either developing novel vaccines or using immunotherapy hold great promise to improve the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Impact of Influenza A Virus Shutoff Proteins on Host Immune Responses

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 629
Author(s):  
Megan M. Dunagan ◽  
Kala Hardy ◽  
Toru Takimoto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Lymphocyte Migration ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Mhc Molecules ◽  
The Impact

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a significant human pathogen that causes seasonal epidemics. Although various types of vaccines are available, IAVs still circulate among human populations, possibly due to their ability to circumvent host immune responses. IAV expresses two host shutoff proteins, PA-X and NS1, which antagonize the host innate immune response. By transcriptomic analysis, we previously showed that PA-X is a major contributor for general shutoff, while shutoff active NS1 specifically inhibits the expression of host cytokines, MHC molecules, and genes involved in innate immunity in cultured human cells. So far, the impact of these shutoff proteins in the acquired immune response in vivo has not been determined in detail. In this study, we analyzed the effects of PA-X and NS1 shutoff activities on immune response using recombinant influenza A/California/04/2009 viruses containing mutations affecting the expression of shutoff active PA-X and NS1 in a mouse model. Our data indicate that the virus without shutoff activities induced the strongest T and B cell responses. Both PA-X and NS1 reduced host immune responses, but shutoff active NS1 most effectively suppressed lymphocyte migration to the lungs, antibody production, and the generation of IAV specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. NS1 also prevented the generation of protective immunity against a heterologous virus challenge. These data indicate that shutoff active NS1 plays a major role in suppressing host immune responses against IAV infection.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles from Different Pneumococcal Serotypes Are Internalized by Macrophages and Induce Host Immune Responses

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1530
Author(s):  
Alfonso Olaya-Abril ◽  
Rafael Prados-Rosales ◽  
José A. González-Reyes ◽  
Arturo Casadevall ◽  
Liise-anne Pirofski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Pneumococcal Serotypes ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Transient Loss

Bacterial extracellular vesicles are membranous ultrastructures released from the cell surface. They play important roles in the interaction between the host and the bacteria. In this work, we show how extracellular vesicles produced by four different serotypes of the important human pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae, are internalized by murine J774A.1 macrophages via fusion with the membrane of the host cells. We also evaluated the capacity of pneumococcal extracellular vesicles to elicit an immune response by macrophages. Macrophages treated with the vesicles underwent a serotype-dependent transient loss of viability, which was further reverted. The vesicles induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which was higher for serotype 1 and serotype 8-derived vesicles. These results demonstrate the biological activity of extracellular vesicles of clinically important pneumococcal serotypes.

scholarly journals Protective and Pathogenic Immune Responses to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Panahi ◽  
Danielle I. Stanisic ◽  
Christopher S. Peacock ◽  
Lara J. Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Leishmania Parasite ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Outcome Severity ◽  
Common Clinical Presentation

Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) parasites are known to cause a broad spectrum of clinical diseases in humans, collectively known as the leishmaniases. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common clinical presentation with varying degrees of severity largely driven by host immune responses, specifically the interplay between innate and adaptive immune response. The establishment of a T lymphocyte driven cell-mediated immune response, leading to activated phagocytic cells, leading to Leishmania parasite killing and control of infection. Alternatively, the Leishmania parasite manipulates the host immune system, enabling parasite proliferation and clinical disease. Here we review how the cumulative interactions of different aspects of the host immune response determines disease outcome, severity, and immunity to re-infection.

scholarly journals Multiomic Immunophenotyping of COVID-19 Patients Reveals Early Infection Trajectories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yapeng Su ◽  
Daniel Chen ◽  
Christopher Lausted ◽  
Dan Yuan ◽  
Jongchan Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
B Cell Receptor ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
Clinical Measures ◽  
Whole Transcriptome

SUMMARYHost immune responses play central roles in controlling SARS-CoV2 infection, yet remain incompletely characterized and understood. Here, we present a comprehensive immune response map spanning 454 proteins and 847 metabolites in plasma integrated with single-cell multi-omic assays of PBMCs in which whole transcriptome, 192 surface proteins, and T and B cell receptor sequence were co-analyzed within the context of clinical measures from 50 COVID19 patient samples. Our study reveals novel cellular subpopulations, such as proliferative exhausted CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and cytotoxic CD4+ T cells, that may be features of severe COVID-19 infection. We condensed over 1 million immune features into a single immune response axis that independently aligns with many clinical features and is also strongly associated with disease severity. Our study represents an important resource towards understanding the heterogeneous immune responses of COVID-19 patients and may provide key information for informing therapeutic development.

scholarly journals Host Immune Response and Novel Diagnostic Approach to NTM Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4351
Author(s):  
Yuko Abe ◽  
Kiyoharu Fukushima ◽  
Yuki Hosono ◽  
Yuki Matsumoto ◽  
Daisuke Motooka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Diagnostic Approach ◽  
Post Transplantation ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Proper Diagnosis

The incidence and prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are steadily increasing worldwide, partially due to the increased incidence of immunocompromised conditions, such as the post-transplantation state. The importance of proper diagnosis and management of NTM infection has been recently recognized. Host immunological responses play integral roles in vulnerability to NTM infections, and may contribute to the onset of specific types of NTM infection. Furthermore, distinct NTM species are known to affect and attenuate these host immune responses in unique manners. Therefore, host immune responses must be understood with respect to each causative NTM species. Here, we review innate, cellular-mediated, and humoral immunity to NTM and provide perspectives on novel diagnostic approaches regarding each NTM species.

scholarly journals Discrete Dynamical Modeling of Influenza Virus Infection Suggests Age-Dependent Differences in Immunity

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ericka Keef ◽  
Li Ang Zhang ◽  
David Swigon ◽  
Alisa Urbano ◽  
G. Bard Ermentrout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Delayed Onset

ABSTRACT Immunosenescence, an age-related decline in immune function, is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Older hosts exhibit a delayed onset of immunity and prolonged inflammation after an infection, leading to excess damage and a greater likelihood of death. Our study applies a rule-based model to infer which components of the immune response are most changed in an aged host. Two groups of BALB/c mice (aged 12 to 16 weeks and 72 to 76 weeks) were infected with 2 inocula: a survivable dose of 50 PFU and a lethal dose of 500 PFU. Data were measured at 10 points over 19 days in the sublethal case and at 6 points over 7 days in the lethal case, after which all mice had died. Data varied primarily in the onset of immunity, particularly the inflammatory response, which led to a 2-day delay in the clearance of the virus from older hosts in the sublethal cohort. We developed a Boolean model to describe the interactions between the virus and 21 immune components, including cells, chemokines, and cytokines, of innate and adaptive immunity. The model identifies distinct sets of rules for each age group by using Boolean operators to describe the complex series of interactions that activate and deactivate immune components. Our model accurately simulates the immune responses of mice of both ages and with both inocula included in the data (95% accurate for younger mice and 94% accurate for older mice) and shows distinct rule choices for the innate immunity arm of the model between younger and aging mice in response to influenza A virus infection. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus infection causes high morbidity and mortality rates every year, especially in the elderly. The elderly tend to have a delayed onset of many immune responses as well as prolonged inflammatory responses, leading to an overall weakened response to infection. Many of the details of immune mechanisms that change with age are currently not well understood. We present a rule-based model of the intrahost immune response to influenza virus infection. The model is fit to experimental data for young and old mice infected with influenza virus. We generated distinct sets of rules for each age group to capture the temporal differences seen in the immune responses of these mice. These rules describe a network of interactions leading to either clearance of the virus or death of the host, depending on the initial dosage of the virus. Our models clearly demonstrate differences in these two age groups, particularly in the innate immune responses.

scholarly journals Roles of Host Immunity in Viral Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifang Zhao ◽  
Zhaoying Fu
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Viral Myocarditis ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Direct Damage ◽  
Working Together

The pathogenesis of viral myocarditis includes both the direct damage mediated by viral infection and the indirect lesion resulted from host immune responses. Myocarditis can progress into dilated cardiomyopathy that is also associated with immunopathogenesis. T cell-mediated autoimmunity, antibody-mediated autoimmunity (autoantibodies), and innate immunity, working together, contribute to the development of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy.

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