scholarly journals Is the secular trend reflected in early stages of human ontogenesis?

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Domagała ◽  
Paweł Dąbrowski ◽  
Michał Porwolik ◽  
Krystian Porwolik ◽  
Bohdan Gworys
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Secular Trend ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Secular Changes ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
The Mean

Abstract There are a limited number of studies on secular changes in the neonatal period, and the majority of them concern research related to childhood and puberty The objective of our study was to carry out a comparative analysis of body weight and length at birth in neonates born in Wrocław in subsequent decades since 1950 to find out if these parameters are subject to secular trend, and what values they attained during the studied period of 50 years. The study was carried out in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and in 2000 to analyse changes in body length, body weight and Rohrer index over time. The sample studied consisted of 7510 neonates, 3882 males and 3628 females, born in Wroclaw. Secular changes were tested using one-way variance analysis. The values of F statistics were compared to the critical values of the F Snedecor distribution. Changes in the features of neonates in subsequent study years were analysed using the modified z-score. Data were normalised for standard deviation in decade increments. Results demonstrated very slight, though statistically insignificant increase in body weight at birth. Over the 50-year period the mean body weight of neonates was in the range of 3.3-3.4 kg, regardless of sex. Results demonstrated very slight, though statistically insignificant increase in body weight at birth. Over the 50-year period the mean body weight of neonates was in the range of 3.3-3.4 kg, regardless of sex. The acceleration in the body length of neonates caused a gradual decrease in the mean values of the Rohrer index. No secular trend in body weight was found in Wrocław neonates over the 50-year period between 1950 and 2000 With regard to body length at birth, four waves of deceleration and acceleration were found: period 1 (1950s): deceleration in the increase of the analysed body parameters of neonates; period 2 (1960s): acceleration in neonates’ growth; period 3 (1970s and 1980s): economic crisis and political transformations in Poland; this is reflected by the stable mean values of body dimensions in neonates. The secular trend clearly decelerated, and period 4 (1990s and 2000) - very intense acceleration in both body weight and length and the Rohrer index.

scholarly journals Evaluation of early growth performance of backcross progenies from crossbred gilts mated with their native parents

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-177
Author(s):  
P. E. Nwaku ◽  
M. O. Otuma
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
State University ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Linear Body

The pre weaning growth performance of piglets from four different cross bred dams mated back to their native parents was studied in the Breeding and Research Farm of Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. Parameters like body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency as well as linear body measurements of body length, heart girth and height  at withers were taken and observed for growth between birth and weaning age of eight weeks. Results Results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) between the main backcross N x (N x LR) and the three other genotypes of N x (N x LW), N x (LR x N) and N x (LW x N) in all parameters. The mean birth weight of the progenies ranged from 1.00±0.60 to 1.60±5kg while the weaning weights were 10.5±0.4 to 16.0±1.0kg respectively. Results further revealed that body weight at weaning correlated responsively with all parameters and these include body length (r=0.858), heart girth (r= 0.446) and height at the withers (r= 0.946). Similarly, body length has a positive correlation with heart girth (r= 0.477) and height at the withers (r= 0.827) whereas hear girth correlated positively with the height at the withers (r= 0.494). Similar trend were obtained in the regression of each of the body measurements on the other in which bodyweight changes depended more on that of body length (0.86) than on heart girth (0.45). Judging from the observed variations existing among the piglets resulting from differnt crossbreed dams in their pre-weaning growth performance, maternal rather than paternal influences appeared to be more important in the traits studied.   

scholarly journals Assessment of body weight and morphological traits of two breed of grower pigs using principal component analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
P.O. Akporhuarho ◽  
O. Iriakpe
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Large White ◽  
Poids Corporel ◽  
The Mean

The study aimed at explaining objectively the relationship between morphologic traits of two breeds of pigs (Large-white and Duroc) using principal component analysis to determine the body size of grower pigs of two different breeds with a view of identifying components that best define body conformation. Body weight and five biometric variables namely head length, body length, body girth, ham length and ear length. The descriptive statistics showed that the mean body weight of Large-white was 13.14kg while the body measurements were 24.61cm, 71.35cm, 65.12cm, 43.13cm and 21.94cm for head length, body length, body girth, ham length and ear length respectively at 5 – 24 weeks of age. The mean body weight of Duroc was 12.87kg while the body measurements were 23.70cm, 57.93cm, 47.93cm, 22.90cm, 19.26cm for head length, body length, body girth, ham length and ear length respectively. The coefficient of correlation ranges from 0.08-0.424 and 0.01-0.402 for Large-white and Duroc respectively. The association between and were the highest for Duroc, body length r=0.402 and Large-white, body girth 0.424. Two components were identified for Large-white while those of Duroc were three components. The ratios of variance were 53.55 and 71.07% for Large-white and Duroc, respectively. The first factor in each case accounted for the biggest percentage of the total variation, and was designated the general size, the other factors (indices of body shape) offer forms of variation independent of the general size. The principal component based regression models which were chosen for selecting animals for optimal balance accounted for 58 and 76% of the variation in the body weight for Large-white and Duroc respectively. The study concluded that the use of principal component analysis techniques tends to explore the interdependence in the original five parameters measured: head length, body length, body girth, ham length and ear length of Large-white and Duroc     L'étude explique objectivement la relation entre les traits morphologiques de deux races de porcs (gros blanc et de Duroc) à l'aide d'une analyse de composants principaux afin de déterminer la taille du corps des porcs de producteurs de deux races différentes en vue d'identifier les composants qui définissent le mieux la conformation corporelle. Poids corporel et cinq variables biométriques, nommément longueur de la tête, longueur du corps, circonférence du corps, longueur du jambon et longueur de l'oreille. Les statistiques descriptives ont montré que le poids corporel moyen de gros blanc était de 13,14 kg tandis que les mesures du corps étaient de 24,61 cm, 71,35 cm, 65,12 cm, 43,13 cm et 21,94 cm pour la longueur de la tête, la longueur du corps, la circonférence du corps, la longueur du jambon et la longueur de l'oreille respectivement à 5 - 24 semaines. Le poids corporel moyen de Duroc était de 12,87 kg tandis que les mesures du corps étaient de 23,70 cm, 57,93 cm, 47,93 cm, 22,90 cm, 19,26 cm pour la longueur de la tête, la longueur du corps, la circonférence du corps, la longueur du jambon et la longueur de l'oreille respectivement. Le coefficient de corrélation varie de 0,08 à 0,424 et de 0,01 à 0,402 pour les gros blancs et Duroc respectivement. L'association entre et étaient les plus élevées pour Duroc, la longueur du corps R = 0,402 et de gros blancs, la circonférence du corps 0,424. Deux composants ont été identifiés pour les gros blancs tandis que ceux de Duroc étaient trois composants. Les ratios de variance étaient respectivement de 53,55 et 71,07% pour les gros blancs et Duroc. Le premier facteur de chaque cas représentait le plus gros pourcentage de la variation totale et a été désigné la taille générale, les autres facteurs (indices de la forme du corps) offrent des formes de variation indépendantes de la taille générale. Les principaux modèles de régression basés sur les composants choisis pour sélectionner des animaux pour un solde optimal représentaient 58 et 76% de la variation du poids corporel pour les grands blancs et Duroc respectivement. L'étude a conclu que l'utilisation de techniques d'analyse des composants principaux a tendance à explorer l'interdépendance dans les cinq paramètres d'origines mesurées: longueur de la tête, longueur du corps, circonférence corporelle, longueur du jambon et longueur de l'oreille de grosse blanc et de Duroc

scholarly journals Body weight, body measurements and slaughter characteristics of Madura cattle raised in Pamekasan District, East Java Province, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
PENI WAHYU PRIHANDINI ◽  
DYAH MAHARANI ◽  
Sumadi Sumadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Meat Weight ◽  
Chest Girth ◽  
Female Cattle

Abstract. Prihandini PW, Maharani D, Sumadi. 2020. Body weight, body measurements, and slaughter characteristics of Madura cattle raised in Pamekasan District, East Java Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3415-3421.  This study was designed to analyze the body weight, body measurements and slaughter characteristics of Madura cattle raised in Pamekasan district, East Java province, Indonesia. A total of 2,373 records on live body weight and body measurements (body length, height at withers and chest girth), and 69 records on slaughter traits (slaughter, carcass, and meat weight, as well as carcass and meat percentage) from both sexes were used. Sampled animals were divided into three groups based on age (calf: 0- to10-month-old; young: 11- to 24-month-old; adult: >24-month-old). The data were analyzed using independent sample t-test to assess significant differences between sex groups and subjected to multiple linear regression analyses to obtain prediction equations of body weight from body measurements, carcass weight from slaughter weight, and meat weight from slaughter- and carcass-weight. Results showed that body weight, height at withers, and chest girth between male and female cattle in all age groups were significantly different (P<0.05). Male cattle showed higher slaughter weight, carcass weight and carcass percentage mean values than female cattle. Body measurements showed high correlation with body weight (r ≥0.80). Height at withers, body length, and chest girth represented good body measurements to predict body weight (R2 = from 0.65 to 0.83). Moreover, as observed, high correlations between slaughter weight and carcass- (r = 0.94; R2 = 0.89) and meat-weight (r = 0.99; R2 = 0.98) would imply that meat weight could be predicted accurately from slaughter- and carcass-weight.

scholarly journals Secular trends in body weight and length of children aged 0–2 years. Longitudinal study of five consecutive birth cohorts between 1964–2003 from Wrocław, Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-310
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Borysławski ◽  
Sławomir Kozieł
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
The Body ◽  
Material Research ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Secular Changes ◽  
Research Material

Abstract The aim of this work is to evaluate the intensity of possible secular trends among the five subsequent cohorts of Wrocław (Poland) children aged 0, 6, 12 and 24 months. This document describes secular changes in the body length, weight and the Rohrer’s index. Material: Research material represent the longitudinal studies of five consecutive birth cohorts. The first study involved children born during 1963-1965, and the last in 2003-2005. All of the studies were related to the same social group and were conducted using the same methodology. There are differences in the intensity and direction of the secular trends in children depending on their age. In both sexes the body length of newborns kept increasing until the end of the nineties and decreased in the last decade. The body weight did not change during the 40-year period. This suggests an important role of maternal regulator in fetal development and therefore no clear response to external environmental factors. Secular changes such as the body length and weight, which are the most adequate to the economic changes in Poland, were observed in children aged 6 and 12 months. It may be a result of their highest ecosensitivity during this period. However, there have not been any clear trends observed in the 24 months age group. This may be due to the increasing participation of genetic factors in the development of the child.

SECULAR CHANGES IN HEIGHT, BODY WEIGHT, BODY MASS INDEX AND PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT IN MALE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN KRAKOW, POLAND

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
ŁUKASZ KRYST ◽  
MAŁGORZATA KOWAL ◽  
AGNIESZKA WORONKOWICZ ◽  
JAN SOBIECKI ◽  
BARBARA ANNA CICHOCKA
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Body Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Secular Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Mean

SummaryThis study examined the secular changes in height, body weight, body mass index and pubertal development in male children and adolescents in Krakow (Poland) over the past 80 years, with an emphasis on the last decade (2000–2010). The survey of the population of Krakow is a continuation of observations conducted in that area for many years. The analysis aims to determine whether in the last decade Krakow still witnessed the secular trend, and what form the trend took. The body height and weight, and body mass index (BMI), of 1862 boys aged 3.5–18.5 years were analysed, against the background of a survey series from the years 1938 (N=1801), 1971 (N=2045), 1983 (N=3124) and 2000 (N=2328). The mean body height, in almost all age categories, was greater than in the past; however the final height over the last decade remained the same. The mean values of body weight and BMI increased, especially in the last decade. Also, an acceleration of puberty in boys was observed. The last 10 years saw an over 3-month decrease in the age of initial appearance of pubic hair in boys. In conclusion, the last decade saw cessation of the growing taller trend: maximum body height stabilized at approximately 179 cm, but weight and BMI increased. Also, a distinct acceleration of puberty was noticed. Lack of height increase, at the same time as weight gain and puberty acceleration, indicate a progressing developmental disharmony.

Some observations on ion and water balance in the puffin, Fratercula arctica

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryanne Robinson Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Salt Load ◽  
Fratercula Arctica ◽  
The Mean

The mean values for six adult puffins were hematocrit, 0.511 ± 0.007; plasma sodium, 160.7 ± 2.3, potassium, 3.1 ± 0.1, and chloride, 133.4 ± 1.9 meq/l.The cloacal fluid of one young laboratory-reared puffin was always hypotonic to the plasma in Na and Cl and never contained more than one-half the ingested Na, K, or Cl; contained less than 40% of the ingested water; and solid material was less than 10% of the total as determined by dry weight.In one salt load experiment (4.0 ml 1.0 N NaCl/3 92-gram adult) the salt glands proved very efficient, producing a secretion of 975 meq/l (maximum) Cl and eliminating 75% of the load in 20 min. The salt glands and kidneys are large, 0.1% and 1.8% of the body weight respectively.

Effect of High Plane of Nutrition on Blood Biochemical Profile and Onset of Puberty in Prepubertal HF X Kankrej Crossbred Heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
K K Hadiya ◽  
A J Dhami ◽  
D V Chaudhari ◽  
P M Lunagariya
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
The Body ◽  
Monthly Interval ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
The Mean

This study was initiated on 24 prepubertal Holstein x Kankrej crossbred heifers of nearly identical age (7-9 months) and body weight (130-140 kg) at University farm to evaluate the effect of high plane of nutrition on blood biochemical and minerals profile and the age at puberty. Twelve heifers were managed under routine farm feeding (control) and the rest 12 under ideal optimum feeding regime (treatment) that included extra 1 kg concentrate, 30 g min mix and ad-lib dry fodder. The body weight and ovarian ultrasonography together with blood sampling was carried out at monthly interval from 10 to 18 months of age to study the ovarian dynamics and blood biochemical changes. High plane of nutrition to growing heifers was beneficial in reducing the age of onset of puberty (by 2-3 months) compared to routine farm fed group. The mean plasma total protein and cholesterol concentrations showed a rising trend with significant variations from 10 to 16 months of age, where it got mostly stabilized indicating adult profile. The activity of enzymes GOT and GPT also rose gradually and significantly from 10 months till 14-15 months of age, and thereafter it remained more or less static till 18 months of age. The levels of both these enzymes were higher, with lower protein and cholesterol, in control than the treatment group from 15-16 months of age onwards. The mean plasma levels of both calcium and phosphorus increased gradually and significantly with advancing age till 16-17 months of age, with little higher values in supplemented than a control group. The plasma levels of zinc, iron, copper, and cobalt also showed rising trend with significant differences between 10th and 12th-14th months of age, and from 15th to 18th months of age the levels were statistically the same in all the groups with slightly higher values in the treatment group.

Respiratory Exchange and Body Size in the Aldabra Giant Tortoise

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. HUGHES ◽  
R. GAYMER ◽  
MARGARET MOORE ◽  
A. J. WOAKES
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
The Body ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Testudo Hermanni ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Good Agreement

1. The O2 consumption and CO2 release of nine giant tortoises Testudo gigantea (weight range 118 g-35·5 kg) were measured at a temperature of about 25·5°C. Four European tortoises Testudo hermanni (weight range 640 g-2·16 kg) were also used. The mean RQ values obtained were 1·01 for T. gigantea and 0·97 for T. hermanni. These values were not influenced by activity or size. 2. The data was analysed by plotting log/log regression lines relating body weight to O2 consumption. Both maximum and minimum metabolic rates recorded for each individual T. gigantea showed a negative correlation with body weight. For active rates the relation was O2 consumption = 140·8W0·97, whereas for inactive animals O2 consumption = 45·47W0·82. 3. The maximum rates were obtained from animals that were observed to be active in the respirometer and the minimum rates from animals that remained quiet throughout. The scope for activity increased with body size, being 82 ml/kg/h for animals of 100 g and 103 ml/kg/h for 100 kg animals. The corresponding ratio between maximum and minimum rates increases from about 2 to 6 for the same weight range. 4. Values for metabolic rate in T. hermanni seem to be rather lower than in T. gigantea. Analysis of the relative proportion of the shell and other organs indicates that the shell forms about 31% of the body weight in adult T. hermanni but only about 18% in T. gigantea of similar size. The shell is not appreciably heavier in adult T. gigantea (about 20%). 5. Data obtained for inactive animals is in good agreement with results of other workers using lizards and snakes. Previous evidence suggesting that chelonians show no reduction in metabolic rate with increasing size is not considered to conflict with data obtained in the present work.

scholarly journals Structural Organization of the Optic Lobe of Grey Breasted Helmeted Guinea Fowl (*Numida meleagris galeata*) at Pre-Hatch Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Wanmi Nathaniel ◽  
Onyeanusi I. Barth ◽  
Nzalak J. Oliver ◽  
Aluwong Tanang
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Numida Meleagris ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Immature Cells

<p class="jbls-body"><span lang="EN-GB">A total of one hundred and seventy-three fertilized eggs were used for morphometry, gross and histological studies. At day 4 of incubation, the mean body weight of the helmeted guinea fowl embryo was 0.6401 ± 0.0211 g. It was at day 10 of incubation that there was an increase in the whole body weight of the embryo to be 0.8650 ± 0.676 g. The whole brain weight indicated relative increased at day 4 as compared to that of the whole body weight. Graphically, there were steady increase in the body, brain and optic lobe weights. Histologically, cells and neurones that make up the optic lobe is probably as a result of the migration of immature cells from the ventricular neuroepithelium. </span></p>

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