scholarly journals Contamination of Omnivorous Freshwater Fish Species and Sediments by Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Poland

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Niewiadowska ◽  
Tomasz Kiljanek ◽  
Stanisław Semeniuk ◽  
Jan Żmudzki
Keyword(s):  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rutilus Rutilus ◽  
Fish Meat ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The occurrence and concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in 158 muscle samples of bream (Abramis brama) and roach (Rutilus rutilus), and 84 samples of sediments collected from 10 river and lake sampling sites in 2011 and 2012. The concentrations of DDTs (p,p’-DDT, o,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, and p,p’-DDD), HCH isomers (a-, ß-, and y-HCH), HCB, and PCBs (six indicator PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180) were determined using the capillary gas chromatography. The mean concentrations of DDTs in bream and roach were in the range of 11.2-654 and 4.5-121 ug/kg wet weight respectively, and PCBs were in the range of 1.3-75.9 and 1.1-112 ug/kg wet weight, respectively. Mean concentrations of DDTs and PCBs in sediments were 0.5-270 ug/kg dry weight and ⋋0.1-2.2 ug/kg dry weight respectively. The study showed clear spatial differences in the levels of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in fish and sediments from different aquatic ecosystems. The highest levels of contaminants were detected in fish and sediments from the Vistula River in vicinity of Cracow. The possible risk to the fish meat consumers and ecological risk were evaluated.

THE EFFECT OF INGESTED CHLORTETRACYCLINE ON SOME HYDROLASES AND ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN GROWING PIGS: II. PROTEASE, AMYLASE, AND GELLULASE ACTIVITY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND OF THE CECUM; WEIGHTS OF SMALL INTESTINE AND MUCOSA

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Vonk ◽  
L. W. McElroy ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Four treatments, involving differences in method of feeding and interval between last feed and slaughter, were employed in a study of the effect of dietary chlortetracycline on protease, amylase, and cellulase activity in the intestinal and cecal contents of 16 pairs of weanling pigs. Most consistent results were obtained with six pairs which were limited pair-fed except for the final feeding during which feed was available ad libitum for a 4-hour period ending 18 hours before slaughter. The mean total activities of all three hydrolases in the contents of the small intestines and of the ceca of the antibiotic-fed animals of these six pairs were significantly greater than in those of the control animals. Expressed as activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, significantly higher values for protease and amylase, but not for cellulase, were observed in the pigs that had received chlortetracycline. When the combined results obtained from all 16 pairs of the experimental animals were analyzed, the results showed that on a basis of activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, ingested chlortetracycline was associated with significant increases in amylase and cellulase but not in protease activity. Protease, amylase, and cellulase activities per gram dry matter of cecal contents were higher for pigs fed the antibiotic than for their controls. The mean wet weight of the empty small intestine and the mean dry weight of the mucosa scraped from the anterior 3-meter section of the small intestine were lower for the chlortetracycline-fed animals, but the differences were not statistically significant.

scholarly journals The effect of iron supplements on pregnancy in rats given a low-zinc diet

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Fairweather-Talt ◽  
Viv Payne ◽  
Christine M. Willians
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Iron Supplements ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean

1. Female Wistar rats were given an adequate-zinc (60 μg/g) or low-Zn (7 μg/g) diet for a minimum of 2 weeks and then mated. They were then either continued on the same diets (+Zn –Fe or –Zn –Fe) or given similar diets supplemented with four times the normal level of iron (+Zn + Fe or –Zn + Fe). The day before parturition they were killed and the fetuses removed and analysed.2. There were no differences in numbers of fetuses or the number of resorption sites. In the absence of Fe supplementation, the mean fetal wet weight was significantly less (P < 0.05) in the low-Zn group but there was no effect of Zn in the two Fe-supplemented groups. The addition of Fe significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the mean fetal wet weight in the adequate-Zn groups but had no effect in the low-Zn groups. There were no differences in fetal dry weight, fat, protein or DNA content. Both Fe-supplemented groups produced fetuses of higher Fe concentration (P < 0.01), and mothers with higher bone Fe-concentration (P < 0.01) compared with the non-supplemented groups. The low-Zn groups produced fetuses of lower Zn concentration (P < 0,001) than the adequate-Zn groups but there was no effect on maternal bone Zn concentration.3. It was concluded that Fe-supplements did not adversely affect fetal growth from mothers given a low-Zn diet, but the addition of Zn to the unsupplemented diet increased fetal wet weight. These findings were not accompanied by any other differences in fetal composition or dry weight, and do not therefore lend support to the suggestion of an Fe-Zn interaction.

scholarly journals Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Game Animals from Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Niewiadowska ◽  
Tomasz Kiljanek ◽  
Stanisław Semeniuk ◽  
Jan Żmudzki
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Industrial Regions ◽  
Game Animals

Abstract The occurrence and concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in 141 adipose tissue samples of wild boars, roe deer, and red deer from different regions of the country, collected in 2010/2011. The determinations of HCH isomers (α-, β-, and γ-HCH), HCB, DDTs (p,p’-DDT, o,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, and p,p’-DDD), and PCBs (six indicator PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) were carried out using the capillary gas chromatography. The mean concentrations of DDTs expressed on the fat basis ranged from 0.241 mg/kg (wild boar) to 0.032 mg/kg (red deer), and for PCBs from 0.015 mg/kg (wild boar) to 0.010 mg/kg (roe deer). The mean contribution of p,p’-DDE to DDTs and PCB 153, PCB 138, and PCB 180 to PCBs exceeded 80% and 90% respectively, in all game animal samples studied. Higher contents of chlorinated hydrocarbons were detected in game animals originating from industrial regions.

Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Commercial Fish from the Great Lakes

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Harvey Newsome ◽  
Paul Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticide ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Commercial Operation ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Contaminated Area

Abstract Fillets from 11 species of commercial fish from the Great Lakes were analyzed for residues of 39 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 24 other organochlorine compounds. Eel and trout contained the highest amount of PCB (753 and 633 ppb wet weight, respectively) and other organochlorines (607 and 1404 ppb, respectively); perch and carp contained the lowest residues. The pentaand hexachlorinated PCBs were the major congeners in all species except whitefish, in which the tetrachlorinated congeners predominated. Toxaphene was the most abundant organochlorine pesticide in trout; p,p′ -DDE was the major component of this class in eel. Residue concentrations in commercial carp were compared with residues present in carp from a fishery closed to commercial operation. Although both PCB and organochlorine pesticide levels in carp were among the lowest for all commercial fish samples, levels from the contaminated area were among the highest.

scholarly journals Area, depth and elevation of cryoconite holes in the Arctic do not influence Tardigrada densities

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Zawierucha ◽  
Tobias R. Vonnahme ◽  
Miloslav Devetter ◽  
Małgorzata Kolicka ◽  
Marta Ostrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Rapid Melting ◽  
Sediment Mixing ◽  
The World ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Water Bears

Abstract Water bears (Tardigrada) are known as one of the most extremophile animals in the world. They inhabit environments from the deepest parts of the oceans up to the highest mountains. One of the most extreme and still poorly studied habitats which tardigrades inhabit are cryoconite holes. We analysed the relation between area, depth, elevation and tardigrades densities in cryoconite holes on four glaciers on Spitsbergen. The mean (±SD) of cryoconite area was 1287.21±2400.8 cm2, while the depth was on average 10.8±11.2 cm, the elevation 172.6±109.66 m a.s.l., and tardigrade density 24.9±33.0 individuals per gram of wet material (n = 38). The densities of tardigrades on Hans Glacier reached values of up to 168 ind. cm3, 104 ind. g−1 wet weight, and 275 ind. g−1 dry weight. The densities of tardigrades of the three glaciers in Billefjorden were up to 82 ind. cm2, 326 ind. g−1 wet weight and 624 ind. g−1 dry weight. Surprisingly, although the model included area, depth and elevation as independent variables, it cannot explain Tardigrada density in cryoconite holes. We propose that due to the rapid melting of the glacier surface in the Arctic, the constant flushing of cryoconite sediments, and inter-hole water-sediment mixing, the functioning of these ecosystems is disrupted. We conclude that cryoconite holes are dynamic ecosystems for microinvertebrates in the Arctic.

scholarly journals Numbers and biomass of soil invertebrates in a reserved field in central Finland

1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Törmälä
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Invertebrates ◽  
Soil Invertebrate ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Invertebrate Community ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Individual Size ◽  
Diptera Larvae

The numbers and biomasses of soil invertebrates were investigated in a reserved field in central Finland. Samples were taken monthly from June to September. Five methods were employed to extract the animals from the soil samples. The animals were counted, measured and their dry biomasses were estimated by body length/weight regressions and dry weight/wet weight ratios derived from the literature. In July the total biomass of the soil invertebrate community (excluding Protozoa, Tardigrada and Rotatoria) was about 9.6 g dry weight m-2. The most dominant groups were Lumricidae (73.1 %), Enchytraeidae (5,7 %), Oribatei (5.0 %), and Nematoda (4.4 %). In September the biomass of Diptera larvae was high (1.0 g dw m-2). In numbers nematodes were superior (maximum 12 million m-2) to other groups. Oribatei, Mesostigmata and Collembola were more concentrated to the soil surface than other Acari, Enchytraeidae and Nematoda. The mean individual size decreased with depth in all of the studied groups.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals in Muscle Tissue of Pterois volitans from the Veracruz Reef System National Park, Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Montoya-Mendoza ◽  
Alarcón-Reyes ◽  
Castañeda-Chávez ◽  
Lango-Reynoso ◽  
Zamudio-Alemán
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Microwave Digestion ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Pterois Volitans ◽  
Reef System ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) were measured in the muscle of 30 specimens of Pterois volitans, captured on April 2018, in the Veracruz Reef System National Park (VRSNP), Veracruz, Mexico. Concentrations, in the samples, were quantified with atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), after microwave digestion. Results of the mean concentration, in descending order were V = 7.3 ± 0.7; Pb = 0.66 ± 0.07; Zn = 0.43 ± 0.14; and Cd = 0.03 ± 0.01 mg kg−¹ dry weight. These values did not exceeded limits established in the Mexican National Standard (NOM-242-SSA1-2009), of Cd and Pb (0.5 mg kg–¹) wet weight. This means that consumption of lionfish from this site does not pose a potential risk for human health.

Concentration and Distribution of PCB Congeners in Isolated Ontario Lakes Contaminated by Atmospheric Deposition

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Macdonald ◽  
C. D. Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Golden Shiner ◽  
Wet Weight

The concentration of 19 PCB congeners was analysed in biota, sediments, water, and suspended solids in four central Ontario lakes in which atmospheric deposition was the major source of PCB contamination. Input from the atmosphere resulted in total congener concentrations of 1–2 ng∙L−1 dissolved in water, 10–50 μg∙kg−1 (dry weight} in sediment, 5–10 μg∙kg−1 (wet weight) in biota from lower trophic levels (i.e. zooplankton, golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas)), and 10–30 μg∙kg−1 (wet weight) in fish from upper trophic levels (yellow perch (Perca fiavescens), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui)). The dominant PCB congeners in the lakes were the trichlorobiphenyl congeners 31(28} and the hexachlorobiphenyl congeners 153 and 138, consistent with congener distributions reported for vapour- and particulate-bound PCBs in the atmosphere. Discriminant analysis indicated slight differences in congener patterns between the study lakes, but the general pattern for isolated lakes was substantially different from point-source contaminated lakes, primarily due to the high proportion of congeners 31(28). There was no significant difference in the total PCB concentrations in biota (lipid basis) between lakes, but within the lakes, total PCB concentrations were significantly higher in yellow perch than in biota from lower trophic levels.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF THE INVASIVE CUSCUTA CAMPESTRIS ON VEGETATIVE COVER AND PLANT BIODIVERSITY IN HOMA- BAY COUNTY

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Orwah Akoth ◽  
Okeyo Owuor ◽  
D Nyamai
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Biodiversity ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cuscuta Campestris ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: This research paper focused on the impact of Cuscuta campestris on vegetative cover and plant biodiversity in Homa-Bay County. The specific objective was to investigate the impact on plant growth and development with indicator as photosynthetic capacity of preferred host plants and chlorophyll content and leaf weight as the parameters. Methodology: The study was conducted in hot-spot areas of invasion, Rachuonyo North, Homa Bay town and Suba North using Completely Randomized Experimental Block Design. The data was collected through field observation and laboratory analysis. The study used descriptive and correlation data analysis procedures to show the impact on photosynthetic capacity, ANOVA to determine statistical significant difference among the obtained results for each parameter of the infected and uninfected samples. Variance analysis were conducted using SPSS 20 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA) and differences between means tested by ANOVA. Values of P ≤ 0.05 were considered significantly different. Findings: The results showed that the invasion was more intense in Theveta peruvinia and Euphorbia tirucalli species. Mean leaf amounts of chlorophyll were observed to decline with chlorophyll a from 3.97 to 1.59 mg/g and chlorophyll b from 2.65 to 1.18 mg/g and total chlorophyll value from 6.62 to 2.76 mg/g on infection resulting to reduced photosynthetic efficiency and low organic material formation. Leaf wet and dry weight significantly decreased in both infected varieties. The mean wet weight of 17.61g in infected was significantly different, F (1, 4) = 235.74, p< .05, from the mean wet weight of 24.23g in the uninfected Yellow Oleander while the mean dry weight of 5.55g in infected was significantly different, F (1, 4) = 159.72, p< .05, from mean dry weight of 7.87g in uninfected Yellow Oleander. Similarly, significant difference, F (1, 4) = 714.64, p< .05, was observed in Calliandra calothyrsus variety. These demonstrated how C. campestris is detrimental causing ecological impacts with direct effects on plant biodiversity by reducing growth and development of infected host plant and even leading to death. Unique Contributions to Theory, Practice and Policy: The paper recommends intense sensitization of the community on the impacts of dodder from the findings for an enhanced understanding and need for management and control. The findings to be disseminated through workshops involving farmers, NGOs and community based organisations, academic conferences and publications to help create awareness on the impacts and mobilize the entire public on management and possible total eradication. Further research to investigate on nutrients of attraction in the preferred host plants with an aim of permanent solution for total eradication in order to restore the vegetative cover and plant biodiversity.

Some influences of population density on Hymenolepis diminuta in rats

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Aage Hesselberg ◽  
Jørn Andreassen
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lower Recovery

When measured 56 days postinfection the length, wet weight and dry-weight of Hymenolepis diminuta were all found to decrease with increasing number of cysticercoids given up to 20. The mean position of the worms in 10, 12 and 20 worm infections is significantly posterior to that of 1, 2 and 5 worm infections and the worms are attached over a wider area of the intestine.Egg production by the worms was followed up to day 56 postinfection; the number of eggs produced per worm and even per rat decreased with increasing population density. Thus the best way to get most eggs and to maintain the parasite in the laboratory is to have rats infected with only one tapeworm.Rats given 1–20 cysticercoids showed a mean recovery of 100–65%, while rats given 40–200 cysticercoids showed a mean recovery ranging from 13 to 2%. In addition to ‘normal’ worms, defined as worms > 10 mm, small, most probably destrobilated, worms were found. In the 50 and 100 cysticercoid infections, worm recoveries were, respectively, 8% ‘normal’, 16% small, and 2% ‘normal’, 5% small. From the significantly lower recovery from heavy infections it is concluded that a deleterious factor is operating during the 8 weeks after the infection.

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