scholarly journals Correlations between Main Tobacco Components and Smoke Condensate Yields / Beziehungen zwischen den Hauptbestandteilen des Cigarettentabaks und den Rauchkondensaten

1965 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Binopoulos ◽  
G. Kavazis ◽  
A. G. Sficas
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Resin Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Reducing Substances ◽  
Smoke Yield

AbstractCigarettes with similar parameters were made from various tobaccos of definite types and sources. These were chemically defined according to nicotine, total reducing substances, soluble carbohydrates, polyphenols, total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, total ash, ethanol extractible substances, resins, ''wax'', and raw fiber. The smoke condensate was also determined. The following results were obtained from 17 different kinds of tobacco:1. A positive correlation between the resin content in the leaf and smoke condensate yield. Calculations gave a coefficient of correlation (r) of 0.69 (statistical significant (99 %)).2.The same positive correlation, with a coefficient of correlation of 0.63 (statistical significant (99 %)), was found in relation to the nicotine content of the leaf.3. Other substances determined in the leaf do not seem to be tied to smoke condensate yield.4. The same conclusions are valid when the smoke yield is measured in tars soluble in chloroform

Effects of nitrogen fertilizers on total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and soluble carbohydrate contents of grass

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Z. Nowakowski
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrate N

Italian rye-grass given ammonium sulphate or sodium nitrate at 56 or 112 lb. N/acre was analysed for total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen (non-protein-nitrogen) and soluble carbohydrates.Ten days after applying fertilizer the differences in total-N between the grass receiving 56 and grass receiving 112 lb. N/acre were very small. Total-N in grass decreased with growth, but the effect of the rate of nitrogen on total-N increased. At first the grass given sodium nitrate contained more soluble nitrogen than grass given ammonium sulphate, the difference being greater at 56 lb. N/acre; soluble nitrogen decreased with increasing growth. Ten days after applying fertilizer, the nitrate-N content of grass was very high (ranging from 0·1 to 0·9% in the D.M.) and it gradually decreased. At both levels of nitrogen application, grass given sodium nitrate contained much more nitrate-N than grass given ammonium sulphate. Forty days after applying nitrogen the nitrate-N contents of grass which received 56 and 112 1b. N/acre as ammonium sulphate were 0·039 and 0·222% of the dry matter, respectively; the grass supplied with sodium nitrate gave values of 0·082 and 0·438%.Total soluble carbohydrates in the grass were small early in growth and gradually increased. Nitrogen dressings had little effect on the content of soluble sugars (glucose + fructose + sucrose) but greatly decreased the fructosan. The pattern of changes in the total soluble carbohydrate content followed that in fructosan content. Early in growth, the total soluble carbohydrate/crude protein ratio was very small in grass from all treatments except the ‘control’. This ratio increased with growth and at the last sampling was 2·13 in grass receiving no nitrogen, and in grass supplied with 56 and 112 lb. N/acre as ammonium sulphate it was 1·44 and 0·72 respectively; the corresponding figures for grass receiving sodium nitrate were 1·13 and 0·66. The total soluble carbohydrate carbon/soluble nitrogen ratio in grass with no nitrogen was 18 at the first sampling and it increased gradually, reaching 70 at the last sampling. This ratio was considerably less with all nitrogen treatments than with ‘control’. The values obtained with 112 lb. N/acre were less than those obtained with 561b./acre, irrespective of the form of nitrogen used.The relationship between the soluble carbohydrate carbon content and the soluble nitrogen in grass is illustrated graphically and discussed.

Growth and chemical composition of white clover as affected by sulphur supply

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 500 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
Four Levels

Plants of white clover (Trifolium repens L. var. Ladino) were grown in sand culture with four levels of sulphur supply. Growth increased with increasing sulphur supply, all plants except those at the highest sulphur level showing deficiency symptoms. As the severity of the deficiency increased, the root system formed a proportionately larger part of the plant, and the stems and petioles smaller proportions; the proportion of the whole plant formed by the laminae was reduced to only a slight extent. Nitrogen and sulphur fractions were examined in the laminae, nitrogen at each of three harvests and sulphur at the second harvest. The percentages of protein nitrogen and of total nitrogen increased as sulphur supply increased, protein nitrogen forming a greater proportion of the total nitrogen at the higher sulphur levels. In contrast, protein sulphur formed the bulk of the total sulphur in deficient plants, but as sulphur supply approached an adequate level for growth, there was a marked increase in non-protein organic sulphur and a smaller increase in sulphate sulphur. In this respect, white clover appears to differ from legumes other than Trifolium spp. and from non-legumes, all of which accumulate sulphur mainly as sulphate.

Relationship Between Grain Nitrogen, Non-Protein Nitrogen and Nucleic Acids During Wheat Grain Development

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Grain Nitrogen

Eight wheat varieties which normally produce grain of different final percentage nitrogen content were grown under field and glasshouse conditions. The final percentage grain nitrogen of the field grown varieties ranked in the expected order; however, total nitrogen/grain, DNAIgrain, RNA/grain and non-protein nitrogen/grain during grain development differed between varieties. DNA/grain reached a maximum value in all varieties between 21 and 28 days post- anthesis, suggesting a longer period of cell division than previously reported. There was no apparent relationship between final percentage grain nitrogen and either DNA, total grain RNA or the concentration of grain amino acids during development. Heads from glasshouse grown wheat were detached at 8 days postanthesis and grown in liquid culture under conditions where the nitrogen concentration of the culture medium was varied. Fresh weight/grain, DNA/grain, RNA/grain and total grain nitrogen all increased with increasing nitrogen concentration in the culture medium, but grain dry weight remained constant at the different nitrogen concentrations. The changes in fresh weight/grain, DNA/grain and RNA/grain were not the same for all varieties. A possible relationship between total grain nitrogen and DNA/grain and RNA/grain during seed development exists for heads grown in culture for individual varieties. This apparent relationship for individual varieties cannot be used to explain intervarietal differences in total grain nitrogen because in some cases different varieties grown under identical culture conditions, although producing grain of equivalent total nitrogen, had widely differing levels of both DNA and RNA per grain.

Direct and Indirect Determination of True Protein Content of Milk by Kjeldahl Analysis: Collaborative Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Barbano ◽  
Joanna M Lynch ◽  
J Richard Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Total Nitrogen Content ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Determination ◽  
True Protein

Abstract Currently, the reference procedure for determination of the "protein" content of milk is based on measurement of the total nitrogen content of milk by the Kjeldahl method (AOAC method, 920.105). About 6% of the total nitrogen content of milk Is nonprotein nitrogen. Therefore, total nitrogen multiplied by the conversion factor 6.38 overestimates the true protein content of milk on average by about 6%. In the present study, new direct and Indirect methods were developed for measurement of the true protein content of whole milk by Kjeldahl nitrogen determination. Both new methods are sample preparation procedures used to fractionate the nitrogen-containing compounds In milk prior to measurement of the nitrogen content of these fractions by Kjeldahl analysis. The collaborative study consisted of 9 pairs of blind duplicate milk samples that were analyzed for total nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, and protein nitrogen by each of 10 laboratories. Both methods for true protein measurement (direct and Indirect) gave acceptable statistical performance characteristics and good agreement between methods. The new direct method requires about half the laboratory analysis work of the indirect method (i.e., total minus nonprotein nitrogen). The methods have been adopted official first action by AOAC as (1) a new method for nonprotein nitrogen determination in milk, (2) a new method (direct) for determination of protein nitrogen content of milk, and {3) an alternative method (indirect) for determination of protein nitrogen content of milk.

Variation of Total Nitrogen, Non-protein Nitrogen Content, and Types of Alkaloids at Different Stages of Development inErythrina americanaSeeds†

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 2987-2991 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. García-Mateos ◽  
B. Lucas ◽  
M. Zendejas ◽  
M. Soto-Hernández ◽  
M. Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Protein Nitrogen

Note. Effect of brining time on proteolytic changes in Idiazábal cheese during ripening / Nota. Cambios proteolíticos durante la maduración del queso Idiazábal por efecto del tiempo en salmuera

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.C. Ibáñez ◽  
A.I. Ordóñez ◽  
M.S. Vicente ◽  
M.I. Torres ◽  
Y. Barcina
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Protein Nitrogen

Idiazábal cheeses were made employing brining times of 12 h (batch A) and 36 h (batch B). Proteolytic changes in both batches were examined over 270 d of ripening; proteolysis was low in both batches, but lower in batch B than in batch A. Electrophoretic analysis revealed incom plete breakdown of αs and β-caseins at the end of the ripening period, particularly in batch B. The proportion of soluble nitrogen as a percentage of total nitrogen was 17.55% in batch B and 19.48% in batch A, while the proportion of non-protein nitrogen was 11.78% in batch B and 15.16% in batch A. The proportion of non-protein nitrogen as a percentage of soluble nitrogen was 67.17% in batch B and 77.88% in batch A. The free amino acids, the smallest non-protein nitrogen frac tion, attained values of 1203 mg/100 g of dry matter in batch B and 1902 mg/100 g of dry matter in batch A. After 60 d of ripening, the main free amino acids were glutamic acid, valine, leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine in both batches, although levels were higher in the batch with the shorter brining time. There was no clear trend in the non-protein-forming amino acids with either ripening time or brining time.

scholarly journals PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Claude
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Reducing Substances ◽  
Active Residue ◽  
Combined Methods

The fractionation of active chicken tumor extracts has been continued. 1. By a rapid method of dialysis the diffusible fraction of the treated extract, representing about 75 per cent of the solids, has been eliminated without reducing the tumor-producing activity. 2. Combined methods of fractionation have resulted in the elimination of as much as 95 per cent of the total solids of the extract as inactive constituents. Since there was some concomitant enhancement of the activity of the agent the results were equivalent to a 25-fold concentration of it in terms of dry weight. 3. The chemical content of the undiffusible fraction has been determined in terms of total nitrogen, reducing substances, sulfur, phosphorus, and lipoids. 4. The evidence points to a protein and a phospholipoid as the principal constituents of the active residue. Further fractionation is being attempted with a view to connecting the tumor-producing activity with one of its remaining constituents.

Studies on the muscles of meat animals I. Differences in composition of beef longissimus dorsi muscles determined by age and anatomical location

1961 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Lawrie
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Number ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Buffering Power ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
The Mean

1. The longissimus dorsi muscles of cattle have been analysed for moisture, intramuscular fat (and its iodine number), nitrogen (total, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic, soluble non-protein and stroma), myoglobin, total soluble phosphorus and ash; ultimate pH and buffering power were also determined.2. At birth, in the region of the 4th, 5th and 6th lumbar vertebrae, total, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic and soluble non-protein nitrogens have attained 87, 76, 71 and 25% of their mean adult values, respectively; the concentration of stroma nitrogen diminishes by 50%, between birth and maturity.3. The mean adult values (fat-free basis) for sarcoplasmic (0·9%) and myofibrillar (1·9%) protein nitrogen, for total nitrogen (3·6%) and for moisture (76·8%) are atained at approximately 5 months, 7–10 months and 18 months of age, respectively; moisture on a whole tissue basis decreases fairly regularly as intramuscular fat increases.

scholarly journals Correlation of Students’ Reading Comprehension and Geometry Thinking Levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Ursulasari ◽  
Susanto ◽  
Sunardi ◽  
Nahrowi
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Science Class ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Coefficient Of Correlation ◽  
Van Hiele ◽  
Thinking Ability ◽  
Comprehension Ability ◽  
Math Problems ◽  
Reading Comprehension Ability

In Mathematic, student’s reading comprehension ability can be seen in their ability to change contextual Math problems into Math models. The ability of student changing a text which contain Math problems into Math models must have connection with their ability in understanding geometry problems. Considering that rigor level, the highest level of geometry thinking ability, a deep understanding and high rigor for student to understand the text. There must be a correlation between students’ reading comprehension ability and geometry thinking levels. The subjects of this research are 31 students of 10th grade in science class. They were given van Hiele Test to check their geometry thinking levels. The result of this research shows that the result of students’ thinking level test and reading comprehension test has 0.466 as coefficient of correlation which means that there is a positive correlation between both abilities, the correlation is not strong.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE NITROGEN FRACTIONS IN MILK OF BUNAJI (WHITE FULANI) CATTLE IN A HOT AND HUMID ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
J. A. ADENEYE
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fractions ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
White Fulani ◽  
Negative Relationships

One hundred milliliters of milk produced in the first 150 days of lactation of 24. Bunaji (White Fulani) cattle in Ibadan contained an average of 703, 659, 44, 557, 146, 21, 27 and 54 mg total nitrogen (TN), protein nitrogen (PN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), casein nitrogen (CN), non-casein nitrogen NCN), proteoses-peptone nitrogen (PPN), lactoglobulin nitrogen (LGN) and lactalbumin nitrogen (LAN) respectively. CN, NCN, PN, NPN, PPN, LGN and LAN accounted for 79.2, 20.8, 93.7, 63, 3.1, 3.9 and 7.6% of TN respectively. CN constituted 833% of PN while one-third of NCN consisted of P PN and LGN. The most abundant component of NCN was LAN which occurred twice as high as LGN. The influence of stage of lactation was significant (P < 0.05) on TN, more remarkable on PN and CN but not significant (P >005) on NCN, NPN, PPN, LGN and LAN, Only TN and CN were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated (r 0.989). The positive or negative relationships between the other nitrogen fractions were trivial.

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