Comparison of Types and Size of Biomass on Pirolysis Combustion Toward The Results of Bio-Charcoal and Liquid Smoke

Biomass is a renewable carbon source and can be processed into gas fuels, liquid and solid fuels. Biomass has several types with different grain sizes. Biomass can be converted to other forms of energy by combustion pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic matter through a heating process at high temperatures with little or no oxygen. The results of the pyrolysis process in the form of bio-charcoal and liquid smoke. The purpose of this research was to determine the comparison of types and sizes of biomass in pyrolysis combustion with characteristics of bio-charcoal and liquid smoke. This research method uses rubber shell biomass waste, green coconut husk and rice husk. Biomass is burned by slow pyrolysis in the reactor with biomass fuel. Combustion in reactors and pitot tubes containing biomass. Measured temperature, time, amount of biomass, bio-charcoal and liquid smoke and the heating value of bio-charcoal. The research results obtained the heating value of rubber shell bio-charcoal at 6661.55 cal / gr, bio-charcoal yield of 2.3 kg, liquid smoke yield of 0.242 kg, green coconut husk biomass heating value amounted to 5388.56 cal/gr, the yield of 1.8 kg of bio-charcoal, the result of liquid smoke of 0.308 kg. and rice husk biomass obtained the heating value of 3626.48 cal/gr with a bio-charcoal yield of 1.3 kg resulting from liquid smoke of 0.284 kg. Keywords: Combustion, Pyrolysis, Liquid Smoke, Charcoal, Biomass

Measurements of Optical Properties of Smoke Particulates Produced from Burning Polymers and Their Implications

A series of cone calorimetry experiments and simultaneous gravimetric sampling and light extinction (GSLE) measurements were performed to determine the optical properties (light obscuration and extinction characteristics) of smoke particulates produced from burning polymers. The polymer selected in the present study was acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene (ABS), which has a moderate smoke yield during combustion, and unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC), which has a lower smoke yield than ABS. The experiments show that the measured light obscuration for UPVC smoke particles is much lower than that for ABS smoke particles because of the low rate of smoke production during combustion. Results from the simultaneous GSLE measurements demonstrate more clearly that UPVC smoke particles represent a lower efficiency of light obscuration on a per-unit smoke mass basis, resulting in a 41.3% reduction in a mass specific extinction coefficient compared to the ABS smoke particles. Numerical analysis was performed to further elucidate the effect of optical properties on the smoke behavior using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) (Version 6.7.1, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA). The numerical results clearly demonstrated that the UPVC combustion, with its relatively low heat release rate and mass specific extinction coefficient, caused a significant delay in detecting a fire with a smoke detector compared to ABS combustion.

Comparison of the Yield of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes to the Top 100 United States Brand Styles

SummaryThe objective of this work was to compare the nicotine content and yield of new very low nicotine content cigarettes (VLN™) to the top 100 cigarette brand styles in the United States. Nicotine in tobacco filler and nicotine in smoke were measured. On a dry weight basis, VLN™ cigarettes averaged 0.5 mg of nicotine/g tobacco as compared to 19.4 for the top 100 brand styles in the United States. On a cigarette basis, VLN™ cigarettes contained 0.27 mg of nicotine compared to 12 mg for the top brands. On an ISO smoke yield basis, VLN™ produced 0.03 mg nicotine/cig compared to 0.903 mg nicotine/cig for the leading brands. VLN™ cigarettes contained > 95% less nicotine on a per gram basis of tobacco or per cigarette basis than the top 100 brand styles in the U.S. VLN™ cigarettes yielded > 95% less nicotine in smoke than the top brand styles in the United States.

Karakteristik Asap Cair Batang Bambu Tabah (Gigantochloa nigrociliata BUSE-KURZ) yang Dipirolisis pada Suhu yang Berbeda

Asap cair merupakan asam cuka (vinegar) yang diperoleh dengan cara pirolisis seperti kayu, tempurung kelapa, cangkang kelapa sawit dan serabut kelapa yang kemudian diikuti dengan proses kondensasi dalam kondensor berpendingin air. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui rendemen dan karakteristik asap cair yang dihasilkan dari proses pirolisis batang bambu tabah dengan perlakuan suhu yang berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan batang bambu tabah yang sudah dipotong dengan panjang 5 cm. Masing-masing perlakuan menggunakan 3 kg batang bambu tabah. Alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu, reaktor pirolisis berbentuk tabung dengan diameter 38 cm dan tinggi 50 cm. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan suhu pirolisis yang berbeda yaitu perlakuan suhu pirolisis 200oC, 300oC dan 400oC. Karakteristik asap cair yang diamati adalah pH, rendemen, total fenol, total asam dan densitas asap cair. Penelitian menunjukan bahwa perlakuan suhu pirolisis berpengaruh terhadap rendemen, total asam serta total fenol, namun suhu pirolisis tidak berpengaruh pada pH dan densitas asap cair. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa rendemen asap cair tertinggi sebesar 46,11% pada pirolisis suhu 400oC namun total asamnya paling rendah dibandingkan dengan pirolisis pada suhu 200oC yang total asamnya mencapai 13,774% sedangkan untuk total fenol tertinggi terdapat pada suhu pirolisis 300oC sebesar 24,19 mg/L. Liquid smoke is an acetic acid (vinegar) which is obtained by pyrolysis of such as wood, coconut shell, palm shells and coconut fibers which are then followed by a condensation process in a water-cooled-condenser. The purpose of this study is to determine yield and characteristics of the liquid smoke produced from the pyrolysis of "Tabah" bamboo stems with different temperature treatments. This study uses "Tabah" bamboo stems that have been cut into 5 cm length. The treatment used 3 kg of "Tabah" bamboo sticks. A tubular pyrolysis reactor with 38 cm in diameter and height of 50 cm was used in this research. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 different pyrolysis temperature treatments, namely 200oC, 300oC and 400oC. The observed characteristics of liquid smoke were pH, yield, total phenol, total acid and liquid smoke density. Research shows that treatment of pyrolysis temperature affects total yield and total phenol, but has no effect on pH and density of liquid smoke. The highest liquid smoke yield (46.11%) was obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 400oC (12,354% total acid) but its total acid is lower than of 200oC which reached 13.774%. However the highest total phenol is producid at pyrolysis temperature of 300oC (24.19 mg /l).

Functional Porous Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Cellulose Acetate Composite Microspheres: Preparation, Characterization, and Application in the Effective Removal of HCN from Cigarette Smoke

To selectively reduce the yield of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the cigarette smoke, functional porous carboxymethyl cellulose/cellulose acetate (CMC/CA) composite microspheres were prepared via the double emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Cupric ions, which have a high complexing ability toward HCN, were introduced to the CMC/CA composite microspheres during the fabrication process via an in situ ion cross-link method. The microspheres were characterized using nitrogen adsorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microspheres have a predominantly macroporous structure indicating weak physisorption properties, but sufficient functional cupric ion groups to selectively adsorb HCN. With these CMC/CA microspheres as filter additives, the smoke yield of HCN could be reduced up to 50%, indicating the great potential of these microspheres as absorbents for removing HCN from cigarette smoke.

Updates of CORESTA Recommended Methods after Further Collaborative Studies Carried Out under Both ISO and Health Canada Intense Smoking Regimes

During 2012, three CORESTA Recommended Methods (CRMs) (1-3) were updated to include smoke yield and variability data under both ISO (4) and the Canadian Intense (CI) (5) smoking regimes. At that time, repeatability and reproducibility data under the CI regime on smoke analytes other than “tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide (6) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) (7) were not available in the public literature. The subsequent work involved the determination of the mainstream smoke yields of benzo[a]-pyrene, selected volatiles (benzene, toluene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrylonitrile), and selected carbonyls (acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, acrolein, acetone and 2-butanone) in ten cigarette products followed by statistical analyses according to the ISO protocol (8). This paper provides some additional perspective on the data variability under the ISO and CI smoking regimes not given in the CRMs.

Comparison of Smoke Yield Data Collected from Different Laboratories

In the context of increasing tobacco product regulations, more requirements are observed for the reporting of smoke constituent yield data and its variability e.g., US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The objective of this work was to evaluate the relevance of the short term standard deviation to describe the variability of measurements using the dataset of the CORESTA 2006 Joint Experiment which included a number of cigarette smoke constituents more recently identified by FDA for reporting. Their testing protocol required the analysis of Kentucky Reference cigarettes 2R4F and 1R5F performing five replicates run over consecutive days, repeated during three different time periods. This dataset provided access to different sources of smoke yield variability across measurements: short term and medium term within-laboratory variability and among-laboratory variability. For each reference cigarette, analysis of variance on one factor (laboratory) combined with the Newman-Keuls multiple range test was performed to compare data generated across laboratories. Results showed that the expression of yield variability as an individual standard deviation (describing repeatability) gives erroneous conclusions due to the major contribution of amonglaboratory variability not being taken into account. The different sources of variability can be taken into account in the comparison using the critical difference, as described in the ISO Standard 5725 part 6. This paper shows the importance of having i) the appropriate statistical methods to compare results from different laboratories in order to avoid erroneous conclusions, and ii) validated and standardized methods with known precision across laboratories. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the number of replicates had only a minor effect on product comparison on the basis of the critical difference as a function of repeatability and reproducibility of the methods.

The Ability of the FTC Method to Quantify Nicotine as a Function of Ammonia in Mainstream Smoke

Whether ammonia-forming ingredients added to tobacco and ammonia in smoke affect the ability of the Cambridge filter pad to trap nicotine in the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) method was examined. Three commercial cigarettes, two industry reference cigarettes, and four specially designed test cigarettes were used in this study to represent cigarettes with different construction and mainstream (MS) smoke yield characteristics. One of the commercial cigarettes, a US 1998 Marlboro Lights¯ King Size cigarette, was used as a control cigarette for the four experimental test cigarettes. The test cigarettes differed from the control cigarette as follows: first, a reduction in ammonia-forming ingredients added to the reconstituted tobaccos; second, no ammonia-forming ingredients added to the reconstituted tobacco; third, no ingredients at all added to the reconstituted tobaccos; and fourth, no ingredients at all added to the entire tobacco blend. An XAD-4 tube was placed downstream of the standard Cambridge filter pad in the FTC method to trap the gas-vapor phase nicotine for subsequent analysis. The Cambridge filter pad used in the FTC method was determined to provide greater than 99% trapping efficiency for MS smoke nicotine from cigarettes with widely different soluble ammonia levels in filler and MS smoke ammonia yields.