scholarly journals The Impact of Hindlimb Suspension on the Rat Eye: A Molecular and Histological Analysis of the Retina

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-103
Author(s):  
Corey A. Theriot ◽  
Patricia Chevez-Barrios ◽  
Thomas Loughlin ◽  
Afshin Beheshti ◽  
Nathaniel D. Mercaldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension ◽  
Fluid Shifts ◽  
Pigmented Epithelium ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tp53 Pathway

Abstract The Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS) is hypothesized to be associated with microgravity-induced fluid shifts. There is a need for an animal model of SANS to investigate its pathophysiology. We used the rat hindlimb suspension (HS) model to examine the relationship between the assumed cephalad fluid shifts, intraocular (IOP) pressure and the molecular responses in the retina to the prolonged change in body posture. Long evans rats were subjected to HS up to 90 days. Animals completing 90-day suspension were further studied for recovery periods up to 90 additional days in normal posture. With respect to baseline, the average IOP increase in HS animals and the rate of change varied by cohort. Transcriptomics evidence supported a response to HS in the rat retina that was affected by age and sex. Several molecular networks suggested stress imposed by HS affected the retinal vasculature, oxidative and inflammation status, pigmented epithelium and glia. The CSNK1A1-TP53 pathway was implicated in the response in all cohorts. Sex-specific genes were involved in cytoprotection and may explain sex-dependent vulnerabilities to certain eye diseases. These results support the hypothesis that changes in the biology of the retina subjected to simulated microgravity involve both the neural and vascular retina.

The impact of ticks on Bufo marinus from native habitats

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lampo ◽  
P. Bayliss
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Native Habitats

SUMMARYWe analysed the patterns of tick distribution on 2274 adult toads from Venezuela and Brazil, to explore whether these ectoparasites have any impact on the survival of Bufo marinus. A maximum-likelihood analysis showed that aggregation levels of ticks decreased significantly with the mean intensity of infection. This decline could be attributed to a density-dependent reduction of ticks within toads, density-dependent tick-induced toad mortality and/or density-dependent tick-induced changes in toad susceptibility. However, the relationship between the rate of change in tick loads and tick burdens from recaptured toads indicated that neither the loss of ticks within toads nor the toad susceptibility to further infection were dependent upon tick burdens. Therefore, we can indirectly infer that density-dependent tick-induced toad mortality is responsible for the observed decline in aggregation levels with tick age and burdens. On the other hand, a significant negative relationship between tick burdens and the size-specific weight of toads suggested that ticks may also have a significant impact on the patterns of weight deposition of adult toads. This evidence suggests that these ectoparasites may play an important role in regulating the densities of B. marinus in native habitats.

scholarly journals Building a modification of the SEIRD model of epidemic spread that takes into account the features of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-27
Author(s):  
Нина Игоревна Еремеева
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Epidemic Spread ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Статья посвящена построению математической модели SEIIRDm, учитывающей некоторые особенности распространения COVID-19. Представляемая модель построена на основе классической SEIRD-модели распространения эпидемий. В созданной модели, в отличие от базовой, учитывается то, что латентные носители COVID-19 являются в некоторой степени заразными, и что у существенного количества инфицированных болезнь протекает бессимптомно. В SEIIRDm-модели отражен тот факт, что выявленные больные изолируются (госпитализируются) и вероятность заражения от них резко уменьшается, а также, что карантинные меры имеют массовый характер, причем важна как степень их жесткости, так и момент введения. Кроме того, в статье обращается внимание на то, что зависимость между скоростью изменения относительного числа заболевших и относительным количеством заразных и восприимчивых может быть нелинейной, и этот факт отражен в построенной модели. Статья содержит примеры численного прогнозирования развития эпидемиологического процесса, а также моделирования влияния массовых карантинных мер, рассчитанные на основе созданной математической модели. The article is devoted to the construction of a mathematical model that takes into account some features of COVID-19 propagation. The presented model is based on the classic SEIRD epidemic distribution model. The created model, in contrast to the basic one, takes into account the fact that latent COVIND-19 carriers are somewhat contagious and that in a significant number of infected people, the disease is asymptomatic. The SEIIRDm model reflects the fact that identified patients are isolating (hospitalizing) and the probability of infection from them decreases sharply and also that the measures taken over the quarantine are massive moreover, both the degree of their rigidity and the moment of introduction are important. Besides, the article draws attention to the fact that the relationship between the rate of change in the relative number of cases and susceptible and the relative number of infected may be nonlinear, and this fact is reflected in the built model. The article provides examples of numerical forecasting of the development of the epidemiological process as well as modeling the impact of mass quarantine measures, calculated on the basis of the created mathematical model.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF INFLATION ON TAXES IN PAKISTAN: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF 2000-2010 PERIOD

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Qadir Patoli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Significance Test ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Stochastic Variable ◽  
Critical Position ◽  
Error Factor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose- Aim of this study is to examine the relationship between tax revenue and inflation in Pakistan. It is further measuring the rate of change in a stochastic variable of the taxes, i.e. direct, indirect, and total taxes, with a unit change in inflation in Pakistan with an assumption of other factors remaining constant. Methodology/sample- For this research secondary data for the period of 2000 - 2010 was used. The relationship among the variables is examined at annual effect of same period. The analysis is followed by some statistical tools like correlation, regression and significance test for error factor to test the hypothesis and infer some conclusion. Findings- Findings of the study suggest that inflation and taxes are positively correlated and any change in inflation cause taxes to increase in Pakistan. The inflation in the country explains the behavior of taxes positively, but less than 1. Practical implications-This study can guide the fiscal policy planners to look at this critical position of taxes which are inflation-oriented, rather production or investment oriented. This study also proposes the further study of the relationships of taxes with change in investments and production within the country and also for all fiscal variables in compliance to the change in inflation. Research limitations-The results are based on secondary data, so the reliability is subject to the accuracy of the source. It also encounters the impact of inflation on taxes, which is not only the factor, so the results are based on assumption that other factors are held constant.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Business: Making Cents of Coding Systems: Billing for Professional Services

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Dee Adams Nikjeh
Keyword(s):  
Professional Services ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Coding Systems ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Program Funding ◽  
Fee Schedule ◽  
Procedure Codes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Administrators and supervisors face daily challenges over issues such as program funding, service fees, correct coding procedures, and the ever-changing healthcare regulations. Receiving equitable reimbursement for speech-language pathology and audiology services necessitates an understanding of federal coding and reimbursement systems. This tutorial provides information pertaining to two major healthcare coding systems and explains the relationship of these systems to clinical documentation, the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule and equitable reimbursement. An explanation of coding edits and coding modifiers is provided for use in those occasional atypical situations when the standard use of procedural coding may not be appropriate. Also included in this tutorial is a brief discussion of the impact that the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (HR 6331 Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act [MIPPA], 2008) has had on the valuation of speech-language pathology procedure codes.

The Need to Belong and the Relationship Between Loneliness and Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freda-Marie Hartung ◽  
Britta Renner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Health State ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
First Year University ◽  
Perceived Social Isolation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Humans are social animals; consequently, a lack of social ties affects individuals’ health negatively. However, the desire to belong differs between individuals, raising the question of whether individual differences in the need to belong moderate the impact of perceived social isolation on health. In the present study, 77 first-year university students rated their loneliness and health every 6 weeks for 18 weeks. Individual differences in the need to belong were found to moderate the relationship between loneliness and current health state. Specifically, lonely students with a high need to belong reported more days of illness than those with a low need to belong. In contrast, the strength of the need to belong had no effect on students who did not feel lonely. Thus, people who have a strong need to belong appear to suffer from loneliness and become ill more often, whereas people with a weak need to belong appear to stand loneliness better and are comparatively healthy. The study implies that social isolation does not impact all individuals identically; instead, the fit between the social situation and an individual’s need appears to be crucial for an individual’s functioning.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

Assessing the Impact of Suicide Exclusion Periods on Life Insurance

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Yip ◽  
David Pitt ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Xueyuan Wu ◽  
Ray Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Insurance Policies ◽  
Suicidal Death ◽  
Insured Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insurance Data ◽  
The Relationship

Background: We study the impact of suicide-exclusion periods, common in life insurance policies in Australia, on suicide and accidental death rates for life-insured individuals. If a life-insured individual dies by suicide during the period of suicide exclusion, commonly 13 months, the sum insured is not paid. Aims: We examine whether a suicide-exclusion period affects the timing of suicides. We also analyze whether accidental deaths are more prevalent during the suicide-exclusion period as life-insured individuals disguise their death by suicide. We assess the relationship between the insured sum and suicidal death rates. Methods: Crude and age-standardized rates of suicide, accidental death, and overall death, split by duration since the insured first bought their insurance policy, were computed. Results: There were significantly fewer suicides and no significant spike in the number of accidental deaths in the exclusion period for Australian life insurance data. More suicides, however, were detected for the first 2 years after the exclusion period. Higher insured sums are associated with higher rates of suicide. Conclusions: Adverse selection in Australian life insurance is exacerbated by including a suicide-exclusion period. Extension of the suicide-exclusion period to 3 years may prevent some “insurance-induced” suicides – a rationale for this conclusion is given.

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