Security Perspectives in the Arctic Region: From Competition to Cooperation or Confrontation?

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Florian Răpan ◽  
Daniela Răpan ◽  
Ivona Stoica
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
New Space ◽  
The Arctic Region

AbstractIn the last decade, following the climate and environmental changes, the geopolitical and strategic importance of the Arctic Region has grown substantially. Global warming has rendered it more and more accessible from the economic, energetic, commercial and even touristic point of view, but on the other hand, this fact also represents a concern for some global, regional or state actors. Warming in the region has created a new space, important from the point of view natural resources, but a non-governed space, which a series of governments are willing to attribute to themselves. The situation tends to complicate because of territorial disputes, the activity and military presence in the Arctic region have grown, generating a more and more complex competition and rivalry, however this state does not necessarily suggest an imminent conflict. On the other hand, at present, the region does not have a security architecture generating a cooperation dynamics. The paper proposes a synthetic analysis and a prognosis on the possibilities of confrontation in the region, based on geopolitical, economic, military and non-military interests of the actors in the Arctic space in global context, using elements of PMESII matrix.

scholarly journals THE ARCTIC REGION, EUROPEAN UNION AND CLIMATE CHANGE, AS A GLOBAL THREAT TO SECURITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Mihaela BUŞE
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
European Union ◽  
International Security ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
The Arctic Region

  The Arctic region, on one hand, an area situated so far from the European Union and, on the other hand, an environment so hostile to life, is în the spotlight of the world's powers. The resources, so necessary for the nations, ‒ the riches în the depths of the soil and în the ocean ‒, the potential of tourism and the importance of shorter transport routes aroused the interest of some actors în the region. The European Union has developed a policy for the Arctic region. Are the European Union՚s concerns strictly related to security and the economy or is there a much wider horizon of goals to be achieved?   Keywords: The Arctic region; European Union; globalization; climate change; threat; international security.  

scholarly journals Permafrost Hydrology Research Domain: Process-Based Adjustment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikita Tananaev ◽  
Roman Teisserenc ◽  
Matvey Debolskiy
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Change ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Linguistic Relativity ◽  
Water Migration ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Research Domain ◽  
The Arctic Region

Permafrost hydrology is an emerging discipline, attracting increasing attention as the Arctic region is undergoing rapid change. However, the research domain of this discipline had never been explicitly formulated. Both 'permafrost' and 'hydrology' yield differing meanings across languages and scientific domains, hence 'permafrost hydrology' serves as an example of linguistic relativity. The differing views of permafrost as either an ecosystem class or a geographical region, and hydrology as a discipline concerned with either landscapes or generic water bodies, maintain a language-specific touch in the definition of permafrost hydrology. From this point of view, the English and Russian usage of this term is explained. A universal process-based definition is further proposed, developed on a specific process assemblage, including (i) water table dynamics caused by migration of an upper aquitard through freeze–thaw processes; (ii) water migration in soil matrix, driven by phase transitions in the active layer; (iii) transient water storage in solid state in the subsurface compartment. This definition is shown to fill the niche in existing vocabulary, and other definitions from northern hydrology field are revisited.

scholarly journals Norwway’s Arctic security policy: agenda of 2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Andrei Andreevich Kovalev
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Arctic Security ◽  
Arctic Policy ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Arctic Region

The goal of this article consists in comprehensive analysis of the domestic and foreign security policy of Norway in the regions of Norwegian Arctic and Northern Norway. This work explores the geographical peculiarities and economy of the regions; questions of international cooperation, impacting the domestic policy as a whole and Arctic policy in particular; Norway’s military interests and military presence of NATO and the United States in the region of Norwegian Arctic. Attention is given to the relations between Norway and Russia, since they influence the overall balance between countries in the Arctic region. The conducted analysis demonstrates that Arctic region is strategically important for Norway from the perspectives of both, domestic and foreign policy. Norway plans to pay attention to respect nation’s sovereignty, which is necessary for successful development of the region, its economy, security, and conducting scientific research in the Arctic. Norway’s Arctic policy is closely tied to relations with Russia and NATO member-states, and its further development on this vector can play a positive role for the entire global community. Carrying out dual policy with regards to Russia, Norway welcomes the strengthening of military presence of the NATO countries in the region.                                                          

Decadal carbon balance and its response to 2 degree warming among heterogenous Arctic landscapes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Kou ◽  
Tarmo Virtanen ◽  
Aleksi Räsänen ◽  
Sari Juutinen ◽  
Mika Aurela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Climate Feedbacks ◽  
Heterogeneous Landscapes ◽  
C Balance ◽  
Total Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
The Arctic Region

<p>The large amounts of carbon (C) stored in the Arctic region can strongly interact with the climate system through the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) under the unmitigated environmental changes. Currently, there are still large uncertainties in the C exchange and the subsequent C-climate feedbacks between the land and atmosphere across the Arctic region, to which the highly heterogeneous landscapes make a key contribution. However, our knowledge on the present and future ecosystem C balance jointly considering the exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> in the Arctic region with heterogeneous landscapes is still limited. In this study, a process-based biogeochemistry model was calibrated and validated using the empirical data on concurrently measured CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> exchange observed using eddy covariance, automatic and manual chamber methods and associated climate, soil and plant data derived from several heterogeneous landscapes in the Kaamanen region. With the validated model, decadal C balance during 2005-2018 and its response to 2 <sup>o</sup>C warming were evaluated for the constituent land cover types (LCTs). Our results showed that most LCTs were a sink for atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and a source of CH<sub>4</sub> during 2005-2018. Under the 2 <sup>o</sup>C warming scenario, most ecosystems continued to be CO<sub>2</sub> sinks and CH<sub>4</sub> sources. Moreover, the CO<sub>2</sub> budget in most LCTs did not change significantly as the two major fluxes of gross primary productivity (GPP) and total ecosystem respiration (TER) increased simultaneously thus maintaining similar rates of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in response to warming, while a significant increase in CH<sub>4</sub> emission from most LCTs was evident. Our results presented here provide us a better understanding and prediction of C dynamics and the inherent C-climate feedbacks in the Arctic region.</p>

scholarly journals On a supposed Resemblance between the Marine Faunas of the Arctic and Antarctic Regions

1899 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 311-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Other Hand

The view that a peculiar likeness exists between the northern and southern extra-tropical faunas, and particularly between those of the Arctic and Antarctic regions, was suggested by Théel in discussing the remarkable deep-sea group of the Elasipoda, whose discovery we owe to the Challenger Expedition. A somewhat similar view is hinted at or referred to more than once in other Reports of the same Expedition. It was afterwards stated in an ampler way by Pfeffer (Versuch über die Erdgeschichtliche Entwickelung der jetzigen Verbreitungsverhältnisse unserer Thierwelt, 1891), and has of late been dealt with in great detail, and in relation to the antecedent causes that might have led to such a phenomenon, by Sir John Murray. On the other hand, Dr Ortmann, considering the hypothesis from the point of view of our knowledge of the distribution of Crustacea, has rejected it entirely (“Uber Bipolarität in der Verbreitung mariner Thiere,” Zool. Jahrb., 1896; cf. also “Marine Organismen und ihre Existenzbedingungen,” ib., 1897), and Dr Chun, dealing with the pelagic fauna (“Die Beziehungen zwischen dem arktischen und antarktischen Plankton,” Stuttgart, 1897), while showing how in truth a certain small number of forms are common to far northern and far southern seas, holds that the facts are sufficiently accounted for by the continuous distribution or gradual intermixture of forms in the depths of the intervening oceans under present conditions, without our needing to have recourse to an explanation of the phenomenon in the different conditions of a former age.

scholarly journals Nienna chukotka sp. nov. (Protura, Acerentomidae, Nipponentominae) from the Arctic region, with a key to species of the genus

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 899 ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Shrubovych
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Northern China ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Arctic Circle ◽  
A New Species ◽  
The Arctic Region

A new species of Nienna was collected in the most northern part of the Palearctic, inside the Arctic Circle. In possessing seta Pc on tergite VII and sternites VI–VII and a very long foretarsal sensillum a, Nienna chukotkasp. nov. is more similar to Alaskaentomon species than to the other Nienna species distributed in southern Siberia and northern China. The new species differs from nearly all other members of Nipponentominae in possessing five anterior setae on tergite VII and in the presence of posterolateral pores on tergite I, as in members of Hesperentomon (Hesperentomidae). An identification key to Nienna species is provided.

scholarly journals ARCTIC ASSETS — TOWARDS SYNERGY OF TRADITIONAL PRACTICES AND MODERN TECHNOLOGIES (CASE OF LNG)

2020 ◽  
Vol 226 (6) ◽  
pp. 65-84
Author(s):  
VALERY A. KRYUKOV ◽  
◽  
DZHANNETA D. MEDZHIDOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Modern Technologies ◽  
The Arctic Region

The article covers the problems of determining and transforming the composition of assets that ensure the achievement of targeted economic and socially useful goals for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The authors justify the point of view, based on the necessary move away from using economies of scale in its pure form. This shift has two directions. The first one is towards the formation of the assets, combining the features and characteristics of the best up-to-date high-tech solutions. The second one takes into account the ‘transformity’, inherent in the traditional economic activities of the peoples of the North and the Arctic region.

scholarly journals USA, Russia and European Countries in the Arctic: Cooperation or Confrontation?

2021 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Valerii Zhuravel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Arctic Region

Based on the analysis of the military-political and operational situation in the Arctic region, the article reveals the actual and potential threats to the national security of the Russian Federation from the United States and the countries of the NATO bloc. The directions of strengthening the military presence in the Arctic of the Arctic states and other alliance countries are characterised. It is emphasised that the North of Norway is becoming one of the most militarised regions in Scandinavia. It is concluded that the activation of NATO in the High North may lead to a reconfiguration of relations in the security sphere. The article reveals the measures of the Russian Federation to strengthen the defence capability in the Arctic direction, protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and normalise the situation and relations between Russia and the United States.

Can the Academic Self-Concept be Positive and Realistic?

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reimer Kornmann
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Other Hand

Summary: My comment is basically restricted to the situation in which less-able students find themselves and refers only to literature in German. From this point of view I am basically able to confirm Marsh's results. It must, however, be said that with less-able pupils the opposite effect can be found: Levels of self-esteem in these pupils are raised, at least temporarily, by separate instruction, academic performance however drops; combined instruction, on the other hand, leads to improved academic performance, while levels of self-esteem drop. Apparently, the positive self-image of less-able pupils who receive separate instruction does not bring about the potential enhancement of academic performance one might expect from high-ability pupils receiving separate instruction. To resolve the dilemma, it is proposed that individual progress in learning be accentuated, and that comparisons with others be dispensed with. This fosters a self-image that can in equal measure be realistic and optimistic.

A Nabatean port on the Red Sea: note on the pottery finds from al-Qusayr (al-Wajh, Saudi Arabia)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Durand
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Roman Egypt ◽  
Pottery Sherds ◽  
First Time

Al-Qusayr is located 40 km south of modern al-Wajh, roughly 7 km from the eastern Red Sea shore. This site is known since the mid-19th century, when the explorer R. Burton described it for the first time, in particular the remains of a monumental building so-called al-Qasr. In March 2016, a new survey of the site was undertaken by the al-‘Ula–al-Wajh Survey Project. This survey focused not only on al-Qasr but also on the surrounding site corresponding to the ancient settlement. A surface collection of pottery sherds revealed a striking combination of Mediterranean and Egyptian imports on one hand, and of Nabataean productions on the other hand. This material is particularly homogeneous on the chronological point of view, suggesting a rather limited occupation period for the site. Attesting contacts between Mediterranean merchants, Roman Egypt and the Nabataean kingdom, these new data allow a complete reassessment of the importance of this locality in the Red Sea trade routes during antiquity.

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