scholarly journals Mysterious Fears: Lexical Means of Expressing the Conceptual Category of the Mystic In English Gothic Narration of the 18th Century

Lege Artis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-71
Author(s):  
Oksana Halych
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Conceptual Category ◽  
The Face

Abstract The article focuses on the study of lexical means expressing the category of the Mystic in English Gothic narration of the 18th century. The mystic in early Gothic prose is viewed as a genre characteristic based on the atmosphere of escalating fear in the face of the unknown and connected with the motif of mystery, belief in the supernatural and irrationalism as a specific way of world perception. The research proceeds from the conceptual category as a universal notional constant to its linguistic interpretation in a systemic presentation within a synchronic approach.

scholarly journals Weeping in the Face of Fortune: Eco-Alienation in the Niger-Delta Ecopoetics

Humanities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abba A. Abba ◽  
Nkiru D. Onyemachi
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
The Face ◽  
Oil Wealth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

Scholarship on Niger Delta ecopoetry has concentrated on the economic, socio-political and cultural implications of eco-degradation in the oil-rich Niger Delta region of the South-South in Nigeria, but falls short of addressing the trope of eco-alienation, the sense of separation between people and nature, which seems to be a significant idea in Niger Delta ecopoetics. For sure, literary studies in particular and the Humanities at large have shown considerable interest in the concept of the Anthropocene and the resultant eco-alienation which has dominated contemporary global ecopoetics since the 18th century. In the age of the Anthropocene, human beings deploy their exceptional capabilities to alter nature and its essence, including the ecosystem, which invariably leads to eco-alienation, a sense of breach in the relationship between people and nature. For the Humanities, if this Anthropocentric positioning of humans has brought socio-economic advancement to humans, it has equally eroded human values. This paper thus attempts to show that the anthropocentric positioning of humans at the center of the universe, with its resultant hyper-capitalist greed, is the premise in the discussion of eco-alienation in Tanure Ojaide’s Delta Blues and Home Songs (1998) and Nnimmo Bassey’s We Thought It Was Oil but It Was Blood (2002). Arguing that both poetry collections articulate the feeling of disconnect between the inhabitants of the Niger Delta region and the oil wealth in their community, the paper strives to demonstrate that the Niger Delta indigenes, as a result, have been compelled to perceive the oil environment no longer as a source of improved life but as a metaphor for death. Relying on ecocritical discursive strategies, and seeking to further foreground the implication of the Anthropocene in the conception of eco-alienation, the paper demonstrates how poetry, as a humanistic discipline, lives up to its promise as a powerful medium for interrogating the trope of eco-estrangement both in contemporary Niger Delta ecopoetry and in global eco-discourse.

Contextualizing the Popol Wuj from Friar Ximénez to the Digital Age

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Néstor Quiroa
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Electronic Information ◽  
Cultural Contact ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
The Face ◽  
Historical Trajectory

Regarded as an ethnohistorical treasure, the Popol Wuj narrative has been read exclusively as a freestanding, self-contained text used to inquire into a history far removed from when it was actually created. Consequently, the colonial context of the text itself has been minimized, including the central role of Dominican friar Francisco Ximénez as transcriber and translator of the only copy in existence. The present study delineates a historical trajectory of the Popol Wuj, reframing the narrative within its colonial ecclesiastic context. It explores the physical structure of Friar Ximénez’s 18th-century manuscript, preserved as MS 1515 by the Newberry Library in Chicago, to demonstrate that his work was first and foremost a series of religious treatises intended to carry out the conversion of the K’iche’ to Christianity. As a cautionary word, rather than revisiting the old, biased approach of questioning the authenticity and authorship of this Popol Wuj narrative, the current study suggests a broader reading, addressing the complexities intrinsic in this text, particularly the fact that the narrative was the result of the cultural contact between mendicant friars, whose main objective was to evangelize, and indigenous groups, who strived to maintain their cultural continuity by recording their oral history in the face of such a threat. Finally, this study invites scholars to ponder on the implications that the present structure of Ximénez’s manuscript (MS 1515) presents for future Popol Wuj studies as the narrative enters the age of electronic information and digital imaging.

scholarly journals Formation and Development of the Iconography of the Mesmeric Seance in the Second Half of the 18th — Late 19th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-242
Author(s):  
Daria O. Martynova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Wonder Woman ◽  
Patriarchal Society ◽  
The Face ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second Wave

Analyzing the evolution of the iconography of such a phenomenon as mesmerism in the second half of the 18th — mid-19th centuries, the author shows that the scenario of modern hypnotic representation and its gestures were established by mesmerists in the second half of the 18th century, followers of the parascientific theory that caused discussions and intrigued doctors and artists for centuries. Analyzing the development of the iconography of mesmeric seance, the author identifies two waves of popularity of this subject: the first wave in the 70–80s of the 18th century and the second wave during the first decade of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. Such a duration is due to the fascination with the supernatural and inexplicable, reflected in various styles and trends. In this article, the author tries to show how the development of the iconography of the mesmeric seance provoked the appearance of the hypnotist or magician trickster, who became integrated into popular culture that later began to mark the majority of hypnotic actions, spiritualistic sessions or miracle shows. The author also illustrates how the image of a “controller” in the face of a man formed and confirmed the paradigm of a powerless, mysterious and controlled woman. As a result, it is concluded that hypnosis and mesmerism became common theatrical spectacles in the 20th century, cultivating the power of men (patriarchal society) over an exhausted woman, which is reflected in the works of Georges Méliès, Alfred Hitchcock, and even in the comic book Wonder woman.

scholarly journals Civil Society and State: A Historical Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Venugopal B Menon ◽  
Chinnu Jolly Jerome
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
New Left ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
World Order ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
The Face ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship

The article attempts to trace the evolution of the concept of civil society. Drawing from the work of political philosophers from the classical period, the period of renaissance, scientific revolution, the period of Enlightenment in the 18th century, and ideologies from the Marxist and Gramscian discourses, the article demonstrates the shifts in the meaning and implications of the concept, its relations to public spaces, accountability, governance, normative ideals of state and the relationship between the state and its citizens. The article concludes its historical progression with the New Social Movements (NSMs), wherein the civil society became synonymous with strategic action to construct 'an alternative social and world order’, a site for problem solving. Other contenders who put forth a renewed interest in the resurgence of civil society were the New Left, who assigned civil society a role to defend people’s democratic will in the face of state power, and the neoliberals who considered civil society as a site for subversion from authoritarian regimes. The article finally concludes with a call for urgent attention towards reclaiming the authority of the civil society in education scenario.

scholarly journals ‘You know all them things’: Nostalgia, Idealization, and Speech in Working-Class Poems by Seamus Heaney, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Lucille Clifton

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-21
Author(s):  
William Fogarty
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Seamus Heaney ◽  
Gwendolyn Brooks ◽  
James Wright ◽  
The People ◽  
Lucille Clifton ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Uk

This essay examines nostalgia, idealization, and speech in poems from the latter half of the twentieth century in the US and the UK that convey working-class experience, identifying nostalgia as a binding feature of such poems and tracing it to the 18th -century ‘nostalgia poem.’ I will first establish briefly how nostalgia in poems by Philip Levine, James Wright, and Robert Hayden results in idealizations that resist sentimentality and then demonstrate that the various forms of local speech employed in some other post1945 poems about working-class life by Seamus Heaney, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Lucille Clifton act as a stay against such idealization, effectively transforming them into more explicitly anticlassist –and, in the case of Brooks and Clifton, antiracist and antisexist –forms of social critique and defiance. Their poems interrupt and complicate the idealization of the familiar working-class surroundings they seek to reenter, familiar and familial realms that are not just temporal and spatial but linguistic. They honor their characters’ fortitude in the face of working-class encumbrances not by idealizing them but by concentrating on their working-class characters’ linguistic origins. Manifestations of local speech in these nostalgic poems amount to a poetic resource that disrupts idealizations of working-class experience, critiquing, in that process, classism and, in Brooks and Clifton, revealing classism’s intersections with racism and sexism. These poems don’t just desire to go back to earlier worlds but do go back linguistically to working-class, nonstandard languages – their particular forms of original local speech–that refuse the conditions that would subordinate those languages and the people who speak them.

Africans in World Wars I and II

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
African History ◽  
Central European ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Face ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
P Mobilization ◽  
Human Costs

World Wars I and II were very probably the most destructive conflicts in African history. In terms of the human costs—the numbers of people mobilized, the scale of violence and destruction experienced--as well as their enduring political and social impact, no other previous conflicts are comparable, particularly over such short periods as four and ten years, respectively. All told, about 4,500,000 African soldiers and military laborers were mobilized during these wars and about 2,000,000 likely died. Mobilization on this scale among African peasant societies was only sustainable because they were linked to the industrial economies of a handful of West Central European nation states at the core of the global commercial infrastructure, which invariably subordinated African interests to European imperial imperatives. Militarily, these were expressed in two ways: by the use of African soldiers and supporting military laborers to conquer or defend colonies on the continent, or by the export of African combat troops and laborers overseas—in numbers far exceeding comparable decades during the 18th-century peak of the transatlantic slave trade—to Europe and Asia to augment Allied armies there. The destructive consequences of these wars were distributed unevenly across the continent. In some areas of Africa, human losses and physical devastation frequently approximated or surpassed the worst suffering experienced in Europe itself; yet, in other areas of the continent, Africans remained virtually untouched by these wars. These conflicts contributed to an ever-growing assertiveness of African human rights in the face of European claims to racial supremacy that led after 1945 to the restoration of African sovereignty throughout most of the continent. On a personal level, however, most Africans received very little for their wartime sacrifices. Far more often, surviving veterans returned to their homes with an enhanced knowledge of the wider world, perhaps a modicum of newly acquired personal prestige within their respective societies, but little else.

From Geordie Ridley to Viz: popular literature in Tyneside English

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan C. Beal
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Face ◽  
Selection Of

The existence of a large body of literature in the Tyneside and Northumbrian dialects, dating from the late 18th century and continuing to the present day, testifies to a strong and enduring sense of regional identity closely associated with an acute sense of the differences between these dialects and Standard English/RP. Although much of this literature is conservative in nature and conservationist in intent, more recent examples in the local and popular press attempt to represent the salient features of the modern urban dialect (Geordie).This article examines extracts from a selection of texts, dating from George (Geordie) Ridley’s The Blaydon Races (1862) to cartoons in the Newcastle local newspaper, The Evening Chronicle(1996-7) and from Viz comic (1998). In the texts examined, semi-phonetic spelling is used to represent features of the Geordie accent. This article demonstrates that, whilst some features of the traditional dialect have been dropped by the more recent writers, others, such as the monophthongal/u:/in words such as ‘ town’, ‘brown’, spelt <toon, broon> are retained, notably in lexical items having referents which are closely bound up with local identity. Features found only in 20th-century texts often indicate very localized shibboleths, distinguishing Geordies from ‘Makkems’ (citizens of Sunderland, about 15 miles south-east of Newcastle).Recent sociolinguistic research points to a tendency for supra-local norms to replace the more traditional forms indicated by the spellings in dialect literature. This article argues that the prominence of local forms in dialect literature may represent an assertion of local identity in the face of the perceived threat of cultural and linguistic homogenization.

scholarly journals Tasawuf di Masyarakat Banjar : Kesinambungan dan Perubahan Tradisi Keagamaan

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Mujiburrahman Mujiburrahman
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ibn Arabi ◽  
Sufi Order

<div><p><strong>Abstract :</strong> Sufism has influenced the religious life of Banjarese Muslims in South Kalimantan since the 18th century up to now. The tendency to combine ethical Sufism of al-Ghazali and metaphysical Sufism of Ibn Arabi, and the veneration of Sufi masters in the reading ritual of their hagiographies, and the emergence of certain heterodox Sufi  sects, all of these can be found along history of Islam in this region. On the other hand, there are social changes that have also influenced the colour of Sufism developed in certain period. In the 18th century, orthodox Sufism fought against pantheism which was presumably came from Hindu origin, but in the 19th and early 20th century, Sufism became a social movement, namely a certian Sufi Order that was involved in the war against the Dutch. In the later period, Sufism became the source of moral and spiritual strength in the face of social, cultural and political crisis. Moreover, since the Reformation Era, Sufi masters and their followers have become potential allies as voters for politicians.</p><p><em>Keywords : sufism, banjar, tradition, social changes</em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak :</strong> Tasawuf telah mempengaruhi kehidupan keagamaan Muslim Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan, sejak abad ke-18 hingga sekarang. Kecenderungan untuk menggabungkan tasawuf etis al-Ghazali dan tasawuf metafisis Ibn Arabi, penghormatan terhadap tokoh-tokoh sufi dalam ritual pembacaan manakib, dan munculnya kelompok-kelompok tasawuf sempalan, semua ini dapat ditemukan sepanjang sejarah Islam di daerah ini. Di sisi lain, ada berbagai perubahan sosial yang juga mempengaruhi corak tasawuf yang berkembang di masa tertentu. Pada abad ke-18, tasawuf ortodoks harus berhadapan dengan panteisme, yang diduga berasal dari Hinduisme, tetapi pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, tasawuf menjadi gerakan sosial, yaitu tarekat tertentu yang terlibat dalam perang melawan Belanda. Dalam periode berikutnya, tasawuf menjadi sumber kekuatan moral dan spiritual dalam menghadapi krisis sosial, budaya dan politik. Selain itu, sejak Era Reformasi guru-guru tasawuf dan para pengikut mereka, menjadi sekutu-sekutu potensial sebagai pemilih bagi para politisi. </p><p><em>Kata kunci : Tasawuf, banjar, tradisi, perubahan sosial.</em></p></div>

‘The Noblest Soul’: A Sad Page in the History of the Grand Duchy of Hesse through the Eyes of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich. The Darmstadt Diary, 1892

2018 ◽  
pp. 495-507
Author(s):  
Dmitriy M. Sofjin ◽  
◽  
Marina V. Sofjina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Royal Family ◽  
German Empire ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Imperial Family ◽  
German Navy ◽  
Grand Duchy

This is the first publication of a fragment of the diary of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich of Russia for 1892 describing illness, death, and burial of Grand Duke Ludwig IV of Hesse and by Rhine, head of one of the states forming a part of the German Empire. Ever since the 18th century the Russian Imperial Family was bound by close kinship to the Hessian ducal family. The author of the diary was a member of the House of the Romanovs, a younger brother of Russian Emperor Alexander III. Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich held the post of the Moscow Governor-General. In 1884 he married Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, n?e Princess of Hesse, who was a daughter of Grand Duke Ludwig IV. This publication includes diary records from February 26 to March 9, 1892, covering the time when Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich and his wife were staying in Darmstadt. The diary describes the daily life of the Royal family in the capital of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine during said period and the participation in the obsequies of the deceased’s family and the representatives of the Russian, British and German ruling dynasties. Among others, the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich’s diary mentions German Dowager Empress Victoria (the mother of Emperor Wilhelm II), Prince Henry of Prussia (the future Grand Admiral of the Imperial German Navy), Prince Louis Battenberg (the future British First Sea Lord), Princess Alice of Hesse, the younger sister of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, future Russian Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The daily entries record family unity of the members of the Russian, the German, and the British Royal dynasties in the face of common tragedy against the backdrop of difficult relations between their empires. The deceased, Grand Duke Ludwig IV, enjoyed universal respect. Diaries of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich are stored in his personal provenance fond in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (Moscow).

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