scholarly journals Art Studies in the Context of Power Relations in Lithuania, 1940–1953: The Case of the Activities and Closure of Kaunas Applied and Decorative Art Institute

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
Rasa Žukienė
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
Decorative Arts ◽  
Decorative Art ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Government ◽  
Study Process ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Second World ◽  
Art School

Summary The main purpose of this report is to discuss the influence of political power on art studies in Lithuania and the creative work of artists from 1940 to 1953. It will be based on the destruction of the Kaunas Institute of Applied and Decorative Arts, which is little known to art historians. After the Second World War, this institute actually followed the traditions of Kaunas Art School (1922–1940): that was the reason for its closure in 1951. The closure was officially called the reorganisation and continuation of art studies in Vilnius. The post-war ideological content and power of the government acted in the study process. However, in essence, educators were guided by their modernist attitudes and did not accept Soviet directives. The report will try to show how political power has corrected art studies and changed the work of mature artists. This article raises a question about the cost of adaptation and resistance in life and creation. The idea is that the destruction of an art institution is possible, but it is impossible to completely destroy the art school tradition. These and other similar issues will be addressed in the article, based on archival documents and examples of works by several different generations of artists – Vytautas Kairiūkštis (1891–1961), Liudas Truikys (1904–1987), Zenonas Varnauskas (1923–2010).

scholarly journals The national camp and the concept of a federation during the Second World War

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 256-276
Author(s):  
Dariusz Miszewski
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Global Level ◽  
World War ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

During the Second World War, the national camp preached the idea of imperialism in Central Europe. Built peacefully, the Polish empire was supposed to protect the independence and security of countries in Central Europe against Germany and the Soviet Union, and thus went by the name of “the Great Poland”. As part of the empire, nation-states were retained. The national camp was opposed to the idea of the federation as promoted by the government-in-exile. The “national camp” saw the idea of federation on the regional, European and global level as obsolete. Post-war international cooperation was based on nation states and their alliances.

Colossus, Codebreaking, and the Digital Age

Colossus ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Budiansky
Keyword(s):  
Digital Age ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The paths that took men and women from their ordinary lives and deposited them on the doorstep of the odd profession of cryptanalysis were always tortuous, accidental, and unpredictable. The full story of the Colossus, the pioneering electronic device developed by the Government Code and Cypher School (GC & CS) to break German teleprinter ciphers in the Second World War, is fundamentally a story of several of these accidental paths converging at a remarkable moment in the history of electronics—and of the wartime urgency that set these men and women on these odd paths. Were it not for the wartime necessity of codebreaking, and were it not for particular statistical and logical properties of the teleprinter ciphers that were so eminently suited to electronic analysis, the history of computing might have taken a very different course. The fact that Britain’s codebreakers cracked the high-level teleprinter ciphers of the German Army and Luftwaffe high command during the Second World War has been public knowledge since the 1970s. But the recent declassification of new documents about Colossus and the teleprinter ciphers, and the willingness of key participants to discuss their roles more fully, has laid bare as never before the technical challenges they faced—not to mention the intense pressures, the false steps, and the extraordinary risks and leaps of faith along the way. It has also clarified the true role that the Colossus machines played in the advent of the digital age. Though they were neither general-purpose nor stored-program computers themselves, the Colossi sparked the imaginations of many scientists, among them Alan Turing and Max Newman, who would go on to help launch the post-war revolution that ushered in the age of the digital, general-purpose, stored-program electronic computer. Yet the story of Colossus really begins not with electronics at all, but with codebreaking; and to understand how and why the Colossi were developed and to properly place their capabilities in historical context, it is necessary to understand the problem they were built to solve, and the people who were given the job of solving it.

‘Putting Animals into Politics’: The Labour Party and Hunting in the First Half of the Twentieth Century

Rural History ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL TICHELAR
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Labour Government ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

This article will discuss the background to opposition to hunting within the Labour Party before the Second World War, and in particular the role of the Humanitarian League and its successor the League Against Cruel Sports. It will highlight internal tensions of class and ideology that are still current today. It will examine the fate of two private members bills introduced in 1949 designed to prohibit hunting and coursing. Both bills were heavily defeated after the intervention of the Labour Government. This article will examine the reasons the post-war Labour Government used to oppose the bills before drawing some general conclusions about the Labour movement and blood sports. It will be argued that the primary reason why the bills were defeated was the strong desire of the Government to preserve its relationship with the farmers and the wider rural community.

“We Cannot Suffer in Burma and Return to Face Trials in Our Own Country”

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 97-132
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Nwafor Mordi
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
World War ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
Political Roles ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

Abstract Second World War demobilization and reintegration of Nigerian veterans into civilian life, neglected previously by scholars, is examined within the broad literature on African post-war demobilization. Scholars’ focus on the anxieties that heralded demobilization, dashed hopes, grievances and political roles of ex-servicemen exposed lacunae about how the soldiers that survived the war were reintegrated into civilian life. This historical study interrogates archival sources to examine Nigerian demobilization and reintegration policies, programmes, challenges and solutions. It posits that the government ignored the lessons of hindsight, dashed ex-servicemen’s hopes, and generated grievances that nationalists failed to capitalize upon to hasten Nigeria’s independence.

North Korea's Industrial Development during the Post-War Period

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon T. Kuark
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Communist State ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Government ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Post War ◽  
One Year ◽  
Second World

Since the end of the Second World War, which brought the division of the country into northern and southern halves, North Korea has become a thoroughly orthodox Communist state with but few deviations from the Russian type. The “Marxist-Leninist line” has been followed with fidelity and enthusiasm in the field of economic planning and organisation as laid out in both the early Five-Year Plans of Soviet Russia and in the similar pattern of socialisation in Red China. What deviation exists is said to be characteristic of the transitional period in building Socialism or a “people's democracy,” where exploiting elements still exist, as contrasted with the Soviet Union, where it is claimed “Socialism” is a reality. The government so far has launched the two One-Year Plans of 1947 and 1948, the first Two-Year Plan of 1949–50 with emphasis on Soviet assistance, the Three-Year Plan of 1954–56, the first Five-Year Plan of 1957–61, and the Seven-Year Plan of 1961–67.

Interaction of museum and society as factor of formation of cultural tourism in post-war period

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
M. V. Vasinskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Attitude ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

In the early years after the Second World War, the active restoration of the palace and park ensembles of Leningrad began. During this period, a stable positive social attitude was formed towards them. Later it became the foundation of increased interest and attention to museum-palaces and parks as objects of cultural heritage. The article attempts to determine the reasons for this phenomenon using the example of the complex in Petrodvorets. Based on newspaper materials for 1945–1949 the value aspect of the perception of this tourist destination by the residents of Leningrad and Petrodvorets was revealed. The restoration of the ensemble is considered as an example of effective joint activities of the museum, society and the state. The study of archival documents made it possible to assume that one of the reasons for the tourist popularity of Petrodvorets in the following years was also the development and renewal of health-improving and sports leisure zones.

scholarly journals Between Statistics, Demography, and Monographic Research: GH. Retegan (1916–1998), A(Nother) Sociologist Without A Sociology

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Doboş
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World

AbstractBy exploring the professional trajectory of sociologist Gheorghe (George) Retegan (1916–1998), this article addresses the epistemological and personal reconfigurations of the field of social sciences in post-war Romania, highlighting the complex relations and professional rivalries in the field after the Second World War, and their consequences for social knowledge. My study explores Retegan’s published and unpublished works, archival documents, and an interview that Z. Rostás conducted with Retegan in the 1990s. I analyse three research ventures relevant for understanding Retegan’s professional trajectory and methodological choices: the 1948–1950 family budget research that Retegan coordinated at the Central Institute for Statistics; the 1957–1959 monographic research he coordinated at the Institute for Economic Research; and his “farewell” to sociology and specialization in demography beginning in the 1960s. My article documents Retegan’s remarkable capacity to develop research by way of formulating new questions, methodologies, and techniques, on the basis of the main elements of empirical research he learned during his training in sociology under the supervision of Anton Golopenția. Retegan’s contributions to the field of empirical social research suggest how a context that was generally unfavourable for the development of social sciences (1948–1965) could be used in a creative way for the study of the social world. Epistemologically, the survival and even innovation of empirical research under unfavourable ideological and political conditions made possible the rehabilitation of sociology as a discipline in the much more favourable context of the second half of the 1960s.

Fated to be Orphans: The Consequences of Australia's Post-War Resettlement Policy on Refugee Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Agutter
Keyword(s):  
Social Workers ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Migrant Child ◽  
Child Placement ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Work Contract

Between 1947 and 1953, Australia received over 170,000 Displaced People from Europe including widows and unmarried mothers. These refugees were expected to conform to the policies and expectations of the State, in particular the adherence to a 2-year work contract. This was an impossibility for many mothers who could not find work or accommodation outside of the government supplied migrant accommodation centres, and who, as a consequence, resorted to placing their children, either temporarily or permanently, in institutions or for adoption. Through an examination of archival documents, this paper examines the policies that resulted in migrant child placement and adoption and considers the role played by Department of Immigration social workers. It asks why, when migrant children were considered amongst the most desirable of new arrivals, were many fated to become orphans?

In the Shadow of the Holocaust

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fleming
Keyword(s):  
War Crimes ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Polish Government ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

In the midst of the Second World War, the Allies acknowledged Germany's ongoing programme of extermination. In the Shadow of the Holocaust examines the struggle to attain post-war justice and prosecution. Focusing on Poland's engagement with the United Nations War Crimes Commission, it analyses the different ways that the Polish Government in Exile (based in London from 1940) agitated for an Allied response to German atrocities. Michael Fleming shows that jurists associated with the Government in Exile made significant contributions to legal debates on war crimes and, along with others, paid attention to German crimes against Jews. By exploring the relationship between the UNWCC and the Polish War Crimes Office under the authority of the Polish Government in Exile and later, from the summer of 1945, the Polish Government in Warsaw, Fleming provides a new lens through which to examine the early stages of the Cold War.

The Censorship of British Drama 1900-1968 Volume 2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
British Library ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Paperback Edition ◽  
British Drama ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Church

This is the second volume in a new paperback edition of Steve Nicholson’s well-reviewed four-volume analysis of British theatre censorship from 1900-1968, based on previously undocumented material in the Lord Chamberlain's Correspondence Archives in the British Library and the Royal Archives at Windsor. It covers the period from 1933 to 1952, and focuses on theatre censorship during the period before the outbreak of the Second World War, during the war itself, and in the immediate post-war period. The focus is primarily on political and moral censorship. The book documents and analyses the control exercised by the Lord Chamberlain. It also reviews the pressures exerted on him and on the theatre by the government, the monarch, the Church, foreign embassies and by influential public figures and organisations. This new edition includes a contextualising timeline for those readers who are unfamiliar with the period, and a new preface.

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