scholarly journals An Analysis of Orientation Cage Field Data – A Case Study of Headings of the Blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla, at the Bukowo/Kopań Ringing Site in Poland

The Ring ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-74
Author(s):  
Przemysław Busse
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Calculation Procedure ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Baltic Coast ◽  
The Future ◽  
Geographical Scale ◽  
Migratory Patterns ◽  
Heading Estimation ◽  
Ne Africa

AbstractOne of the most effective methods of studying the migratory patterns of nocturnal passerine migrants is the use of orientation cages as a supplementary procedure at ringing sites. The most comprehensive studies using orientation cages (Busse’s Flat Orientation Cage) were conducted within the SEEN network (SE European Bird Migration Network), with more than 43,000 tests performed at more than 40 ringing sites in autumn. A number of papers were published based on these data, presenting an overall pattern of passerine migration over SE Europe-Middle East-NE Africa. For more detailed analyses, it was first necessary to solve some methodical problems within case studies. The current work presents details for discussion based on data from 1338 tests of Blackcaps performed during the years 1995–2010 at a single ringing station, Bukowo/Kopań, located on the Polish Baltic coast. The birds were tested according to the standard methodology of the SEEN network (Busse 2000). The problems investigated were (1) the repeatability of heading patterns obtained in different years, (2) the linearity of the estimated arrival and departure headings, and (3) quantitative aspects of the results in the description of the heading pattern when migratory groups are found.It was determined that (1) yearly heading patterns were generally coherent and could be analysed as uniform case data; (2-1) the hypothesis that the arrival/departure heading axes are generally linear is accurate to within about one 10° sector, at least in the case of the Blackcap. This is coherent with impressions from other known data sets, but does not mean that the rule always applies to all species at every location on the migration route. In the future, this problem should be studied on a more detailed scale. It was further established that (2-2) estimating arrival and departure headings makes it possible to define migratory groups (populations) passing the study site. The direct heading estimation procedure seems to be more sensitive in identifying migratory groups than the calculation procedure. Moreover, (3-1) the calculation procedure makes it possible to estimate some quantitative properties of headings of migratory groups and define some interesting, though preliminary, number patterns of local migratory patterns; (3-2) the number relations between birds demonstrating the arrival and departure headings of the migratory group seem to be an interesting parameter for study on the distance of migration of groups within a species and, possibly, between species. This is another interesting problem that cage tests could be used to solve in the future. Finally, (3-3) knowledge about trends of individual populations passing the defined site becomes accessible only using analysis of data from orientation cages. The estimated quantitative indices discussed above could be helpful in presenting the general migratory pattern of the species on a geographical scale.

scholarly journals Sex and age-specific differences in wing pointedness and wing length in blackcaps Sylvia atricapilla migrating through the southern Baltic coast

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Ożarowska ◽  
Grzegorz Zaniewicz ◽  
Włodzimierz Meissner
Keyword(s):  
Wing Length ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Sylvia Atricapilla ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Migration Distance ◽  
Baltic Coast ◽  
Southern Baltic ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Migrating Birds

Abstract The blackcap Sylvia atricapilla shows a complex migratory pattern and is a suitable species for the studies of morphological migratory syndrome, including adaptations of wing shape to different migratory performance. Obligate migrants of this species that breed in northern, central, and Eastern Europe differ by migration distance and some cover shorter distance to the wintering grounds in the southern part of Europe/North Africa or the British Isles, although others migrate to sub-Saharan Africa. Based on ˃40 years of ringing data on blackcaps captured during autumn migration in the Southern Baltic region, we studied age- and sex-related correlations in wing pointedness and wing length of obligate blackcap migrants to understand the differences in migratory behavior of this species. Even though the recoveries of blackcaps were scarce, we reported some evidence that individuals which differ in migration distance differed also in wing length. We found that wing pointedness significantly increased with an increasing wing length of migrating birds, and adults had longer and more pointed wings than juvenile birds. This indicates stronger antipredator adaptation in juvenile blackcaps than selection on flight efficiency, which is particularly important during migration. Moreover, we documented more pronounced differences in wing length between adult and juvenile males and females. Such differences in wing length may enhance a faster speed of adult male blackcaps along the spring migration route and may be adaptive when taking into account climatic effects, which favor earlier arrival from migration to the breeding grounds.

scholarly journals Consistent satellite XCO<sub>2</sub> retrievals from SCIAMACHY and GOSAT using the BESD algorithm

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1787-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Heymann ◽  
M. Reuter ◽  
M. Hilker ◽  
M. Buchwitz ◽  
O. Schneising ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
The Future

Abstract. Consistent and accurate long-term data sets of global atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) are required for carbon cycle and climate related research. However, global data sets based on satellite observations may suffer from inconsistencies originating from the use of products derived from different satellites as needed to cover a long enough time period. One reason for inconsistencies can be the use of different retrieval algorithms. We address this potential issue by applying the same algorithm, the Bremen Optimal Estimation DOAS (BESD) algorithm, to different satellite instruments, SCIAMACHY onboard ENVISAT (March 2002–April 2012) and TANSO-FTS onboard GOSAT (launched in January 2009), to retrieve XCO2, the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CO2. BESD has been initially developed for SCIAMACHY XCO2 retrievals. Here, we present the first detailed assessment of the new GOSAT BESD XCO2 product. GOSAT BESD XCO2 is a product generated and delivered to the MACC project for assimilation into ECMWF's Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). We describe the modifications of the BESD algorithm needed in order to retrieve XCO2 from GOSAT and present detailed comparisons with ground-based observations of XCO2 from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We discuss detailed comparison results between all three XCO2 data sets (SCIAMACHY, GOSAT and TCCON). The comparison results demonstrate the good consistency between the SCIAMACHY and the GOSAT XCO2. For example, we found a mean difference for daily averages of −0.60 ± 1.56 ppm (mean difference ± standard deviation) for GOSAT-SCIAMACHY (linear correlation coefficient r = 0.82), −0.34 ± 1.37 ppm (r = 0.86) for GOSAT-TCCON and 0.10 ± 1.79 ppm (r = 0.75) for SCIAMACHY-TCCON. The remaining differences between GOSAT and SCIAMACHY are likely due to non-perfect collocation (±2 h, 10° × 10° around TCCON sites), i.e., the observed air masses are not exactly identical, but likely also due to a still non-perfect BESD retrieval algorithm, which will be continuously improved in the future. Our overarching goal is to generate a satellite-derived XCO2 data set appropriate for climate and carbon cycle research covering the longest possible time period. We therefore also plan to extend the existing SCIAMACHY and GOSAT data set discussed here by using also data from other missions (e.g., OCO-2, GOSAT-2, CarbonSat) in the future.

scholarly journals Weather and Stochastic Forecasting Method for Generated Discharge Level Data at Sathanur Dam

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3797-3802
Keyword(s):  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Error Estimates ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Forecasting Models ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Forecasting Method ◽  
The Future ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Stochastic Forecasting

This article forecasts the future values using stochastic forecasting models for specified fitted values by using downscaling data, which are collected from Sathanoor Dam gauging site. Due to the demand of the water in this current scenario, this study analyzed the perdays Discharge level data collected from Sathanoor Dam where the outcome is predicted in a downscaling data sets in hydrology, extended Thomas –Fiering, ARIMA, MLE models, is used to estimate perdays discharge level data of each month. The error estimates RMSE, MAE of forecasts from above models is compared to identify the most suitable approaches for forecasting trend analysis.

Optimal Values for Calculation of Premium in Life Insurance

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-85
Author(s):  
Cvetko Andreeski
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mortality Trend ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Future ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
Mortality Forecast ◽  
The Republic

Life insurance is very challenging sector in developing countries. Life insurance makes contribute at the investments in every country, so the more developed life insurance, more investments one should expect. One of the main aspects in calculation of risk in life insurance is using updated tables of mortality and forecast of the future values of mortality. There are many functions and models for mortality forecast calculation. Lee-Carter and Azbel Model for mortality trend calculation are used in this paper. In order to evaluate the results, data sets with the mortality in the Republic of Macedonia are used.

Estimate the Performance of Multi-Model Estimation Algorithms

2013 ◽  
Vol 427-429 ◽  
pp. 1506-1509
Author(s):  
Yong Yan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Model Estimation ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Estimation Algorithms ◽  
Performance Metric ◽  
Testing Dataset ◽  
Correctness Criterion ◽  
Line Fitting

A robust estimation procedure is necessary to estimate the true model parameters in computer vision. Evaluating the multiple-model in the presence of outliers-robust is a fundamentally different task than the single-model problem.Despite there are many diversity multi-model estimation algorithms, it is difficult to pick an effective and advisably approach.So we present a novel quantitative evaluation of multi-model estimation algorithms, efficiency may be evaluated by either examining the asymptotic efficiency of the algorithms or by running them for a series of data sets of increasing size.Thus we create a specifical testing dataset,and introduce a performance metric, Strongest-Intersection.and using the model-aware correctness criterion. Finally, well show the validity of estimation strategy by the Experimention of line-fitting.

scholarly journals Analysis of 21-cm tomographic data

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (S333) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Garrelt Mellema ◽  
Sambit Giri ◽  
Raghunath Ghara
Keyword(s):  
Radio Telescope ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Tomographic Images ◽  
The Future ◽  
Tomographic Data

AbstractThe future SKA1-Low radio telescope will be powerful enough to produce tomographic images of the 21-cm signal from the Epoch of Reionization. Here we address how to identify ionized regions in such data sets, taking into account the resolution and noise levels associated with SKA1-Low. We describe three methods of which one, superpixel oversegmentation, consistently performs best.

scholarly journals Artificial intelligence in oral and maxillofacial radiology: what is currently possible?

2020 ◽  
pp. 20200375
Author(s):  
Min-Suk Heo ◽  
Jo-Eun Kim ◽  
Jae-Joon Hwang ◽  
Sang-Sun Han ◽  
Jin-Soo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Actual Clinical Practice ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
The Future ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Image Quality Improvement

Artificial intelligence, which has been actively applied in a broad range of industries in recent years, is an active area of interest for many researchers. Dentistry is no exception to this trend, and the applications of artificial intelligence are particularly promising in the field of oral and maxillofacial (OMF) radiology. Recent researches on artificial intelligence in OMF radiology have mainly used convolutional neural networks, which can perform image classification, detection, segmentation, registration, generation, and refinement. Artificial intelligence systems in this field have been developed for the purposes of radiographic diagnosis, image analysis, forensic dentistry, and image quality improvement. Tremendous amounts of data are needed to achieve good results, and involvement of OMF radiologist is essential for making accurate and consistent data sets, which is a time-consuming task. In order to widely use artificial intelligence in actual clinical practice in the future, there are lots of problems to be solved, such as building up a huge amount of fine-labeled open data set, understanding of the judgment criteria of artificial intelligence, and DICOM hacking threats using artificial intelligence. If solutions to these problems are presented with the development of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence will develop further in the future and is expected to play an important role in the development of automatic diagnosis systems, the establishment of treatment plans, and the fabrication of treatment tools. OMF radiologists, as professionals who thoroughly understand the characteristics of radiographic images, will play a very important role in the development of artificial intelligence applications in this field.

Three Frontiers for the Future of Biodiversity Research Using Citizen Science Data

BioScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey T Callaghan ◽  
Alistair G B Poore ◽  
Thomas Mesaglio ◽  
Angela T Moles ◽  
Shinichi Nakagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Biodiversity Data ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Biodiversity Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Future

Abstract Citizen science is fundamentally shifting the future of biodiversity research. But although citizen science observations are contributing an increasingly large proportion of biodiversity data, they only feature in a relatively small percentage of research papers on biodiversity. We provide our perspective on three frontiers of citizen science research, areas that we feel to date have had minimal scientific exploration but that we believe deserve greater attention as they present substantial opportunities for the future of biodiversity research: sampling the undersampled, capitalizing on citizen science's unique ability to sample poorly sampled taxa and regions of the world, reducing taxonomic and spatial biases in global biodiversity data sets; estimating abundance and density in space and time, develop techniques to derive taxon-specific densities from presence or absence and presence-only data; and capitalizing on secondary data collection, moving beyond data on the occurrence of single species and gain further understanding of ecological interactions among species or habitats. The contribution of citizen science to understanding the important biodiversity questions of our time should be more fully realized.

scholarly journals High Basal Metabolic Rates of Shorebirds While in the Arctic: A Circumpolar View

The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åke Lindström ◽  
Marcel Klaassen
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Southward Migration

Abstract The basal metabolic rate (BMR) of Old World long-distance-migrant shorebirds has been found to vary along their migration route. On average, BMR is highest in the Arctic at the start of fall migration, intermediate at temperate latitudes, and lowest on the tropical wintering grounds. As a test of the generality of this pattern, we measured the BMR of one adult and 44 juvenile shorebirds of 10 species (1–18 individuals of each species, body-mass range 19–94 g) during the first part of their southward migration in the Canadian Arctic (68–76°N). The interspecific relationship between BMR and body mass was almost identical to that found for juvenile shorebirds in the Eurasian Arctic (5 species), although only one species appeared in both data sets. We conclude that high BMR of shorebirds in the Arctic is a circumpolar phenomenon. The most likely explanation is that the high BMR reflects physiological adaptations to low ambient temperatures. Whether the BMR of New World shorebirds drops during southward migration remains to be investigated. Altas Tasas Metabólicas Basales de Aves Playeras Mientras Se Encuentran en el Ártico: Una Visión Circumpolar Resumen. Se ha encontrado que la tasa metabólica basal (TMB) de las aves playeras migratorias de larga distancia varía a lo largo de sus rutas de migración en el viejo mundo. En promedio, la TMB es máxima al comienzo de la migración otoñal en el ártico, intermedia en latitudes templadas y mínima en las áreas tropicales de invernada. Para poner a prueba la generalidad de este patrón, medimos la TMB de un individuo adulto y 44 juveniles de diez especies de aves playeras (1–18 individuos de cada especie, rango de peso corporal 19–94 g) durante la primera parte de su migración hacia el sur en el ártico canadiense (68–76°N). La relación interespecífica entre la TMB y el peso corporal fue casi idéntica a la que se había encontrado en juveniles de 5 especies de aves playeras en el ártico de Eurasia, aunque sólo una especie fue considerada en ambos estudios. Concluimos que la alta TMB de las aves playeras en el ártico representa un fenómeno circumpolar. La explicación más probable es que las altas TMBs reflejan adaptaciones fisiológicas a ambientes de bajas temperaturas. Aún no se ha investigado si las TMBs de las aves playeras del nuevo mundo disminuyen durante la migración hacia el sur.

scholarly journals CoViD-19: an automatic, semiparametric estimation method for the population infected in Italy

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10819
Author(s):  
Livio Fenga
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Semiparametric Estimation ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Reliable Estimation ◽  
Italian Government ◽  
The Future ◽  
Official Data

To date, official data on the number of people infected with the SARS-CoV-2—responsible for the Covid-19—have been released by the Italian Government just on the basis of a non-representative sample of population which tested positive for the swab. However a reliable estimation of the number of infected, including asymptomatic people, turns out to be crucial in the preparation of operational schemes and to estimate the future number of people, who will require, to different extents, medical attentions. In order to overcome the current data shortcoming, this article proposes a bootstrap-driven, estimation procedure for the number of people infected with the SARS-CoV-2. This method is designed to be robust, automatic and suitable to generate estimations at regional level. Obtained results show that, while official data at March the 12th report 12.839 cases in Italy, people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 could be as high as 105.789.

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