scholarly journals Anthelmintic resistance in parasites of small ruminants: sheep versus goats

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Várady ◽  
E. Papadopoulos ◽  
M. Dolinská ◽  
A. Königová
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Correct Dose

AbstractAnthelmintic resistance among parasites of sheep and goats has been known to occur for at least four decades. Both species of host have similar genera of nematodes, but the nematodes in goat herds usually develop anthelmintic resistance more rapidly. In vitro tests show higher ED50 values in goats than in flocks of sheep. Sheep and goats differ in many ways; for example, goats have a higher metabolic rate and require higher dose rates for drugs. The immune system of goats is also different. Additionally, these animals are reared under different management systems, i.e. sheep graze pastures and goats browse bushes, and lambing/kidding periods are different. Most anthelmintics used in goats have not been licensed for this animal species, and correct dose rates have rarely been experimentally determined. Possible explanations for such differences are discussed.

Effect of Jatropha curcas Latex on L3 Haemonchus contortus Larval Motility

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noorzaid Muhamad ◽  
Syahirah Sazeli ◽  
Resni Mona ◽  
Jannathul Firdous
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Plants Extract

The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P less than 0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic Activity of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) and Mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) against Haemonchus contortus in Sheep

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Mravčáková ◽  
Michaela Komáromyová ◽  
Michal Babják ◽  
Michaela Urda Dolinská ◽  
Alžbeta Königová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Artemisia Absinthium ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Ovicidal Effect ◽  
Nematode Eggs

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of dry wormwood and mallow on the gastrointestinal parasite of small ruminants Haemonchus contortus. Twenty-four experimentally infected lambs were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each: unsupplemented lambs, lambs supplemented with wormwood, lambs supplemented with mallow and animals supplemented with a mix of both plants. Faecal samples from the lambs were collected on day 23, 29, 36, 43, 50, 57, 64 and 75 post-infection for quantification of the number of eggs per gram (EPG). The mix of both plants contained phenolic acids (10.7 g/kg DM) and flavonoids (5.51 g/kg DM). The nematode eggs were collected and in vitro egg hatch test was performed. The aqueous extracts of both plants exhibited strong ovicidal effect on H. contortus, with ED50 and ED99 values of 1.40 and 3.76 mg/mL and 2.17 and 5.89 mg/mL, respectively, in the in vitro tests. Despite the great individual differences between the treated lambs in eggs reduction, the mean EPG of the untreated and treated groups did not differ (p > 0.05). Our results indicate that using wormwood and mallow as dietary supplements do not have a sufficient effect on lambs infected with H. contortus.

scholarly journals Multiple anthelmintic resistance at a goat farm in Slovakia

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178
Author(s):  
M. Babják ◽  
A. Königová ◽  
M. Várady
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Goat Farm ◽  
Threshold Criteria ◽  
Larval Development Test

Summary Cases of parasite resistance to the main classes of anthelmintics are increasingly reported from small ruminants at farms in Europe. We visited a goat farm in Slovakia in November 2019 with suspected parasite problems that reduced productivity and performed an in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and an in vitro larval development test (LDT) for all three main classes of anthelmintics. The lowest efficacy (60 %) detected by FECRT was for ivermectin (IVM). Benzimidazole (BZ) efficacy ranged between 80.3 and 86.5 %, and levamisole (LEV) efficacy was 94 %. The results from the in vivo FECRT test were confirmed by the in vitro LDT. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 173.6 ng/ml for IVM several times exceeded the recommended threshold of 21.6 ng/ml. Mean LD50 for BZ was equal to the threshold concentration, but the other threshold criteria indicated a low level of resistance in the population. The LDT did not indicate the presence of resistance only for LEV. The MIC 1.0 μg/ml for LEV was evaluated as susceptible with respect to species composition. Teladorsagia was the dominant genus after treatment with BZ, IVM, and LEV. Haemonchus contortus was identifi ed after treatment with BZ and LEV.

scholarly journals Resistencia a los antihelmínticos: origen, desarrollo y control.

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dildo Márquez Lara
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Nematode Resistance ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Control

<p>Una variada gama de antihelmínticos modernos, con espectro amplio y alto grado de eficacia, como los benzimidazoles, los agonistas nicotínicos y las lactonas macrocíclicas, se encuentran disponibles comercialmente en el mundo para el control de las infecciones causadas por helmintos en rumiantes. El uso intensivo y la administración inadecuada de antihelmínticos, en épocas y grupos de rumiantes no apropiados, han contribuido al desarrollo de resistencia a estas sustancias, lo que constituye un obstáculo importante para el control de los endoparásitos. La resistencia antihelmíntica se ha reportado principalmente en pequeños rumiantes y es escasa la información relacionada con los nemátodos de bovinos. Se han identificado algunos factores aceleradores del proceso de desarrollo de resistencia, entre ellos factores genéticos, reproductivos y ecológicos de los parásitos, así como factores de orden antrópico, siendo la resistencia una característica heredable. El aumento de la resistencia a los antihelmínticos en la última década, así como los requerimientos de información sobre su ocurrencia e incidencia, han señalado la necesidad de desarrollar y estandarizar técnicas más sensibles para su detección. Hay varias técnicas disponibles <em>in vivo </em>e <em>in vitro </em>útiles para detectar la resistencia antihelmíntica, si bien la prueba de Reducción del Conteo de Huevos Fecales (RCH) es la más usada. La detección temprana de esta condición es un factor esencial para el control estratégico de los endoparásitos a fin de preservar la eficacia de los antihelmínticos. La presente revisión propone diferentes alternativas, químicas y no químicas, para el control de helmintos con el objeto de retardar la aparición de resistencia.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Anthelmintic resistance: origin, development and control</strong></p><p>A wide range of modern anthelmintics, with broad-spectrum and high efficacy to control helminth infections in ruminants, are commercially available, such as benzimidazoles, nicotinic agonist and macrocyclic lactones.The intensive use and inadequated dosages of anthelmintics in ruminants have contributed to develop resistance, becoming the main threat to control endoparasites. Anthelmintic resistance has been reported mainly in small ruminants, but there is scarce information about it in nematodes of cattle. Genetic, reproductive, ecological and anthropic factors have been found to enhance the development of resistance. Because nematode resistance has increased in the last decade, it is necessary to investigate about its occurrence and incidence; so, developing and standarization of improved techniques for detection of the resistance should be carried out. There are several techniques (<em>in vivo </em>and <em>in vitro</em>) available for detection of anthelmintic resistance, being the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) the most commonly used. Early detection of resistance is an essential factor on parasite control strategies in order to preserve the effectiveness of anthelmintics. Different chemical and non-chemical helminth control strategies have been suggested in order to slow the onset of resistance.</p>

scholarly journals Nanoparticles as Alternatives for the Control of Haemonchus contortus: A Systematic Approach to Unveil New Anti-haemonchiasis Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehman Ali ◽  
Nisar Ahmad ◽  
Sakina Mussarat ◽  
Abdul Majid ◽  
Sultan F. Alnomasy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Nano Emulsion

Haemonchus contortus is an infectious gastrointestinal nematode parasite of small ruminants. This study addresses the in vitro/in vivo anti-haemonchiasis potential, toxicological effects, and mechanism of action of nanoparticles. Online databases were used to search and retrieve the published literature (2000 to 2021). A total of 18 articles were selected and reviewed, out of which, 13 (72.2%) studies reported in vitro, 9 (50.0%) in vivo, and 4 (22.2%) both in vitro/in vivo efficacy of different nanoparticles. Mostly, organic nanoparticles (77.7%) were used including polymeric (85.7%) and lipid nanoparticles (14.3%). The highest efficacy, in vitro, of 100% resulted from using encapsulated bromelain against eggs, larvae, and adult worm mortality at 4, 2, and 1 mg/ml, respectively. While in vivo, encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana oil reduced worm burden by 83.75% and encapsulated Cymbopogon citratus nano-emulsion by 83.1%. Encapsulated bromelain, encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana oil, and encapsulated Cymbopogon citratus nano-emulsion were safe and non-toxic in vivo. Encapsulated bromelain damaged the cuticle, caused paralysis, and death. Nanoparticles could be a potential source for developing novel anthelmintic drugs to overcome the emerging issue of anthelmintic resistance in H. contortus. Studies on molecular effects, toxicological consequences, and different pharmacological targets of nanoparticles are required in future research.

scholarly journals In Vivo and In Vitro Pharmacodynamics of Anthelmintic Medication Used in Sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Mihai CERNEA ◽  
Roxana FILIP ◽  
Raul CĂTANĂ ◽  
Laura CĂTANĂ
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Superior Efficacy ◽  
Reference Concentration ◽  
Post Therapy

Our research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintic treatments in sheep, as well as the resistance occurrence risk for the most commonly used substances. Anthelmintic medication efficacy was evaluated on 30 animals from a private farm, located in Sânmihaiu Almaşului, Sălaj County. In vivo studies were performed by using Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and testing an albendazole-based (ABZ) product. In vitro, we used Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and Larval Development Assay (LDA) for albendazole (ABZ), mebendazole (MBZ), fenbendazole (FBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ) and ivermectin (IVM) (only for LDA). FECRT showed that intestinal nematodes developed resistance phenomena against the ABZ-based product, with an extensivity of 80% at seven days post therapy, an egg reduction percentage of 41.89% at seven days post-therapy and 43.9% at 14 days post-therapy. The in vitro EHA highlighted a superior efficacy of TBZ (egg hatch percentage at reference concentration being 51.21) compared to ABZ (71.89%), MBZ (84.46%) and FBZ (79.22%), with a minimum risk of anthelmintic resistance. The LDA test revealed the superior efficacy of FBZ (MIC 0.59 mcg/ml) and IVM (MIC 0.078 mcg/ml), with a minimal risk of inducing parasitic resistance. All in vivo and in vitro tests revealed a limited ABZ efficacy, recommending avoiding the therapy with this substance.

Comparison of the diets of goats and sheep on a Casuarina cristata - Heterodendrum oleifolium woodland community in western New South Wales

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (72) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Wilson ◽  
JH Leigh ◽  
NL Hindley ◽  
WE Mulham
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Semi Arid

The diets of sheep and feral goats grazing a semi-arid woodland in western New South Wales were assessed using oesophageal fistulated animals. The diet of the goats consisted largely of browse, with the leaves of Heterodendrum oleifolium (rosewood) a consistent component, although a large proportion of herbaceous material (mainly Bassia spp.) was eaten on occasions. The sheep showed a preference for the pasture species Stipa variabilis (spear grass) and Bassia spp. (copper burrs). When these plants were not available they were replaced in the diet by a higher proportion of browse, mainly of the tree Casuarina cristata (belah). Nitrogen contents of the diets ranged from 1.6 per cent to 3.0 per cent, with that of the goats generally being greater than that of the sheep. In vitro digestibility data indicated comparable values for both animal species, with lower values occurring under higher stocking pressures. The woody weed Eremophila sturtii (turpentine) was ignored by both sheep and goats at all stocking rates. Another weed shrub Cassia eremophila var. platypoda (punty) was browsed very sparingly. This indicates that the use of goats in an attempt to eliminate established stands of these species is unlikely to be successful at low to moderate stocking rates.

scholarly journals Therapeutic study of Tephrosia purpurea (linn.) root extract on goat tapeworm with special reference to histopathological parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahale L. M. ◽  
Mahale L. M. ◽  
Mahale L. M. ◽  
Mahale L. M. ◽  
Mahale L. M.
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
The Body ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Tephrosia Purpurea

Goat farming forms the backbone of the Indian livestock sector. The prevalence of helminth infection is one of the major problems which affects the milk and meat production of small ruminants. It causes diarrhea, anaemia, oedema, bottle jaw and reduce reproductive performance of animals. Anthelmintic resistance and drug residues in animal products like milk and meat are the results of indiscriminate use of anthelminthics by goat owners for helminth control. Herbal anthelminthics are effective alternatives without any harmful effects. The paper presents the anthelminthic potential of the root extract of Tephrosia purpurea (linn.) plant on common tapeworm of goat, Moniezia. The in vitro study showed that the anticestodal activity of T. purpurea (linn.) at 125mg/ml dilution was comparable to that of albendazole. The histopathological study revealed very prominent shrinkage of scolex and suckers, tegument showed puff formation and was ruptured at the marginal position with irregular folds and crumbling of the segments. Longitudinal section of segment showed more marginal serrations indicating crumbling of the body segment as compared to albendazole, leading to the death of the worm.

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