Anthelmintic Drugs Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Naturally Infected Goats in Haramaya, Ethiopia

Gastrointestinal parasites and their anthelmintic resistance are major constraints to goat production in Ethiopia. Experimental investigation by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and larval cultures were used to assess the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance in naturally infected goats with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in Haramaya, Ethiopia. One hundred goats with a minimum of 150 eggs per gram (EPG) count were selected and randomly divided into five groups; 20 goats in each group; four treated and one untreated group. The result of the faecal egg count reduction test percentage (FECRT%) and the lower 95% confidence limit showed the presence of anthelmintic resistance for all tested drugs except tetramisole. FECRT% and lower 95% confidence limit were 69.9% and 36.9 for albendazole, 84.3% and 66.1 for tetraclozan, 95.7% and 87.4 for tetramisole and 71.1% and 38.2 for ivermectin respectively. Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia and Haemonchus showed anthelmintic resistance for tested drugs. Coproculture from different treatment group revealed Trichostrongylus (69.2% in ivermectin and 59.6% in albendazole) were the predominant nematode followed by Teladorsagia (21.9% in albendazole and 14.7% in ivermectin). In tetraclozan treatment group, Trichostrongylus (42%) and Teladorsagia (41.3%) were comparable, followed by Haemonchus (13%). In group treated with tetramisole, Teladorsagia (54.3%) were the most frequently detected nematode followed by Trichostrongylus (25.7%) and Haemonchus (11.4%). Therefore, this study demonstrated the presence of multi-drug resistant nematodes that may limit the productivity of goats. Moreover, further studies covering wider areas of Ethiopia and mechanisms of nematode resistance need to be studied in future.

MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE OF SHEEP GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES IN BAKRAJO DISTRICT, NORTH IRAQ TO ALBENDAZOLE, IVERMECTIN, AND LEVAMISOLE

A survey including 25 sheep farms in Bakrajo District, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, was conducted to determine anthelmintic resistance (AR) against albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole. Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was used to accomplish this goal. Forty 6–24 month-old sheep of mixed sexes were selected from each farm and randomly divided into four groups. One group served as the untreated control, and the other groups orally administered the recommended doses of the tested drugs. Multidrug resistance against all three drugs was present in 8 of 25 farms (32%). Also, resistance to albendazole and ivermectin was detected on one farm. Albendazole was the most effective anthelmintic agent. Resistance to ivermectin was significantly higher than levamisole and albendazole. Larval cultures revealed that Trichostrongylus spp., Nematodirus spp., and Trichuris spp. were the prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes in the study area. The nematode genera were also detected in the posttreatment larval cultures. It is concluded that AR to albendazole, ivermectin, and levamisole is widespread in sheep in Bakrajo District, north Iraq. This resistance is mainly caused by the emergence of resistant Trichostrongylus and Nematodirus spp.

Liverfluke Coprological Cross-Sectional Survey in Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Sharazur District Kurdistan- Iraq

Cross-sectional coprological survey was conducted to know the prevalence of liver flukes in cattle, sheep and goats in Sharazur district Kurdistan- Iraq from June 2018 to March 2020. Parasitological examination of fecal samples collected from 685 animals from several field (280 sheep, 245 goats and 160 cattle) was done by using sedimentation method (Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test- FECRT). We revealed that an overall Fasciola species prevalence were (49.48%). Liver fascioliasis was documented highly in sheep (55.71%), followed by cattle (47.5 %) and goats (43.67%). Risk factors such as age and sex showed a significant effects on the prevalence of liver flukes (P<0.05). A higher prevalence rate was noticed and identified in animals older than 3 years old (57.66%) and it was higher than those found in middle age (47.71%) and in young animals (31%). The prevalence of female Fascioliasis was (52.74%) and higher than male Fasciolasis which was (40%).

Multispecific resistance of sheep trichostrongylids in Austria

Anthelmintic overuse and failure to implement methods preventing the development and spread of anthelmintic resistance (AR) have led to an alarming increase of resistant ovine trichostrongylids worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the routine anthelmintic treatment strategy was effective, to obtain insights into the frequency of AR in trichostrongylids of sheep in Austria, and to determine the presence of different trichostrongylid genera. On 30 sheep farms, the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was performed with the Mini-FLOTAC technique in two consecutive studies. In study 1, only fenbendazole and moxidectin were tested, while different compounds and products were used in study 2. Overall, 33 treatment groups were formed: 11 groups were treated with benzimidazoles (fenbendazole and albendazole), 2 groups with avermectins (ivermectin, doramectin), 18 groups with moxidectin, and two groups with monepantel. Reduced efficacy was detected in 64%, 100%, 28% and 50% of these groups, respectively. The most frequently detected genus in larval cultures was Haemonchus, which had been barely detected in Austria previously, followed by Trichostrongylus. Multispecific resistance of trichostrongylids in Austria seems to be on the rise and H. contortus was detected unexpectedly frequently in comparison to previous studies. There is an urgent need to develop efficient communication strategies aimed at improving the engagement of farmers and veterinarians in sustainable parasite control.

Resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes to four classes of anthelmintics in the semiarid region of Paraíba state, Brazil

The effectiveness of four anthelmintic classes on cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in the semi-arid region of Paraiba State, Brazil, was evaluated. Twenty farms were used, testing 40 animals in each one, totaling 800 animals. Cattle were divided into four groups composed with ten animals: I, treated with albendazole sulfoxide 15%; II, treated with ivermectin 1%; III, treated with closantel 25%; IV, treated with levamisole hydrochloride 7.5%. All treatments were administered subcutaneously. For the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), individual fecal samples were collected on days 0 and 14, and sent for analysis of egg count per gram of feces (EPG) and larval cultures. It was observed that multiresistance was present in 95% (19/20) of the farms. Resistance to ivermectin and albendazole was observed in 95% (19/20), to closantel in 75% (15/20) and to levamisole in 20% (4/20). The most used management system was semi-intensive (75%; 15/20) and the ivermectin was the most reported drug for controlling helminths (65%; 13/20). Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent helminth genus. It was concluded that the anthelmintic resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes is high in the semi-arid of Paraíba State, Brazil, with multiresistance observed mainly to ivermectin, albendazole and closantel.

Identification of Bacteria from under Finger Nails

This study was conducted to isolate and identify bacteria from human finger nails. A total of three nail samples were collected. The samples were collected from random people in which two of them were from females and one was from male. The isolated pathogens from finger nails include Bacillus species (2 isolates), coccus species (one isolate). Highest contamination of Bacillus species was isolated. After the colonies were being isolated, they were further characterized on the basis of biochemical characteristics including Indole test, Citrate test, Nitrate reduction test and Urease test. After that Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed to identify the resistance of a particular bacteria towards a given antibiotic i.e. Ampicillin, Chloromphenicol, Norfloxacin, Co-Trimoxazol and Ciprofloxacin. However the results obtained showed the resistance of isolates towards Ampicillin indicating the prevalance of potentially disease causing microbes under fingernails. This study showed the importance of nail hygiene.

High Temperature Degradation of Thermal Oxides on AISI 304 Stainless Steels by Carbon

AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel specimens are oxidised in laboratory air at 750 °C for 48 h. They are further subjected to the reduction test in carbon at 1350 °C for 30 and 60 min. The results show that the mass gain of the oxidised AISI 304 slighter increases to be 0.08 mg cm–2 after the reduction for 30 min and is unchanged at the longer reduction period up to 60 min. The oxide on AISI 304 is deteriorated after the reduction but its morphology tends to be unchanged when the reduction period is longer from 30 to 60 min. The results then indicate the superior performance of the AISI 304 to combat the corrosion under carbon at this high temperature.