scholarly journals City Shape and the Fractality of Street Patterns

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Mohajeri ◽  
Paul Longley ◽  
Michael Batty
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Step Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Street ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Line Slope ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
The City ◽  
Street Segments

City Shape and the Fractality of Street Patterns This paper discusses, first, the concepts of fractals and power laws in relation to the street patterns of the city of Dundee, East Scotland and, second, the results of the measurement of 6,004 street segments in the city. The trends of the street segments are presented through rose diagrams and show that there are two main street trends in the city: one is parallel with the coast, the other is roughly perpendicular to the coast. It is clear that the coastline largely regulates the street trend, because both the main street trends change along the city so as to be nearly coast-perpendicular and coast-parallel everywhere. The lengths of the street segments follow power laws. When presented on log-log plots, however, the result is not a single straight line but two straight lines. At the break in line slope, the fractal dimension changes from 0.88 to 2.20. The change occurs at the step length of about 100 m, indicating that the short streets belong to a population that is different from that of the longer streets.

Appendix, containing the Investigation of a Formula for the Rectification of any Arch of an Ellipse

1805 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-293
Keyword(s):  
Finite Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Algebraic Equations ◽  
Conic Sections ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Curve Line ◽  
Straight Lines

It is now generally understood, that by the rectification of a curve line, is meant, not only the method of finding a straight line exactly equal to it, but also the method of expressing it by certain functions of the other lines, whether straight lines or circles, by which the nature of the curve is defined. It is evidently in the latter sense that we must understand the term rectification, when applied to the arches of conic sections, seeing that it has hitherto been found impossible, either to exhibit straight lines equal to them, or to express their relation to their co-ordinates, by algebraic equations, consisting of a finite number of terms.

scholarly journals Identical appended series of points as invariants in the collocal general-colinear fields

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 387-394
Author(s):  
Sonja Krasic
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Similar Series ◽  
Vanishing Line ◽  
Identical Series ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
General Method

In order to bring the collocal collinear fields from the general into the perspective position, it is required to determine the identical appended series of points. Because of the properties depending on the projectivity that is given by the four appended points (straight lines) the appended identical series of the points and types are ranked among the invariants of general-collinear and perspectively-collinear fields. The procedure of determination of appended identical series of points is comprised of the following: in the set of ?1 of perspectively similar series in one field (whose center of perspective is a point on the vanishing line), find those that are identical to all the series in the set ?1 of perspective identical series of points in the other field (whose center of perspective is the point on the infinitely distant straight line). In the procedure, one begins from the appended similar methods obtained by the general method. The procedure is simplified by the introduction of the specially given similar series of points.

VILNIAUS MIESTO PLANO TRANSFORMACIJOS XVIII A. PAB.-XIX A.

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Indrė Čiurlionienė
Keyword(s):  
City Planning ◽  
Private Property ◽  
City Development ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Functional Scheme ◽  
New City ◽  
City Structure ◽  
Urban Visions ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
The City

Since the end of the 18 th c, Vilnius city planning conceptions and their realization start demonstrating strong features of rational city structure formation manifesting themselves in the composition based on strict geometry and developed at the level of the entire city. The paper discusses how the classicistic urban formation ideas show themselves in Vilnius city planning conceptions of the end of the 18 th c–19th c and tries to highlight some features of realization of the conceptions based on these ideas. The first part of the paper deals with classicistic planning conceptions of Vilnius city and the sociocultural context of their preparation. The second part investigates spread of artistic ideas of Classicism in Vilnius city planning conceptions referring to analysis of combinations of geometric forms. The third part studies how much the newly-adapted urban forms confront with function in conceptions and their realization. Generalizations maintain that rationality and universality are the most distinct features in Vilnius city planning conceptions of the period under consideration. In city formation, classicistic rationalization manifests itself in a strict planned composition, whereas classicistic universality shows itself in application of a standardized colonial city scheme. The most distinct transformations are found in the conceptions of the tsarist period that include strong, although formal city development through transformation of the available city parts, joining of the developed outskirts with the city territory and providing them with the features of the city being transformed as well as planning new city parts in free areas. In the process of planning different city parts, the same set of composition formation tools is applied. Analysis of three objects, i.e. straight lines, intersections thereof and figures formed by them, demonstrates that application of these forms during the tsarist period is confined to quite a minimum quantity of combinations. Usually, an (ir)regular rectangular scheme of a street network is applied. In application of combinations of straight lines, the following three cases are possible: (a) a straight line is applied as an aesthetic measure to solve just aesthetic tasks; (b) a straight line is applied to solve just functional tasks, when an aesthetic aspect remains secondary; (c) a straight line is adapted in compliance with aesthetics and functionality balance, i.e. “aesthetical function”. In some places, analysis of realization of city planning conceptions shows a gap between aesthetics and functionality (case “a”), where a paradox of non-universality of classicistic universal or irrationality of rationality is hidden when universal as a rational functional scheme denies itself due to its non-functionality applying rationalized aesthetics by formal tools in a particular context. A few reasons of non-realisation of the conceptions under consideration may be distinguished: (a) private property impeding realization of general urban visions; (b) absence of motivation for actual city development; (c) incompliance of plans with actual topographic basics; (d) resistance of population to irrational change of an urbanistic network. Most likely, this is the active participation of residents in the process of planning and correction thereof that helped to avoid tsarist contradictions between aesthetics and functionality found in Vilnius plans. Santrauka Nuo XVIII a. pab. Vilniaus miesto planavimo koncepcijose ir realizacijose atsiranda ryškių racionalios miesto struktūros formavimo bruožų, kurie reiškiasi griežta geometrizuota kompozicija, plėtojama viso miesto mastu. Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti šių transformacijų raišką XVIII a. pab-XIX a. Vilniaus miesto plėtros koncepcijose ir bandoma pabrėžti kai kuriuos šiomis idėjomis paremtų koncepcijų realizacijų bruožus. Pirmojoje straipsnio dalyje nagrinėjamos Vilniaus miesto klasicistinės planavimo koncepcijos ir jų rengimo kontekstas. Antrojoje ir trečiojoje dalyse remiantis geometrinių formų kombinacijų analize nagrinėjama klasicizmo meninių idėjų sklaida Vilniaus miesto planavimo koncepcijose. Trečiojoje dalyje analizuojama, kiek naujai adaptuojamos miesto formos konfrontuoja su funkcija koncepcijose ir jų realizacijose. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip racionalia miestų planavimo schema siekiama spręsti epochos meninius uždavinius, tačiau pastebima, kad kartais ši schema taikoma remiantis vien meniniais principais, nepaisant konteksto. Tai savo ruožtu lemia konfrontaciją su funkcija, kai dėl šios kontroversijos klasicistinė miesto formavimo schema ne visada yra pritaikoma.

scholarly journals Detour Extra Straight Lines in the Euclidean Plane

2020 ◽  
pp. 237-249
Author(s):  
I. Szalay ◽  
B. Szalay
Keyword(s):  
Euclidean Plane ◽  
Euclidean Geometry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Axiom Systems ◽  
Straight Lines

Using the theory of exploded numbers by the axiom-systems of real numbers and Euclidean geometry, we explode the Euclidean plane. Exploding the Euclidean straight lines we get super straight lines. The extra straight line is the window phenomenon of super straight line. In general, the extra straight lines are curves in Euclidean sense, but they have more similar properties to Euclidean straight lines. On the other hand, with respect of parallelism we find a surprising property: there are detour straight lines.

scholarly journals III.—On the Extension of Brouncker's Method to the Comparison of Several Magnitudes.

1870 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Edward Sang
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Exact Science ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Straight Lines

The discovery of those numbers which shall, either truly or approximately, represent the ratio of two magnitudes, necessarily attracted the attention of the earliest cultivators of exact science. The definition of the equality of ratios given in Euclid's compilation clearly exposes the nature of the process used in his time. This process consisted in repeating each of the two magnitudes until some multiple of the one agreed perfectly or nearly with a multiple of the other; the numbers of the repetitions, taken in inverse order, represented the ratio. Thus, if the proposed magnitudes were two straight lines, Euclid would have opened two pairs of compasses, one to each distance, and, beginning at some point in an indefinite straight line, he would step the two distances along, bringing up that which lagged behind, until he obtained an exact or a close coincidence.

scholarly journals EKSPLORASI TEKNIS FOTOGRAFI UDARA POROS IMAJINER DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Oscar Samaratungga
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Imaginary Axis ◽  
The South ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The World ◽  
Imaginary Line ◽  
South Sea ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
The City ◽  
Special Region

Yogyakarta adalah kota yang unik dan istimewa, salah satunya karena adanya filosofi tentang garis imajiner. Garis imajiner itu sudah menjadi wacana lama, tetapi tetap menarik untuk menjadi pembahasan. Kota ini terbelah sebuah oleh sumbu imajiner yang menghubungkan Gunung Merapi – Tugu Pal Putih – Keraton – Panggung Krapyak – Parangtritis. Dilihat dari peta, juga bisa dilihat jika Merapi, Keraton, dan Pantai Selatan ini memang berada di satu garis lurus secara imajiner. Filosofi garis lurus imajiner dari Merapi hingga Laut Selatan ini sarat makna. Untuk masyarakat di Yogyakarta, Gunung Merapi, Laut Selatan, dan Keraton Yogyakarta mengandung makna penting. Kehidupan di dunia merupakan sebuah harmoni antara mikrokosmos (jagat cilik) dan makrokosmos (jagat gede). Keharmonisan itu harus dijaga satu sama lain, tidak boleh terjadi ketimpangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah bagaimana melakukan eksplorasi pemotretan udara atas poros imajiner dikaitkan dengan teknis kreatif dan aspek estetis yang dapat mengungkap kekhasan wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Pemotretan yang akan dilakukan adalah pemotretan melalui udara menggunakan drone, sebuah peralatan dan teknologi baru yang sedang berkembang dalam dunia fotografi saat ini. Lokasi yang akan direkam dan didokumentasikan adalah lima titik yang ada dalam poros imajiner tersebut, yaitu Gunung Merapi, Tugu Pal Putih, Keraton, Panggung Krapyak, dan Parangtritis. Salah satu kekuatan dalam fotografi udara dengan menggunakan drone adalah keleluasaan dalam menempatkan kamera. Keleluasaan penempatan kamera tersebut membuka ruang eksplorasi dalam mengambil gambar dari berbagai sudut yang berbeda. Gambar dari sudut yang berbeda tersebut dapat memberikan cara pandang yang berbeda pula. Hal ini berarti ruang hampir tidak terbatas untuk mengekplorasi berbagai sudut yang mungkin sulit dijangkau ketika menggunakan medium fotografi lainnya. ABSTRACTAerial Photography Technical Exploration of the Special Region of Yogyakarta’s Imaginary Axis. Yogyakarta is a unique and special city, one of them is because of the philosophy of the Imaginary Line. Although the imaginary line has become an old discourse, it is still interesting to be discussed. The city is split by an imaginary axis connecting Mount Merapi - Tugu Pal Putih - Keraton - Panggung Krapyak –Parangtritis.  Explored from the map, it can also be seen that Merapi, Keraton and South Coast are indeed in one imaginary straight line. The philosophy of imaginary straight lines from Merapi to the South Sea is full of meaning. For people in Yogyakarta, Mount Merapi, the South Sea, and Yogyakarta Palace, they have their own important meaninga. Life in the world is a harmony between the microcosm (the universe) and the macrocosm (big universe). The harmony must be maintained with each other, inequality must not occur.  The purpose of this study is to explore aerial photography of an imaginary axis associated with creative technical and aesthetic aspects that can reveal the peculiarities of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The photos taken are aerial photography using Drones, a new equipment and technology that is developing in the world of photography today. The locations that were recorded and documented were the five points in the imaginary axis, namely Mount Merapi, Tugu Pal Putih, Keraton, Panggung Krapyak, and Parangtritis. One of the strengths in aerial photography using drones is the flexibility in placing the camera. The flexibility of placing the camera opens an exploration of space in taking pictures from different angles, because images from different angles can provide a different perspective. This means there is an unlimited space to explore various angles that may be difficult to reach when using other photography mediums.

Chemorheological Treatment of Crosslinked EPDM

1971 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1334-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenkichi Murakami ◽  
Saburo Tamura
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Main Chain ◽  
Relaxation Curve ◽  
Oxidative Cleavage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carbon Bond ◽  
Carbon Carbon Bond ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Interchange Reaction ◽  
Straight Lines

Abstract Stress relaxation mechanisms were investigated on three types of (EPDM) ethylene-propylene terpolymers in air at 109° C. These polymers differ only by the structure of the crosslinkage in which there is a carbon-carbon bond, a polysulfide linkage −Sx⁁− or a monosulfide linkage (—S—). All the stress relaxation of peroxide-cured EPDM polymer was not due to the oxygen-induced cleavage of the main chain but to a physical flow. In the case of sulfur-cured EPDM polymer, the relaxation curve is divided into three straight lines when the procedure X is used and log f(t)/f(0( is plotted linearly with time. It was concluded that this graph was in agreement with an interchange reaction of the polysulfide linkage by an oxidative cleavage of the monosulfide linkage. On the other hand, a TT-cured EPDM polymer gave a plot with a straight line. This stress relaxation could be explained by an oxidative cleavage of the monosulfide linkage.

scholarly journals Limit Cycles of Planar Piecewise Differential Systems with Linear Hamiltonian Saddles

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1128
Author(s):  
Jaume Llibre ◽  
Claudia Valls
Keyword(s):  
Limit Cycle ◽  
Differential System ◽  
Limit Cycles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Systems ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Line Of Discontinuity ◽  
Straight Lines

We provide the maximum number of limit cycles for continuous and discontinuous planar piecewise differential systems formed by linear Hamiltonian saddles and separated either by one or two parallel straight lines. We show that when these piecewise differential systems are either continuous or discontinuous and are separated by one straight line, or are continuous and are separated by two parallel straight lines, they do not have limit cycles. On the other hand, when these systems are discontinuous and separated by two parallel straight lines, we prove that the maximum number of limit cycles that they can have is one and that this maximum is reached by providing an example of such a system with one limit cycle. When the line of discontinuity of the piecewise differential system is formed by one straight line, the symmetry of the problem allows to take this straight line without loss of generality as the line x=0. Similarly, when the line of discontinuity of the piecewise differential system is formed by two parallel straight lines due to the symmetry of the problem, we can assume without loss of generality that these two straight lines are x=±1.

Pengaruh Kotbah, Musik Gereja Dan Fasilitas Gereja Terhadap Tingkat Kehadiran Jemaat

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Frederich Oscar Lontoh
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Target Population ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The City

This research is titled " The influence of sermon, church music and church facilities on the level of attendance”. The purpose of research is to identify and analyze whether sermon, church music and church facilities have influence on the the level of attendance. The target population in this study is a Christian church members who live in the city of Surabaya.. Sample required is equal to 47 respondents. Through sampling stratified Random techniques.These influence was measured using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis, t-test and analysis of variance. Descriptive  analysis  were taken to analyze the level of attendance according to demographic groups.The hypothesis in this study are the sermon, church music and church facilities have positive and significant on the level of attendance. The results showed that collectively, there are positive and significant correlation among the sermon, church music and church facilities on the level of attendance  96,2%. It means that 96,2 % of level of attendance influenced by sermon, church music and church facilities and the other 28,9% by others. All of the variable partially have significant correlation to level of attendance.

Automatic Tread Gaging Machine

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
G. S. Ludwig ◽  
F. C. Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Automatic Machine ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Handling Device ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Component Systems ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Good Repeatability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Straight Lines

Abstract An automatic tread gaging machine has been developed. It consists of three component systems: (1) a laser gaging head, (2) a tire handling device, and (3) a computer that controls the movement of the tire handling machine, processes the data, and computes the least-squares straight line from which a wear rate may be estimated. Experimental tests show that the machine has good repeatability. In comparisons with measurements obtained by a hand gage, the automatic machine gives smaller average groove depths. The difference before and after a period of wear for both methods of measurement are the same. Wear rates estimated from the slopes of straight lines fitted to both sets of data are not significantly different.

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