scholarly journals The Optimal Capital Structure under the Conditions of Employment: An Application of Theory X and Theory Y

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69
Author(s):  
Chamil W. Senarathne
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Behavioral Aspects ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
Theory Y ◽  
Theory X ◽  
The Capital Structure

AbstractThe traditional theories governing the capital structure decisions completely ignore the human side of the enterprise (e.g. attitude to work). The objective of this paper is to identify the optimal mix of Theory X and Theory Y type employees to be employed by an organization in order to maintain (i.e. unaffected by the type of employees at work) the optimal level of capital structure. The classification of an employee into Theory X and Theory of Y is made based on the organizational contribution conditional on motivation rather than merely considering the attitude to work. Internal motivation of an employee (i.e. inherently likes or dislikes) alone cannot be identified as the criterion of recognizing employees under Theory X and Theory of Y. Level of attainment of needs within the organization, psychological state of mind and cultural dimension (i.e. individualism-collectivism) of the individual attached to the organization are the main behavioural criteria that distinguish between Theory X-type and Theory Y-type employees. This paper shows that the optimal capital structure is unaffected by the employment mix at the optimal level of Theory X and Theory Y type employees employed by an organization. The firms’ managers must therefore consider the behavioral aspects of employees (e.g. attitude to risk) when making organizational decisions such as financial decisions. For example, mismatches in the capital structure can be explained by a careful analysis of behavioral aspects of employees. By making necessary adjustments to the current employment mix, the firm could eliminate the mismatches in the firm’s capital structure.

Financing Decisions and Performance of Italian SMEs in the Hotel Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Botta
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Financing Decisions ◽  
Medium Enterprise ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the existence of an optimal capital structure for small and medium enterprise (SME) hotels through the analysis of the relationship between financing decisions and financial performance in a large sample of Italian hotel SMEs. The results show that hotel SMEs face an optimal capital structure that allows them to maximize returns to investors, while instead having both too little and too much debt reduces their financial performance. This notwithstanding, we show that hotel SMEs are not particularly concerned with optimizing their capital structure, and their funding behavior is deeply connected with the availability of internally available funds, a typical pecking order behavior, and they result extremely slow in converging toward their optimal level of leverage so that they could improve their performance by adopting a more sophisticated financial strategy.

scholarly journals The influence of profitability, size, and growth on the capital structure in consumer goods companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yovilanda Anggraeni Puspitasari ◽  
Diah Ekaningtias
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Internal Funds ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
The Capital Structure

Capital structure is a very important element needed by companies to conduct the companies’ operational activities. Companies must determine whether to use internal funds first or external funds to finance investment in getting an optimal capital structure. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the variables of profitability, size and growth on the capital structure in consumer goods companies. Multiple regression analysis is used to analyze the data in this study. Data analysis is conducted on consumer goods companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange period 2012-2016. Based on the analysis, it is found that profitability, size, and growth have an effect on capital structure in consumer goods companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2012-2016.

scholarly journals Building an optimal capital structure of start‑ups

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Burżacka
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Financial Structure ◽  
Financing Structure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Particular Solution ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
The Capital Structure

Effective financial management and optimal capital structure are important for companies to obtain better operational performance. The purpose of this study is the review of the most important theories in terms of optimal financial structure and to explore the most important factors affecting decisions in that area. A bad decision about the capital structure may lead to financial lack of balance and even to bankruptcy. There are many alternative theories on how to build optimal capital structures, which, as indicated by practice, may occur to be insufficient. There is no significant studies that clearly indicate the determinants of a particular solution in the financial structure of companies, especially those referred to as startup companies, mainly because of specifics of that group of companies. It is not possible to indicate which of the leading approaches to the capital structure more fully describes the decisions of start‑ups as to the financing structure. Nevertheless, the results indicate that managers of companies often include similar decisions competitors and modulate the policy of his company within the capital structure for a particular, market standard, which is confirmed by Abdulsaleh and Worthington.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI STRUKTUR MODAL PADA PERUSAHAAN BATUBARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Rahmad Fuadiantoni ◽  
Suratna Suratna ◽  
Indro Herry Mulyanto
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
National Development ◽  
Sales Growth ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
Operating Leverage ◽  
The Capital Structure

Rahmad Fuadiantoni, Student Identity Number 152140102, Business Administration Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, National Development University "Veteran" Yogyakarta. Title of research Analysis of Factors Affecting Capital Structure of Coal Companies Listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2012-2016. Advisor Suratna and IndroHerry Mulyanto.This study aims to determine the factors that affect the capital structure of coal companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange either partially or simultaneously. This type of research is explanatory research. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. Of the 22 coal companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, only 19 companies were taken as samples, because they have complete financial statements for 2012-2016. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis, which was previously tested with the classical assumption test and hypothesis testing using partial t test, simultaneous F test with a level of significance of 5%.The result of this research, asset structure has significant effect to capital structure. This is evidenced by a significance value of 0.017 (p ≤ 0.05). Operating leverage has a significant effect on capital structure. This is evidenced by a significance value of 0.036 (p ≤ 0.05). The level of sales growth has a significant effect on capital structure. This is evidenced by a significance value of 0.028 (p ≤ 0.05). Profitability has a significant effect on capital structure. This is evidenced by the significance value of 0.032 (p ≤ 0.05). Liquidity significantly affects the capital structure. This is evidenced by a significance value of 0.029 (p ≤ 0.05). Asset structure, operating leverage, sales growth rate, profitability, and liquidity simultaneously have a significant effect on the capital structure. This is evidenced by the significance value of F of 0.000 (p ≤ 0.05).          Conclusion, partially asset structure variables, operating leverage, sales growth rates, profitability, and liquidity have a significant effect on the capital structure. While simultaneously asset structure variables, operating leverage, sales growth rates, profitability (ROA), and liquidity have a significant effect on the capital structure. Research suggestions, for companies, companies should have plans and strategies in financial management to establish an optimal capital structure in order to maximize company profits and value. For financial management in determining the optimal capital structure should consider the factors that affect the capital structure of the asset structure, operating leverage, the level of sales growth, profitability, and liquidity. By considering these factors it is expected that the management will be easier in determining the optimal capital structure. For the researcher, for the next research should be able to use or add variables and samples in order to get better results and extend the period or time period in the observation, because the opportunity to obtain more information.

Optimization of the Capital Structure of Telecommunications Companies in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Елена Филонова ◽  
Yelyena Filonova
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
Telecommunications Market ◽  
Telecommunications Companies ◽  
The Capital Structure

The choice of optimal capital structure is one of the most important tasks solved by financial management and management of any company. This structure allows you to minimize the weighted average cost of capital and increase the value of the company. The study of problems of optimizing the capital structure and identifying ways to solve them is an urgent task of strategic and financial management. This article presents the results of work in the direction of building the optimal capital structure in the strategic group of competitors of the Russian telecommunications market, which include Rostelecom, Mobile TeleSystems, Megafon, Vympel Communications. The initial informational and statistical base of the performed calculations was the materials of the accounting (financial) statements of the selected companies for 2014–2017.

scholarly journals METHODS OF CORPORATE CAPITAL CAPITAL STRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 298 (5 Part 1) ◽  
pp. 258-263
Author(s):  
Serhiy FROLOV ◽  
◽  
Mariia DYKHA ◽  
Viktoriia DZIUBA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Structure Optimization ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Capital Structure

When forming the optimal capital structure, the choice of methods, approaches, tools is important, which is determined by a set of initial conditions, the need to perform the tasks, achieving results / strategic guidelines. The purpose of the article is to systematize scientific approaches to optimize the capital structure, to clarify the impact of factors on the capital structure of the corporation, which will serve as a basis for ensuring the optimal level of capital structure. As a result of the research, the views of scientists on the optimization of capital structure are systematized, the key aspects of the three main approaches to such optimization are singled out and described. The approaches used in determining financial leverage are described. The expediency of determining financial leverage through the ratio of EPS – earnings per share and EBIT – earnings before interest and taxes is substantiated. The most common methods of capital structure optimization are identified: the method of capital expenditures (the method of minimizing the weighted average cost of capital); the method of determining the effect of financial leverage or the method of maximizing the level of financial profitability; method of determining the complex operational and financial leverage; EBIT-EPS valuation method, Du Pont method, operating profit method and adjusted present value method. Their features, advantages and disadvantages of use are described. The factors influencing financial leverage are systematized, the positive or negative influence of each of the determined factors on financial leverage is determined. A matrix of factors that determine the optimal capital structure in terms of the environment (internal or external) and the implementation of financial policy (at the strategic or operational-tactical levels).

scholarly journals Determinants of Capital Structure across Industries at Jakarta Stock Exchange

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-115
Author(s):  
Christina Christina ◽  
Johan Halim
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Dividend Payout ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
A Company ◽  
The Capital Structure

There are several objectives to be accomplished in this study. The main purpose of this research is to determine the nature of capital structure across non-finance industries in Indonesia, whether they prefer to use debt or equity as their source of financing. Subsequently, factors that influenced the capital structure of a company are then identified. In this study, the company’s profitability, size, and dividend payout are considered as those factors that have relationship with leverage. Finally, this research also conducted to examine whether a company’s capital structure decision affects its growth of shares price. In doing so, multiple regression analysis is used in order to determine whether there is relationship between variables tested. The sample of analysis includes 230 companies listed in Jakarta Stock Exchange from all industries, except finance, in 2006. The findings of this research confirm that, first of all, capital structure varies across industries. Each industry would have different decisions regarding its optimal capital structure, depends on several factors. This leads to the second findings, in which it proves that there is negative significant relationship between profitability and leverage, positive significant relationship between company’s size and leverage, and negative relationship between dividend payout and leverage. Finally, this research also verifies that there is no relationship between leverage and company’s growth of shares price, which means that the growth of shares price is not influenced by the company’s capital structure decision. Capital structure decision plays an important role in maximizing the firm’s value. By having the most optimal capital structure, firms might be able to push its cost to the minimum point, which then assist them in dealing with the competitive environment. Consequently, it is important to determine the factors that influence the capital structure of companies.

Optimal Capital Structure and Speed of Adjustment under Hyperinflation and Dollarization

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-177
Author(s):  
Strike Mbulawa ◽  
Nathan F. Okurut ◽  
Mogale Ntsosa ◽  
Narain Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Speed Of Adjustment ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Adjustment Factors ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Optimal Leverage

Economic challenges in Zimbabwe have resulted in firms being pushed out of their optimal leverage. Firms are faced with the need to move back to the optimal level of financing to improve their value. They tend to adjust quickly to the optimal level whenever failing to do so is costlier. This study employs a dynamic capital structure model to examine the determinants of optimal leverage and the speed of adjustment under a hyperinflation and dollarization period (2000–2016). The study shows that firms have an optimal leverage and there are costs of adjusting to this level of capital. Findings are consistent with theoretical predictions of the static trade-off theory (STT) and agency theory. The adjustment factors for all the models were found to be at least 0.475 and are higher under hyperinflation than under dollarization. Both firm and macroeconomic factors explain the optimal capital structure while the former also explains the speed of adjustment. Policies focusing on improving access to and reducing costs for finance will assist firms to maximize value as they adjust to the desired financing mix. The policies adopted may vary in response to the economic environment.

scholarly journals PERANAN STRUKTUR MODAL TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PADA PERUSAHAAN TEKSTIL YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-39
Author(s):  
Pratikto Aji Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Equity Ratio ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
Additional Reference ◽  
The Capital Structure

Abstrak. Peranan Struktur Modal terhadap Profitabilitas pada Perusahaan Tekstil yang Terdaftar di BEI. Struktur modal merupakan salah satu keputusan penting manajer keuangan dalam meningkatkan profitabilitas perusahaan. Profitabilitas yaitu tingkat kemampuan perusahaan dalam menghasilkan laba, yang secara teoritis disebut Return On Equity (ROE). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab perusahaan tekstil yang terdaftar di BEI memiliki laba yang rendah dengan angka profitabilitas yang buruk dan menganalisis struktur modal yang optimal agar profitabilitas perusahaan tekstil yang terdaftar di BEI bisa optimal. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perusahaan yang memiliki rasio struktur modal dengan hasil perbandingan negatif adalah struktur modal pada perusahaan yang mengalami kerugian. Sedangkan struktur modal dengan hasil perbandingan positif adalah struktur modal pada perusahaan yang mengalami laba. Penelitian ini diharapkan bisa memberikan tambahan pengetahuan bagi pembaca mengenai pengaruh Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) terhadap profitabilitas (ROE), serta sebagai tambahan referensi untuk penelitian selanjutnya. Kata Kunci : ekuitas, hutang, profitabilitas Abstract. The Role of Capital Structure on Profitability in Textile Companies Listed on BEI. Capital structure is one of the important decisions of financial managers in improving the profitability of the company. Profitability is the level of a company's ability to generate profits, theoretically called Return On Equity (ROE). The purpose of this study is to determine the causes of textile companies listed on the BEI have a low profit with a poor profitability and analyze the optimal capital structure for profitability of textile companies listed on the BEI can be optimal. The type of research used in this study is quantitative. The results showed that firms that have a ratio of capital structure with the result of negative comparison is the capital structure in companies that suffered losses. While the capital structure with the result of a positive comparison is the capital structure in companies that experience profit. This research is expected to provide additional knowledge for readers about the effect of Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) to profitability (ROE), as well as additional reference for further research. Keywords: Equity, Debt, Profitability

scholarly journals Profitability and Development of Indian firms based on Financial Dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4204-4209
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Debt Ratio ◽  
Optimal Capital Structure ◽  
Financial Factors ◽  
Fundamental Reason ◽  
Optimal Capital ◽  
The Capital Structure

The Judicial blend of debt and equity at which cost of capital is least and estimation of the firm is most maximum is named as optimal capital structure of a firm. The capital structure decision can impact the estimation of the firm through the profit accessible to the investors which amplify the investors' wealth, notwithstanding this capital structure can influence the estimation of the organization by improving its expected income. Hence, the debt ratio changes when there is an irregularity between inside assets and genuine speculation openings and there is data asymmetry in the market. The significance of a proper capital structure is, along these lines, self-evident. Primary variables affecting Capital Structure have been examined right now distinguish the degree of their capital structure impact. The fundamental reason for existing is to look at the effect of "ten financial factors" in particular: profitability, size, risk in the business, asset structure, debt service, development, office cost, bankruptcy ratio, charge shield in tax and uniqueness on the capital structure of chosen organizations, which is spoken to by LEV D/E. Ten unique divisions from Indian corporate have been picked, to break down the significant determinants of capital structure. The information has been drawn from the official sites of the organizations for a time of 2008 to 2018; the information has been gathered for 400 recorded organizations from ten chose segments with the end goal of investigation. Multiple regressions have been applied to discover the noteworthy determinates. Profitability, Growth and Development of the firm, size have pivotal and positive relationship with leverage.

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