scholarly journals The functions of еру modal verb «should» in the corpus ice-gb

2014 ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
R. Y. Abbasov
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Women's Speech ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Language Corpus ◽  
Grammatical Functions

The article adresses the modal and grammatical functions of the polyfunctional verb should as presented in the language corpus ICE-GB compiled in 1993. It is based on the ideas of poly functionalism laid out in the works of A. Smirnitsky, T. Komova, and others scientists. The author aims at studying the distribution of functions of the verb should; the material is also considered from the standpoint of the extralinguistic parameters of the speaker's gender and age. The analysis of the material shows that the modal function still prevails over the grammatical one, which explains the logic of presenting the material in books on grammar where the first meaning of this verb to be studied is (mild) obligation. The grammatical function is realized in the Suppositional and Conditional oblique moods (A. Smirnitsky's classification). Genderwise, men's speech contains a few more polite formulae that show more consideration for the interlocutor which is generally considered to be typical of women's speech; on the other hand, there is some proof that phrases constructed by men are perceived as more aggressive. Bringing the speaker's age into play seems to suggest that a higher ratio of oblique moods in the speech signifies a free use of language. Some of the notional lexical verbs forming regular collocations with should have been singled out and grouped.

scholarly journals Comparative alternation in y-adjectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Deborah Fengyi Chua
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Comparative Constructions ◽  
Shed Light

<p>There are two main ways of expressing the comparative in English adjectives. One is to precede the adjectival base with more and the other is to suffix -er to the base. For the group of adjectives ending in an orthographic -y and an /i/ sound, which I call the y-adjectives, the alternation between more and -er cannot be neatly explained by structural accounts, whether predominantly synchronic or diachronic. The idea of understanding this alternation with respect to a paradigm of comparative constructions is introduced in this thesis. This paradigm comprises a multitude of more and -er constructions (including those of y-adjectives) that share the grammatical function of the comparative. The goal of this thesis is to examine to what extent the comparatives of y-adjectives can be accounted for by the comparative constructions of other members in this paradigm, in addition to a set of syntactic, morphological and phonological considerations. Two empirical studies are reported: a study of the comparative constructions in seven corpora of British comedies spanning the 17th to the 20th centuries; and an experimental study where reading times in the context of comparative y-adjective constructions were observed in a series of self-paced reading tasks. In the corpus study, the morphology of y-adjective bases is found to be a significant predictor of their comparatives. Additionally, significant correlations are found between:   • the comparatives of y-adjectives and those of the disyllabic adjectives that are not y-adjectives (to which I have given the cover term of HANDSOME adjectives);  • the comparatives of y-adjectives and those of the monosyllabic adjectives; and  • the comparatives of y-adjectives and those of adverbs that share some formal features with y-adjectives.  The experimental study furthers an investigation of comparative alternation in y-adjectives in terms of the comparatives of HANDSOME adjectives and the morphological structure of y-adjective bases. In this study, pre-to-post treatment reading is found to be facilitated in y-adjective more comparatives by an exposure to multiple instances of more constructions from the HANDSOME adjectives. The more constructions from HANDSOME adjectives are also found to reduce facilitation in reading in morphologically simple y-adjectives paired with -er. On the other hand, the -er constructions from HANDSOME adjectives are found to reduce facilitation in reading in morphologically complex y-adjectives paired with more. The studies undertaken in this work indicate two important predictors of the comparatives of y-adjectives: the comparatives of HANDSOME adjectives; and the morphological structure of y-adjective bases. The involvement of the comparatives of HANDSOME adjectives as a predictor points to the importance of a paradigm of comparatives for an understanding of the comparatives of y-adjectives. The influence of this paradigm, combined with the influence of morphology, is argued to shed light on a question motivated by the diachronic literature on what could be suppressing the susceptibility of y-adjectives to the structural motivators for particular comparatives. Additionally, the potential for interpreting some unanticipated findings in terms of theories from psychological views on language, and in ways that remain coherent with paradigmatic and morphological viewpoints, is discussed.</p>

Gender and Age in Funerary Practices in the Ceramic Periods in Central Chile

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-388
Author(s):  
Lorena Sanhueza
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Funerary Practices ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Late Intermediate Period ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
Gender Categorization ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Gender Categories ◽  
Over Time

The Ceramic Periods in central Chile are a scenario of major changes in mobility and subsistence systems, associated with the incorporation of cultigens as the basis of subsistence. In this paper, we present a study of the funerary contexts of the Ceramic Periods in central Chile in order to assess whether in this scenario, generally considered very significant in the low-scale societies studied here, gender categories were constructed or signified, and how this changed over time. The results of the analysis suggest that gender categorization was not always important in this scenario. Among Llolleo groups, the offerings associated with females and children suggest their relation with production spheres; in Bato groups, on the other hand, age categories seem to be more important. In the Late Intermediate Period, it is the collective aspect that appears to be stressed in the funerary contexts.

Satzgliedfunktionen im Deutschen: eine realistische Weiterentwicklung

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Neef
Keyword(s):  
Axiomatic Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Grammatical Functions

AbstractThe concept of grammatical functions has a long and changeful history. It is used in many different theoretical approaches, not least in the grammar that underlies school instruction. However, several problems and inconsistencies are connected with this concept. These problems can be solved if definitions of the individual grammatical functions are homogeneously grounded in formal criteria instead of making recourse to semantics. In this article, an axiomatic approach of this kind is presented which is couched in terms of the paradigm of Linguistic Realism. The set of definitions given affords a basis for the unambiguous analysis of (German) sentences. At the same time, the traditionally distinct concepts of grammatical functions on the one hand and valency of verbs on the other can be merged into a uniform concept. Crucial in this context is a reevaluation of the grammatical function ‘adverbial’.

scholarly journals Comparative alternation in y-adjectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Deborah Fengyi Chua
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Comparative Constructions ◽  
Shed Light

<p>There are two main ways of expressing the comparative in English adjectives. One is to precede the adjectival base with more and the other is to suffix -er to the base. For the group of adjectives ending in an orthographic -y and an /i/ sound, which I call the y-adjectives, the alternation between more and -er cannot be neatly explained by structural accounts, whether predominantly synchronic or diachronic. The idea of understanding this alternation with respect to a paradigm of comparative constructions is introduced in this thesis. This paradigm comprises a multitude of more and -er constructions (including those of y-adjectives) that share the grammatical function of the comparative. The goal of this thesis is to examine to what extent the comparatives of y-adjectives can be accounted for by the comparative constructions of other members in this paradigm, in addition to a set of syntactic, morphological and phonological considerations. Two empirical studies are reported: a study of the comparative constructions in seven corpora of British comedies spanning the 17th to the 20th centuries; and an experimental study where reading times in the context of comparative y-adjective constructions were observed in a series of self-paced reading tasks. In the corpus study, the morphology of y-adjective bases is found to be a significant predictor of their comparatives. Additionally, significant correlations are found between:   • the comparatives of y-adjectives and those of the disyllabic adjectives that are not y-adjectives (to which I have given the cover term of HANDSOME adjectives);  • the comparatives of y-adjectives and those of the monosyllabic adjectives; and  • the comparatives of y-adjectives and those of adverbs that share some formal features with y-adjectives.  The experimental study furthers an investigation of comparative alternation in y-adjectives in terms of the comparatives of HANDSOME adjectives and the morphological structure of y-adjective bases. In this study, pre-to-post treatment reading is found to be facilitated in y-adjective more comparatives by an exposure to multiple instances of more constructions from the HANDSOME adjectives. The more constructions from HANDSOME adjectives are also found to reduce facilitation in reading in morphologically simple y-adjectives paired with -er. On the other hand, the -er constructions from HANDSOME adjectives are found to reduce facilitation in reading in morphologically complex y-adjectives paired with more. The studies undertaken in this work indicate two important predictors of the comparatives of y-adjectives: the comparatives of HANDSOME adjectives; and the morphological structure of y-adjective bases. The involvement of the comparatives of HANDSOME adjectives as a predictor points to the importance of a paradigm of comparatives for an understanding of the comparatives of y-adjectives. The influence of this paradigm, combined with the influence of morphology, is argued to shed light on a question motivated by the diachronic literature on what could be suppressing the susceptibility of y-adjectives to the structural motivators for particular comparatives. Additionally, the potential for interpreting some unanticipated findings in terms of theories from psychological views on language, and in ways that remain coherent with paradigmatic and morphological viewpoints, is discussed.</p>

Silencing Speech

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishani Maitra
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Women's Speech ◽  
Other Hand

Pornography deserves special protections, it is often said, because it qualifies as speech. Therefore, no matter what we think of its content, we must afford it the protections that we extend to most speech, but don't extend to other actions. In response, Jennifer Hornsby and Rae Langton have argued that the case is not so simple: one of the harms of pornography, they claim, is that it silences women's speech, thereby preventing women from deriving from speech the very benefits that warranted the special protections in the first place. At first glance, it is hard to see how to make sense of this response. If the claim is that pornography prevents women from actually uttering words, then it just seems false; on the other hand, if that isn't the claim, then it isn't clear how anyone can be said to be silenced. Faced with such worries, many have been inclined to dismiss these claims about silencing as confused.

The Grammatical Factor in Childhood Disfluency in Relation to the Continuity Hypothesis

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helaine Gewirtz Helmreich ◽  
Oliver Bloodstein
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Continuity Hypothesis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Normal Speaking

The relationship between grammatical function and disfluency was investigated in 15 normal-speaking children aged three years 11 months to four years 10 months. Pronouns and conjunctions appeared in significantly greater proportion among the subjects' disfluent words than among their total words. On the other hand, nouns, verbs, and prepositions had a significantly low frequency of disfluency. In many respects, the results were similar to those previously found for preschool stutterers, though a notable difference occurred in the case of verbs. The findings were interpreted to be in general accord with the hypothesis that a continuity exists between early stuttering and certain forms of normal childhood disfluency.

scholarly journals Multi-level annotation of the specialized Corpus of Dialogs of Disabled Polish Speakers

2014 ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Joanna Trzebińska ◽  
Jakub Bartoszewicz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Language Corpus

Multi-level annotation of the specialized Corpus of Dialogs of Disabled Polish SpeakersWhile Polish language is relatively well represented in general purpose corpora such as National Polish Language Corpus still there are groups of speakers that are underrepresented in reference corpora. One of such sub-groups is the disabled people community. On the other hand there is a growing need for understanding how disability influences social and cognitive abilities, language in particular. In this paper, we present a specialized Corpus of Dialogs of Disabled Speakers. The process of compiling, transcription and annotation of pragmatic, semantic and morphosyntactic features will be described, as well as Corpus applications will be discussed.

scholarly journals A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANALYTIC PAST TENSES OF THE UDMURT LANGUAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-527
Author(s):  
Zoltán Németh
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Language Textbooks ◽  
The One ◽  
Past Tenses ◽  
Language Corpus

This pilot research examines the analytic past forms of the Udmurt language from a new point of view. The grammars and language textbooks do not give enough information about these forms. Because of this I chose a sentence from the Udmurt language corpus, and I created all the forms discussed in this study and asked the native speakers about the differences they can feel among these forms. Based on the results there are two important phenomena in the use of these forms. On the one hand, how many times the action has taken place (once, twice, not important) and on the other hand, if the speaker has a first-hand or a second-hand information about the action that took place.

How far out is ‘out’? On the grammatical functions of the Estonianvälja‘out’

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-408
Author(s):  
Tuomas Huumo ◽  
Kersten Lehismets
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Configuration ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Perfective Aspect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Grammatical Functions

AbstractAmong the typologically agglutinative Finno-Ugric languages, Estonian is in many ways exceptional since it has developed a long way towards the analytic type. One indicator of this is the extensive use of particles and adverbs to indicate grammatical relations such as aspect. Our paper discusses, in a Cognitive Grammar framework, the grammatical functions of the adverbvälja‘out’, which is originally an illative (‘into’) case form of the lexical nounväli‘field’. Our study shows how the meanings evolve along a continuum from concrete senses to more abstract ones, and we set out to find motivations for the development. The formväljahas developed numerous usages as an adverb and a verb particle. Its concrete spatial meaning is that of indicating a relation where a mover exits a (typically three-dimensional) container and moves from its inside to its outside. The abstract functions of this multi-functional gram include the following ones: 1) a change in the cognitive state of an animate participant (e.g., as the result of acquiring information), 2) changes-of-state metaphorically represented as motion out of a container, 3) terminative direction or distance (‘all the way to X’) and 4) perfective aspect. We argue that a crucial factor in the development of these functions is the placement of the conceptualizer's viewpoint either inside or outside the container which the mover exits. A viewpoint outside the container means that in the initial configuration the mover is hidden from the conceptualizer's view, and when exiting the container it becomes accessible to the conceptualizer. This meaning motivates abstract functions whereväljaindicates incipient availability or accessibility of the mover. On the other hand, a viewpoint situated inside the container results in the meaning where the mover (that exits the container) escapes from the conceptualizer's view, or, in abstract expressions, its cognitive dominion. This motivates the use of the gram in many expressions of a change of state, and in particular builds a link to its aspectual functions where it indicates the spatiotemporal extent of an event or an entity by measuring the distance from the starting point of such (concrete or metaphorical) motion.

Subjective Well-Being and Resilience During COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ahmet Metin ◽  
Ali Çetinkaya ◽  
Eyüp Sabır Erbiçer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Education Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Job Status ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Almost All

Abstract. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has penetrated almost all countries and has affected people in many areas. The COVID-19 pandemic also has affected the mental health of the community. Aims: The purpose of this study is to investigate the individuals’ perceptions of subjective well-being (SWB) and resilience (R) during the pandemic. Method: A total of 643 people, 351 women and 292 men, who are not diagnosed with COVID-19, have voluntarily participated in the study. The data were collected online due to social restrictions. Also, their pre-pandemic SWB and R levels were evaluated based on their statements taken during the pandemic since the pandemic was not foreseen at this time. Results: A significant decrease was observed in participants’ SWB and R levels during the pandemic. Besides, significant differences were observed in R levels according to gender and age; on the other hand, no difference was observed according to the participants’ residence type, city type, education level, and job status. Regarding SWB level, significant differences were observed according to gender, age, and job status; no difference was observed according to residence type, city type, and education level. Limitations: Participants’ subjective well-being and resilience data could not be collected before the pandemic due to the unpredictable and fast spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. When individuals compare the current pandemic period with their past (before the pandemic), they may perceive their resilience and subjective well-being levels as decreased. Conclusion: The pandemic affects the subjective well-being and resilience of individuals negatively.

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