scholarly journals Interview to the Journal Concept: philosophy, religion, culture. Interviewed by M. A. Khalil

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-210
Author(s):  
A. V. Smirnov ◽  
Mona A. Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Thought Style ◽  
Institutional Authority ◽  
Intercultural Communications ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Cognitive Unconscious ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

This paper is an interview with Andrey V. Smirnov, Director of the Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences. The interview was dedicated to the broad set of issues that can all be characterized as relative to the umbrella topic of cultural patterns, the indispensability of cultural difference between nations and civilizations and the roots of such phenomena. Expressing the idea of specific mindsets and inherent value orientations, Andrey V. Smirnov adheres to the theoretical approach designed to underline these elements. The panhuman (vsechelovecheskoye) serves for these ends as well as the collective cognitive unconscious. The visions of panhuman oppose to the universalist paradigm (obshechelovecheskoye) and express concern about the drawbacks of cultural unification. Each culture shares one of these two approaches to a certain extent, and the viability of such cultures can be accessed with the view to the interests, goals and projects such cultures or nations nurture. All such phenomena stem from collective cognitive unconscious. Language as its signifier illustrates innate logical structures that also vary: while, for instance, the Arab thought runs on process-based logic that focuses on actions, European one represents substantial logic — that of the existential feeling. In this way all intercultural communication should take others’ visions and adopt to them, which is important not only for translators and interpreters, but also in the political sphere. Advocates of globalism and supranationalism are driven by ideas generated in the West and remain ignorant of the practices that are actually relevant in localities other than the USA or Western Europe. Many examples can be found in the societal shifts that Russia faces. The seemingly non-alternative modernisationalist initiatives that fall within the universalist liberal model are inadequate for the thought style and the corresponding institutional, authority and educational system. The most obvious examples of this deal with the digital sphere, but the cyber transformations as such are not imposing the universalist vision. Rather, it is the underlying culturally-rooted effects of the leverage the United States as the IT leader have and make use of. The questions on how these intercultural communications function now, what form should they take and the very transformations that burden self-sufficient cultures should be analyzed by philosophers. The realities of modern civilizations suggest that those who are set aside in the periphery raise voices and realize national subjectivity.

scholarly journals The 2010 Structural-Demographic Forecast for the 2010–2020 Decade: A Retrospective Assessment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Turchin ◽  
Andrey Korotayev
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa

This article revisits the prediction, made in 2010, that the 2010–2020 decade would likely be a period of growing instability in the United States and Western Europe (Turchin 2010). This prediction was based on a computational model that quantified in the USA such structural-demographic forces for instability as popular immiseration, intraelite competition, and state weakness prior to 2010. Using these trends as inputs, the model calculated and projected forward in time the Political Stress Index, which in the past was strongly correlated with socio-political instability. Ortmans et al. (2017) conducted a similar structural-demographic study for the United Kingdom and obtained similar results. Here we use the Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive for the US, UK, and Western European countries to assess these structural-demographic predictions. We find that such measures of socio-political instability as anti-government demonstrations and riots increased dramatically during the 2010–2020 decade in all of these countries.

scholarly journals Comparison of the theoretical and practical approaches to funding through the IPO way in the Czech capital market

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Tomáš Meluzín
Keyword(s):  
Initial Public Offering ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Mortgage Crisis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Public Offering

Funding development of the company through the “Initial Public Offering” has a high representation globally, the Czech Republic unlike, and belongs to traditional methods of raising funds necessary for development of business in the developed capital markets. In the United States of America, Japan and in the Western Europe countries the method of company funding through IPO has been applying for several decades already. The first public stock offerings began to be applied in these markets in higher volumes from the beginning of the 60th of the last century. From that period importance of IPO goes up globally and the initial public stock offerings begin to be applied more and more even in the Central and Eastern European countries. In the conditions of the Czech capital market it is possible to identify only few companies, who attempted to funding through the IPO way at present. Greater part of the Czech companies still undergo the debit funding for financing their further development, namely in the form of bank loans. At the same time it is necessary to take into account, that the debit financing starts, thanks to so-called mortgage crisis in the USA, causing problems and mark up. Admittance of a stakeholder into the company is not convenient for all and thus IPO represents an interesting option of how to acquire a no arrear capital. The aim of this article is to determine the IPO concept, analyse its development at the world stockholder markets, describe the reasons for IPO implementation according to the contemporary professional literature and compare it with the approaches to this particular form of funding with companies that have already implemented IPO at the Czech capital market.

scholarly journals Ideological foundations of modern political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the USA

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
N.N. Ravochkin ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Management Institutions

The author examines the ideological foundations of political and legal institutional architectonics in Western Europe and the United States and presents its structure. Close attention is paid to the role of social ideas and the development of these issues in modern scientific directions. The author clarifies the principles of synthesis of ideal and institutional and shows three ways of ideological determination of political and legal institutional settings. The mutually conditioned nature of functioning of the system of ideological frameworks and management institutions is substantiated.

Epstein-Barr Virus Infection

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
William A. Durbin ◽  
John L. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus Infection ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Barr Virus Infection

Introduction Virtually all humans become infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The vast majority of these infections are inapparent, occur early in life, and are associated with lifelong latent infection and persistent shedding of virus. Epidemiology The prevalence of antibody to EBV has been determined in many age groups throughout the world. In developing and tropical areas, infection takes place early in life and is inapparent, with most children demonstrating antibody by age 6 years. Infection is believed to be related to hygiene and crowding as well as to cultural patterns that lead to exposure to saliva (eg, prechewing of food). In contrast, infection in Western Europe and the United States in childhood is less common, with only 35% to 50% of 5-year-olds demonstrating antibody. Infectious mononucleosis (IM) emerges as a significant clinical entity only in populations where a sizable percentage of young adults lack immunity to EBV. Thus, IM is unknown among college freshman in Thailand or the Philippines, virtually all of whom have antibody to EBV at the time of admission. On the other hand, in schools in the USA and England, where the susceptibility percentage is in the range of 35% to 50%, infection is seen commonly. In such university settings, approximately 12% of susceptible students become infected with EBV during the freshman year.

Verma, Nirmal (1929–2005)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Govind
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Milan Kundera ◽  
Oriental Institute ◽  
Literary Thought ◽  
Soviet Invasion ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Nirmal Verma was among the most prominent and distinguished Hindi novelists, essayists, and short story writers of the second half of the 20th century. Though he was briefly enamored of the ideals of communism, he lost his faith in the mid-1950s, especially after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956. He lived in Prague from 1959 to 1968, where his work at the Oriental Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences included translating prominent Czech writers into Hindi. As a result of his work, certain Czech writers—most famously Milan Kundera (1929--)—became known to Hindi readers before achieving fame in Western Europe and the United States. Many of his later works directly thematized Indian traditions and modernism. His later sympathetic treatment of tradition, when his critics began to accuse him of leaning to the right, revealed a controversial evolution of political and literary thought. At his best, Verma was able to write so that there was only a transparent line between on the one hand the mundane and on the other hand an elusive but palpable accumulation of mood.

scholarly journals German Question in the Foreign Policy Strategy of the USA in the Second Half of the 1940s – 1980s

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Dmytro Lakishyk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
German Question ◽  
The Usa

The article examines US policy towards West Germany after World War II, covering a historical span from the second half of the 1940s to the 1980s. It was US policy in Europe, and in West Germany in particular, that determined the dynamics and nature of US-German relations that arose on a long-term basis after the formation of Germany in September 1949. One of the peculiarities of US-German relations was the fact that both partners found themselves embroiled in a rapidly escalating international situation after 1945. The Cold War, which broke out after the seemingly inviolable Potsdam Accords, forced the United States and Germany to be on one side of the conflict. Despite the fact that both states were yesterday’s opponents and came out of the war with completely different, at that time, incomparable, statuses. A characteristic feature of US policy on the German question in the postwar years was its controversial evolution. The American leadership had neither a conceptual plan for development, nor a clear idea of Germany’s place in the world, nor an idea of how to plan the country’s future. However, the deterioration of relations between the USA and the USSR and the birth of the two blocs forced the US government to resort to economic revival (the Marshall Plan) and military-political consolidation of Western Europe and Germany (NATO creation). US policy toward Germany has been at the heart of its wider European policy. The United States favored a strong and united Western Europe over American hegemony, trying to prevent the spread of Soviet influence. Joint participation in the suppression of communism, however, could not prevent the periodic exacerbation of relations between the United States and Germany, and at the same time did not lead to an unconditional follow-up of the West Germans in the fairway of American foreign policy.

Masses and Historical Consciousness: Beauty and the Nation in Western Culture during the Atomic Age

2021 ◽  
pp. 002200942097474
Author(s):  
Laura Ciglioni
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Atomic Bomb ◽  
The United States ◽  
Habits Of Mind ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Atomic Age ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Cultural Responses ◽  
The Cold War

The article proposes an analysis of atomic culture in the United States and Western Europe, during the first 20 years of the Cold War, in the light of George L. Mosse’s work and approach. It shows how ‘habits of mind’ and the ‘general mood’ concerning the atomic bomb and risk of nuclear war were profoundly intertwined with deep-seated representations of the nation. It also exemplifies how the romantic attitudes toward life analyzed by Mosse – the longing for ‘shelter’ felt by men and women the more the world demythologized, and their need for symbols, especially connecting man with nature and its permanence – played an extremely relevant role in shaping attitudes about the ‘atomic age’. The nuclear question is thus ‘framed’ within longer term attitudes and cultural responses to modern war, as well as put in context with Western postwar culture, as investigated by Mosse: a culture marked by a renewed fear of technology, nihilism and widespread fears of alienation, as well as the continued relevance of nationalism and respectability. The article mainly examines two national cases: the USA and France. In the final section, comparison with other European countries is proposed and some general conclusions advanced.

scholarly journals Joseph Edward MURRAY - American surgeon-transplant surgeon, academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (to the 100th of birthday)

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-81
Author(s):  
Andreev Alexander Alexeevich ◽  
Anton Petrovich Ostroushko
Keyword(s):  
Medical School ◽  
Deceased Donor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Harvard University ◽  
Unrelated Donor ◽  
Immune Rejection ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The City

Joseph Murray was born in 1919 in the USA. He graduated from the College of the Holy Cross and Harvard University Medical School. He developed his own method of kidney transplantation, proposed to reduce the risk of immune rejection of the organ by performing closely related transplants. In 1954, D. Murray completed the first successful kidney transplant in the world from a twin brother, in 1959 from an unrelated donor, in 1962 from a deceased donor. In 1971, Murray returned to the study of plastic surgery, being the chief plastic surgeon at the Children's Hospital of Boston from 1972 to 1985. In 1986, he left the surgical practice, having the honorary title of professor at Harvard University Medical School. In 1990, Joseph Murray, along with Edward Thomas was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine. In the same year, Joseph Murray was admitted to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, in 1993 - the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. Joseph Edward Murray died in 2012 in the city of Boston.

scholarly journals Biographical Traditions in European Countries and the USA During the Modern and Contemporary Times

2019 ◽  
pp. 92-106
Author(s):  
Artem Kosheliev
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
The Public ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Cultural Reality

The article investigates the process of formation of modern direction in historical researches – biographical studies. In particular, attention is focused on the development of a biographical genre in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United States. The biographical genre is being considered in the context of various historical processes during the modern and contemporary times. The research is dedicated to the substantiation of the interconnection between socio-cultural reality, which formed certain norms and value orientations in Western societies. On the example of listed countries, the author demonstrates that the culture of creating biographies has both common and distinct roots of origin in different historical and social conditions. Biographical research in this context serves as an indicator of social values and their changes. In order to demonstrate the interrelation of social norms with the promotion of certain personalities through their biographies author turn to the historical roots of the development of this genre. Also it allows revealing the theoretical and methodological approaches to writing biographies. The article traces the connection between the value orientations of different categories of the population and the formation of their heroes and antiheroes. In this direction journalistic investigations played an important role in various countries of Europe and the United States. These investigations have been and continue to influence the public opinion, describing the lifestyle of different individuals in the past and present. In the article also assumes the existence of a phenomenon of a broad “biographical culture” within which developed specialized academic fields of research.

scholarly journals US and the idea of creating a united Europe

2016 ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Zinaida Svyaschenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Political Leader ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cold War

The article аnalyses the US’ position on the idea of creating the united Europe within the context of the events of the “cold war”. For many years after the Second World War promoting the European integration was one of the important areas of the American foreign policy. An important role in this process belonged to the “Marshall Plan”, which showed support for the ideas of the European unification and forced the leaders of the Western countries to consider the practical steps for their implementation, supported by Washington. Particular attention is paid to NATO, the formation of which was a joint project of the United States and Europe. This organization had globalized and deepened the economic liasions of the countries, and so they became sustainable partners in the most important areas of their cooperation. It was a pledge of stable contacts and coordination on the major 63 issues, which provided guarantees to the both sides. To reinsure its interests, The US started addressing to Europe, appealing to the equal partnership, knowingly claiming to gaining the unquestionable leadership. It is concluded that the renaissance of some European structures by means of the United States’ aid would put the countries of the region in the distinct dependence. Later, economically strong and integrated Western Europe would act as a partner for a global political leader – the United States, without claiming to be an equal partner that develops within the limits set by the USA. That is why the Western Europe faced a difficult choice of integration during this period. All the further actions taken by the European leaders were focused on the possibility of independent planning and subsequent conduct of their internal policies.

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