scholarly journals Biopharmaceutical Entrepreneurship, Open Innovation, and the Knowledge Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Judson Gillespie ◽  
Gregory J. Privitera ◽  
Joseph Gaspero
Keyword(s):  
Drug Development ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Collaborative Management ◽  
Enterprise 2.0 ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency

This article focuses on the paradigm shift of the global biopharmaceutical sector’s utiliza- tion of open innovation models to optimize drug development. Leveraging four exemplars, this review highlights that traditionally propriety, non-collaborative biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies increasingly use principles, processes, and structures of open innovation to increase drug R&D effectiveness and efficiency. We discern three essential elements in the successful creation of open innovation partnerships: (i) culture, (ii) collaborative management skills, and (iii) strategic capability alignment. This analysis provides guidance for business leaders and scholars interested in the managerial and strategic dimensions of applying open innovation to the drug development environment. Theoretically, the article contributes to the growing stream of research integrating the concepts of knowledge economy, open innovation, and Enterprise 2.0. We discuss the specific ways in which open innovation holds potential to improve quality, increase speed, and lower costs and thus yield positive benefits for global health.

scholarly journals Eco-Innovation, Sustainability and Business Model Innovation by Open Innovation Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Magdalena Pichlak ◽  
Adam R. Szromek
Keyword(s):  
Open Innovation ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Supply Chain Collaboration ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Innovation Dynamics ◽  
New Business

The paper aims to analyze the environmental aspects of innovation activity undertaken by companies and, in particular, to assess sustainable business leaders’ propensity to generate eco-innovation. The research described in the paper was descriptive and, to some extent, diagnostic. It was based on a non-random sample and was conducted—using the Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) method—in 2019 among 54 of the most eco-innovative Polish companies. The results of the research indicate that they are more likely to generate radical rather than incremental changes. Moreover, the most eco-innovative companies are those developing technologies for biodiversity protection. The results further indicate that companies with more than 50 employees have a higher propensity to develop incremental and radical eco-innovation than smaller firms with relatively fewer resources. Finally, this study shows that adopting an open innovation strategy strengthens the propensity to generate eco-innovation, especially radical ones. Moreover, developing such changes is dominated by the adoption of strategic and operational forward supply chain collaboration, involving the absorption of knowledge and information streaming directly from the market. The results can provide a frame for developing new business models incorporating collaboration in eco-innovation activities, especially in the situation of a post-pandemic recovery of the economy.

scholarly journals Public Reform Paradoxes and the Old Effectiveness–Efficiency Problem

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-529
Author(s):  
Mirko Pečarič
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Or Methodology ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency

Although effectiveness and efficiency are old comrades of public administrations, they still often cause unintended consequences. The relation between (absent) effectiveness and (overly emphasised) efficiency remains unresolved. The paper shows that effectiveness and efficiency are still used interchangeably, and despite the presence of negative effects, it comes as a surprise that important documents still address these terms without procedure or methodology to provide the content whereby they could be more clearly elaborated. Not only is the goal to achieve clearer meaning, but to accomplish results with the fewest possible negative effects. Alongside different management reforms, decision-makers must not lose sight of the whole; all reforms are only specific answers to inadequate previous ones, and it could be valuable to take a step back to see how/why different reforms emerge. The paper addresses the success/failure of reforms and the outcomes thereof. It claims the core problem of rational decision-making lies not in rationality per se, but in a lack of concept and/or insufficient attention to the behaviour of complex adaptive systems. With the help of complex adaptive systems, cybernetics, and combinations of effectiveness and efficiency, the paper presents the essential elements for adaptive (human) decision-making (such as diversity, variation, selection, adaptation, and integration) as the framework whereby unintended, reverse, and neutral effects can be reduced. New rules/decisions should be based on different levels of planning and adaptation, and on moving from the general to the more specific, in accordance with context specificity and unplanned, emergent things. It seems the hardest thing to address is the human character that does not (want to) recognise a situation as the situation in which some things must be spotted, evaluated, and changed if needed.

scholarly journals Network among Institutions: The Case of TORINO Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Maura Campra ◽  
Silvana Secinaro ◽  
Valerio Brescia
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Local System ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Sustainability Management ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Know How ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
Atlas Software

The network is a model that may be able to respond to public needs by overcoming some limitations of other approaches. In literature, a generalizable model is often absent and not applicable to more than one productive sector. The case study uses the "Torino Model" to highlight the most frequent features and measurable elements of the network through a bottom-up coding approach by ATLAS software. The case is analyzed through interviews, documents analysis and observation of the functioning of the network. Sustainability, management and the main network outcomes are the elements that the study examines the case study. The analysis responds to the gap identified in the literature concerning the application to a system composed of institutions. The essential elements linked to know-how, the exchange of training and information and therefore the growth of intangible value constitute the essential basis for the establishment of a successful network, and this is also highlighted by the case study. The case study highlights how the network between institutions reduces costs by eliminating the duplication of services offered and increasing effectiveness and efficiency through increasing other factors such as the professional ability to respond to needs by immediately putting institutions and professionals in communication. The model confirms the ability to overcome the gap related to the network between institutions and between public and private, increasing the well-being of the local system.

scholarly journals Key differences in perceiving innovation between businesses that see the strategic importance of innovation and those that only claim to be innovative

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-224
Author(s):  
Lucia Kohnova ◽  
Jan Papula
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Know How ◽  
Potential Abuse ◽  
Innovation Model

Changes in the business environment, caused by the transition to a knowledge economy, highlight the importance of innovation in enterprises. Innovation is not considered solely in terms of technology and investment in research and development, but also in business processes, services and strategies. Development perspectives on innovation and its present shape best describe the transition from a closed to an open innovation model. Open innovation is mainly used in large enterprises, given their existing relationships with external entities. SMEs, on the other hand show distrust in sharing knowledge and know-how, because of the potential abuse by competi tors. This paper focuses on the characteristics of innovative businesses, with a comparative analysis of innovative enterprises and those that only consider themselves as innovative. The study also indicates the different understanding of the notion of innovation between those that see the strategic importance of innovation and those that do not.Keywords: Innovation, open innovation, determinants of innovation.

scholarly journals Pediatric Clinical Trials in Mainland China Over the Past Decade (From 2009 to 2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Wen Wu ◽  
Xing Ji ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Feng Chen ◽  
Qian Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Pediatric Drug ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Pediatric Drug Development ◽  
The Past

In mainland China, there remains a shortage of pediatric drugs. The Chinese government has recently launched policies and incentives to encourage pediatric drug development and clinical trials. However, data on the characteristics or development trends of these trials are limited. In this review, we extracted source data from the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry and Information Transparency Platform and systematically reviewed the pediatric clinical trials conducted in mainland China from 2009 to 2020, a comprehensive process evaluation of the pediatric drug clinical trials development in the past decade, providing data support to policy makers and industry stakeholders. We included 487 pediatric clinical trials. Over the past decade, the number of pediatric trials has increased, especially since 2016. The most common therapeutic areas were infectious diseases (n = 108, 22.2%), agents for preventive purpose (n = 99, 20.3%), and neurological and psychiatric diseases (n = 71, 14.6%). The number of clinical trials involving epilepsy (39, 10.1%), asthma (33, 8.5%), and influenza (24, 6.2%) were the highest. The distribution of leading institutions is unbalanced in mainland China, with most units in East China (34.0%) and few in Southwest China (6.9%). China has made progress in improving the research and development environment of pediatric drugs and increasing pediatric trials. However, a wide gap in pediatric drug development and clinical trials quality exists between China and the developed countries. The pharmaceutical industry in China has faced grim setbacks, including study duplication, lack of innovation, poor research design, and unbalanced resource allocation. Thus, we suggest that the Chinese government should adjust their policies to improve innovation and clinical design capacity, and optimize resource allocation between regions.

Missed Call or an Opportunity

2018 ◽  
pp. 141-160
Author(s):  
Indira Ananth
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Communication Device ◽  
The Government

The mobile phone has come to be recognized as one of the key instruments of ICT. Its easy acceptance as a communication device enhances its usage. India is one of the fastest growing markets for the government has been keenly promoting a digital India programme with a vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. There has been much focus on mobile phones and their applications in the light of delegalisation of notes in India. It has gained attention in the scenario of moving to a cashless economy. It has brought into focus more sharply the need for mobile phone literacy. This chapter discusses the use of mobile phones among street vendors in Chennai, a capital city and the fourth largest urban agglomeration in India. The study found that most owned a basic mobile phone. The vending business continued to be practiced in old ways with no new management skills. The business was run and was highly dependent on cash payments. The respondents did not consider the mobile phone as an important tool for daily business.

Crowdsourcing in Innovation Activity of Enterprises on an Example of Pharmaceutical Industry

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Pohulak-Żołędowska
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Knowledge Flow ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Information Goods ◽  
Innovation Model

The chapter considers issues connected with innovation creation in open innovation model. The knowledge flow in open innovation has been presented. The main “product” of knowledge economy—innovations (as a concept)—are symbolic goods, founded in symbols – not in atoms. This notion causes some consequences typical for information goods, like ease of replication or exchange, zero-marginal replication costs, and cheap storage. On the other hand, there are growing innovation production costs, and uncertainty and risk of innovation activity that discourage companies from being innovative. The idea of open innovation is being used in pharmaceutical industry more and more often in order to cut innovation costs and shorten the new drugs pipelines. One of the most “open” dimensions of innovation activity in pharmaceutical industry is crowdsourcing: a specific sourcing model, an internet-enabled business model that harnesses the creative ability of agents external to organization.

Research on Open Innovation in China

2013 ◽  
pp. 714-720
Author(s):  
Zhu Naixiao ◽  
Huang Chunhua
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Chinese Enterprises ◽  
Depth Study

In the knowledge economy era enterprises experience extremely severe competition the intensity of which may be seen in the rate of technology innovation: finally technological innovation can result in the creation of intellectual property (Wu, 2006). “Even great technologies no longer can be relied upon to earn a satisfactory profit before they become commercialized” (Chesbrough, 2007). The effective ways to achieve the commercial value of intellectual property rights relies on the use of intellectual property. An in-depth study of this subject has important theoretical and practical significance for improving the international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises and for protecting their intellectual property rights.

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