scholarly journals STUDI PENGGUNAAN PACKING PLANT PADA DISTRIBUSI SEMEN DI KALIMANTAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE TRANSSHIPMENT: STUDI KASUS PT SEMEN GRESIK

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikhyandini Garindia Atristyanti
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Programming Models ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cost Efficiencies ◽  
Cement Distribution ◽  
The Cost

As the largest cement producer in Indonesia, PT Semen Gresik Group has a distribution network spread across West and the eastern of Indonesia and dominate the national cement market share of about 45%. To support the distribution of velocitythroughout the whole country, a strategic step to do is build a packing plant in the area of distribution. The results of the annual analysis, moving closer packing plant to the distribution area can be a solution for efficiency of the transportation costs up to 43%compared to the situation before, and it will be the company's long-term strategic plan. This research will be carried out optimization of the allocation of cement distribution network in the Kalimantan. Designing a distribution network allocation transshipmentmodel is the development of transport in linear programming models with the help of QM for Windows software. The expected output is the formation of an optimal distribution network with the minimum total cost. To determine the cost efficiency with the packing plant, the optimization model is made will be running four times as much computing. There are four scenarios used without removing the packing plant, with a packing plant in Banjarmasin, a packing plant in Banjarmasin and Pontianak, as well as a packing plant in Banjarmasin, Pontianak and Samarinda. The result of the four scenarios is known that with the packing plant can generate cost efficiencies by. By including the cost of investment in distribution and transportation costs in mind that in 2020, a third scenario could save Rp 127,229,422,000,-per year than it is without building a packing plant Rp 1,002,443,597,600 to Rp 850,446,425,600.

Positive behavioural support for children and adolescents with learning disabilities and behaviour that challenges: an initial exploration of service use and costs

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Iemmi ◽  
Martin Knapp ◽  
Caroline Reid ◽  
Catherine Sholl ◽  
Monique Ferdinand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Behavioural Support ◽  
Delphi Exercise ◽  
The Cost

Purpose Positive behavioural support has been considered as a valuable alternative to residential care for children and adolescents with learning disabilities and behaviour that challenges. While recent evidence suggests it has a positive impact on behaviour and carer ability to cope, there is little evidence of its economic costs or benefits. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the cost of providing positive behavioural support to ten children and adolescents with learning disabilities and behaviour that challenges living in the community in Ealing, West London. Comparison was also made with the cost estimate of possible alternative support packages for children and adolescents with learning disabilities and behaviour that challenges in the UK, as obtained through a Delphi exercise. Findings Total cost of services per child was £1,454 per week for young people supported short-term, and £1,402 supported long-term. Children and adolescents were making use of a range of social care, education and health services. Over the full sample, half of the total cost was accounted for by education services. The Delphi exercise estimated the weekly cost of residential-based care as more expensive than the cost of community-based care for children and adolescents with learning disabilities and behaviour that challenges. At the end of the ITSBS, all ten children and adolescents initially at risk of imminent residential placement were living in the community with less service-intensive and less expensive support. This suggests that avoiding residential-based care could reduce costs in the long term. Originality/value Positive behavioural support has potential to support people with learning disabilities and behaviour that challenges in the community, leading to potential cost advantages. However, this is a small study and more robust research is needed.

scholarly journals Use of levosimendan versus dobutamine when inotropic support is needed in patients with severe acute decompensated chronic heart failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
M. A. Aristov ◽  
O. M. Melnychuk
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Total Budget ◽  
Cost Of Drugs ◽  
The Cost

The aim – to conduct clinical effectiveness, meta-analysis of 30 and 120-days mortality data, pharmacoeconomic evaluation of levosimendan treatment compared with dobutamine in patients with severe acute decompensated chronic heart failure (ADCHF) who require inotropic support. Materials and methods. The PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched for direct randomized clinical trials of levosimendan treatment compared with dobutamine in patients with ADCHF. The clinical efficacy of levosimendan and dobutamine was analyzed. Pharmacoeconomic analysis was carried out using the cost-effectiveness method with an assessment of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. A decision tree model of levosimendan or dobutamine treatments was constructed. The efficacy endpoints and impact on the budget were analyzed in terms of long-term effectiveness of levosimendan and dobutamine use. Discounted was conducted with rate of 3 %. Sensitivity analysis was carried out in terms of price changing of drugs, the cost of drugs in mg, the likelihood of re-hospitalization of the patient in a 3-year horizon and survival in the long term.Results and discussion. Analysis of clinical data and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials found that mortality rates with levosimendan and dobutamine in the 30-day period were 9.6 % and 13.8 %, RR 0.71 (95 % CI 0.53–0.95) and in the 120-day period – 13.5 % and 25.2 %, RR 0.54 (95 % CI 0.32–0.92), respectively. The total cost of the course of treatment, taking into account the price of the drug, medical devices, staff services, diagnostic procedures and treatment of adverse reactions when using levosimendan, was 34 003.02 UAH per patient and 18 787.28 UAH when treated with dobutamine. The weighted average hospital stay was 6.4 days in case of levosimendan treatment and 7.5 days of dobutamine treatment. Extrapolation of the data from clinical trials to the 3-year survival rate of patients allowed us to determine an additional indicator of efficacy – the number of life years saved with levosimendan – 2.64 and 2.37 with dobutamine treatment. A cost-effectiveness analysis found that levosimendan is more efficient but more expensive technology compare to dobutamine. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the additional life year saved of a patient with severe CHF is 43,473.55 UAH, which is 6 times less than the likely threshold of willingness to pay in Ukraine.Conclusions. The multivariate sensitivity analysis detected the model sustainability to the most crucial parameters of the model – drug price; the cost of drugs associated with their actual use in mg, the possibility of re-hospitalization of the patient in a 3-year horizon, and long-term survival, which is associated with the time horizon of the model. The total cost of a cohort of patients with ADCHF in Ukraine when using scenario 1 (100 % distribution of costs for dobutamine treatment) over 5 years is 268 188 351.94 UAH, when using scenario 2 (100 % distribution for treatment with levosimendan) total budget costs will be in amount of 485 393 073.09 UAH, if scenario 3 is applied (gradual 5 % transition in the treatment of patients with ADCHF with dobutamine for treatment with levosimendan within 5 years), the total budget costs will amount to 289 916 431.92 UAH

The Cost Effectiveness of Preventing Preterm Delivery in Twin Pregnancies

1990 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Papiernik ◽  
L.G. Keith
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Premature Delivery ◽  
Ultrasound Screening ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Social ◽  
Expectant Mothers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

AbstractAs an extension of previous work on the risk of prematurity in singletons and on the social cost of twin births, an analysis has been carried out into the cost effectiveness of preventing premature delivery in twin pregnancies. The cost of prevention is assessed in terms of early diagnosis through ultrasound screening and of an extra 11 weeks of work leave to expectant mothers. When this cost is compared to the social cost involved in the transfer of newborns to neonatal intensity care units and in supporting handicapped children, it is concluded that the total cost of prevention corresponds to one-third of the long-term costs associated to lack of prevention.

scholarly journals Sizing and Energy Management of Parking Lots of Electric Vehicles Based on Battery Storage with Wind Resources in Distribution Network

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6755
Author(s):  
Saman Shahrokhi ◽  
Adel El-Shahat ◽  
Fatemeh Masoudinia ◽  
Foad H. Gandoman ◽  
Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Power Losses ◽  
Cost Index ◽  
Power Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Parking Lots ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, an optimal sizing and placement framework (OSPF) is performed for electric parking lots integrated with wind turbines in a 33-bus distribution network. The total objective function is defined as minimizing the total cost including the cost of grid power, cost of power losses, cost of charge and discharge of parking lots, cost of wind turbines as well as voltage deviations reduction. In the OSPF, optimization variables are selected as electric parking size and wind turbines, which have been determined optimally using an intelligent method named arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) inspired by arithmetic operators in mathematics. The load following strategy (LFS) is used for energy management in the OSPF. The OSPF is evaluated in three cases of the objective function such as minimizing the cost of power losses, minimizing the network voltage deviations, and minimizing the total objective function using the AOA. The capability of the AOA is compared with the well-known particle swarm optimization (PSO) and artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithms for solving the OSPF in the last case. The findings show that the power loss, voltage deviations, and power purchased from the grid are reduced considerably based on the OSPF using the AOA. The results show the lowest total cost of energy and also minimum network voltage deviation (third case) by the AOA in comparison with the PSO and ABC with a higher convergence rate, which confirms the better capability of the proposed method. The results of the first and second cases show the high cost of power purchased from the main grid as well as the high total cost. Therefore, the comparison of different cases confirms that considering the cost index along with losses and voltage deviations causes a compromise between different objectives, and thus the cost of purchasing power from the main network is significantly reduced. Moreover, the voltage profile of the network improves, and also the minimum voltage of the network is also enhanced using the OSPF via the AOA.

scholarly journals Rancang Bangun Lampu Jalan Tenaga Surya Pada Jembatan Penghubung Desa Di Kabupaten Lebak Banten

TERANG ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-168
Author(s):  
Yoakim Simamora ◽  
Adri Senen ◽  
Tri Wahyu Oktaviana Putri ◽  
Dwi Anggaini
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Public Facility ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Village

Road is a vital public facility that connects one region to another region. Hence, the existence of public street lighting is a key to supports people’s activities at night. But not all roads are equipped with public street lighting. For example, the village roads in Sukarame Village, Sajira sub-district, Lebak regency, Banten. This village is fully electrified but the supply for public street lighting is still limited. Therefore, it is neccesary to install public street lighting in the form of solar lamps as an effective alternative for street lighting and public facilities. Solar lamp is chosen because it doesn’t need power supply and the village’s geographical is very potential for utilizing solar lamps. Solar lamps installed in 3 strategic points, which are village road in front of local kindergarten, village road in front of public field, and mosque’s terrace. Besides solar lamp installation, this research also focused in economic analysis of this program. The analysis was done by comparing total cost needed for conventional public street lighting using bulbs that connect to grid with total cost needed for public street lighting using solar lamps. Despite solar lamp’s price is more expensive, for the long-term usage, public street lighting using solar lamps is more economically profitable compared to conventional public street lighting with the cost difference of Rp 636,582.80 per lamppost for 3 years usage period.

scholarly journals Peran Penyuluhan Pertanian dan Preferensi Risiko terhadap Penggunaan Pupuk Berlebih pada Usaha Tani Padi

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Roydatul Zikria ◽  
Arie Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Model Risk ◽  
Degree Of Risk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

<strong>English</strong><br />Fertilizer overuse was expected to increase rice production. Yet it might decrease soil fertility in the long term. In Indonesia, there were more than 50% of farm households who used nitrogen fertilizer in excess although government recommendation was 250 kg/ha. In 2010, the average of nitrogen fertilizer overuse was 285 kg/ha and it decreased to 278 kg/ha in 2016. This study was aimed to analyse the impact of agricultural extension and risk preference on fertilizer overuse using Patanas Survey in 2010 and 2016. Those effects were estimated with Tobit model. Risk preference of farm households were estimated with non-parametric model using Just-Pope production function. The empirical results showed that agricultural extension reduced significantly fertilizer overuse in rice farming. Moreover, this study found that degree of risk preference negatively and significantly affected on fertilizer overuse. If degree of risk preference increased by one unit then fertilizer overuse decreased by 1.36 kg/ha, so its efficiency was only Rp2,448/ha. The cost efficiency was small because this study only used nitrogen fertilizer overuse as dependent variable whose dose was recommended by Ministry of Agriculture. Hence, other chemical fertilizer dose should be recommended by creating a regulation so fertilizer overuse could be prevented. <br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Penggunaan pupuk berlebih dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produksi padi. Namun dalam jangka panjang penggunaan pupuk yang berlebih dapat menurunkan kesuburan tanah. Lebih dari 50% rumah tangga petani di Indonesia menggunakan urea secara berlebih meskipun pemerintah telah merekomendasikan sebesar 250 kg/ha. Pada tahun 2010 rata-rata penggunaan urea berlebih mencapai 285 kg/ha sedangkan pada tahun 2016 rata-rata penggunaanya menjadi 278 kg/ha. Dengan menggunakan data Survei Panel Petani Nasional (Patanas) Tahun 2010 dan Tahun 2016, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran penyuluhan pertanian dan preferensi risiko terhadap kelebihan penggunaan pupuk. Dampak tersebut diestimasi dengan model tobit. Preferensi risiko rumah tangga petani dihitung dengan model nonparametrik menggunakan fungsi produksi Just-Pope. Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa penyuluhan pertanian berperan signifikan dalam mengurangi kelebihan penggunaan pupuk pada usaha tani padi. Selain itu, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tingkat risk preference berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap kelebihan penggunaan pupuk. Kenaikan satu unit tingkat risk preference mengakibatkan rumah tangga petani mengurangi kelebihan penggunaan pupuk sebanyak 1,36 kg/ha sehingga terjadi efisiensi sebesar Rp2.448/ha. Kecilnya efisiensi biaya dalam penelitian dikarenakan penggunaan pupuk yang diukur sebagai variabel dependen hanya urea dengan dosis yang telah ditetapkan oleh Kementan. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya regulasi yang mengatur dosis penggunaan pupuk kimia lain sehingga penggunaan pupuk berlebih dapat dicegah.

scholarly journals Economic efficiency of creation and long-term use of different-ripening grass stands for hay harvesting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Zhezmer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Feed Unit

Based on the improved methodology, an economic assessment of the mowing technology for hay harvesting is given. The total cost (44.8–47.5 thousand rubles/ha) for the creation of early and medium-mature long-term herbage with the dominance of rhizomatous grasses paid off in 1.6–1.8 years. In the next 25 years, annual production costs amounted to 20.1–21.6 thousand rubles/ha with the cost of 1 feed unit of 5.1–5.6 rubles and a conditional net income of 15.1–20.1 thousand rubles/ha.

scholarly journals Cost Efficiency of Banks in Croatia

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 12-26
Author(s):  
Ivan Huljak
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Consolidation Process ◽  
Banking Efficiency ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Cost Efficiencies ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Foreign and larger banks in Croatia are generally considered to be more cost efficient compared with domestic and smaller banks. However, those views are often based on data from financial statements that can be misleading due to simultaneous consolidation process on the market and the existence of economies of scale. To contribute to the Croatian banking efficiency literature, we construct a panel of individual bank data for 1994-2014 period and conduct a frontier analysis to calculate bank specific X-efficiency. Our results suggest that efficiency scores depend on the cost definition as domestic and smaller banks are more efficient in managing administrative costs compared with foreign and larger banks but equally efficient in managing total costs. Results indicate that average bank relative efficiency increased on two occasions: one in the late 90s in the period of banking crisis and subsequent “market cleansing” and to a lesser extent in the period marked with financial crisis. Although the differences between bank cost efficiencies seem small, we conclude that the area is worth further research as significant gains in bank earnings could be achieved by increasing efficiency.

scholarly journals Cost efficiency and financial situation of local governments in the Canary Isles during the recession

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Prior ◽  
Ignacio Martín-Pinillos-Castellanos ◽  
Gemma Pérez-López ◽  
José L. Zafra-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Stage Analysis

This paper examines cost efficiency in the Spanish municipal public sector, in a specific geographic area (the Canary Isles, Spain), with respect to financial condition and different types of municipal debt. The study focuses on municipalities dependent on tourism and on the consequences to them of the Great Recession, doing so via a two-stage analysis. In the first, the order-m method is used to evaluate the cost efficiency of 77 Canary Isles municipalities, for the period 2008-12. In the second stage, we examine the effect produced on cost efficiency by different types of borrowing (long term, short term, financial and commercial) together with other financial, economic, political and quality variables, using the model developed by Simar and Wilson (2007), based on a truncated bootstrap regression with panel data. Empirical analysis shows that in times of crisis there is a significant relationship between the components of financial condition and cost efficiency. In conclusion, municipal cost efficiency increases with commercial debt, but decreases with financial debt. Furthermore, certain socioeconomic variables affect the levels of cost efficiency. Este trabajo examina la eficiencia de costes para el caso particular del sector público municipal español, concretamente, para el caso de los municipios canarios, poniendo especial énfasis en áreas relacionadas con la condición financiera y diferentes tipologías de deuda, teniendo en cuenta las características propias que estos municipios poseen, como un índice turístico elevado. En primer lugar, se utiliza el método de orden m para evaluar la eficiencia de costes de 77 municipios de las Islas Canarias, para el período 2008-12. En la segunda etapa, examinamos el efecto producido en la eficiencia de costes por diferentes tipologías de endeudamiento (largo plazo, corto plazo, financiero y comercial) junto con otras variables financieras, económicas, políticas y de calidad, utilizando el modelo desarrollado por Simar y Wilson (2007), basado en una regresión truncada con datos de panel. Nuestro análisis empírico muestra que en tiempos de crisis existe una relación significativa entre los componentes de la condición financiera y la eficiencia de costes. En particular, concluye que mientras la eficiencia de los costes municipales aumenta con la deuda comercial, disminuye con la deuda financiera. Además, mostramos que ciertas variables socioeconómicas afectan los niveles de eficiencia de costes.

scholarly journals Regulatory Impact of Bank Performance in Nigeria: Application of Stochastic Frontier Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustapha A. Akinkunmi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Regulatory Impact ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Input Prices

This study employs a panel dataset on the cost efficiency of Nigerian commercial banks to test the hypothesis whether internal regulation from the monetary authority affects the performance of commercial banks. The empirical work is carried out through the use of stochastic frontier analysis on 14 commercial banks over 10 years. The study finds that regulation has a negative and significant influence on the total cost while bank output, input prices and bank size have a positive and significant effect. This implies that the large the bank size, the higher total cost incurred.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document