scholarly journals Rozwój przemysłu samochodowego w Brazylii w latach 1957–2005

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 140-153
Author(s):  
Mirosław Wójtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Large Wave ◽  
Large Expansion ◽  
Economic Stabilization

The article examines development of the Brazilian automobile sector from the path-breaking program of installation an automotive industry in 1956 until the year 2005. The efforts of the Brazilian government to produce motor vehicles were part of a general import-substituting development strategy. The main aim of this plan was to restrict import of cars and completely or semi-knocked-down kits (CKDs or SKDs), which were assembled locally, and forced international automotive companies to choose between abandoning the Brazilian market and, with the help of financial incentives, producing cars with 90–95% Brazilian-made content within five years.The plan implemented by Brazil’s government was successful in accelerating the development of automobile sector. After the recession period in the early and mid-1960s, partially induced by the military coup d’état in 1964, at the end of the 1960s the automobile sector showed signs of having achieved maturity. During the 1970s production of this industry was growing very fast, exceeding the level of 1 million cars in the year 1980. The raise in the prices of petroleum at the end of the 1970s triggered off an economic crisis in Brazil, lasting until the beginning of the 1990.The process of economic stabilization undertaken since the implementation of the Fernando Cardoso’s “Plano Real” in 1994 led to relative economic stability, which, despite the period of economic crises in late 1998 and early 1999– lasted until the year 2005. Economic stabilization drove car manufacturers to the second large expansion at the Brazilian automobile sector. The combined value of investments in the years 1994–2001 exceeded 14.8 millions USD. It was connected with the second large wave of migration of international car manufactures to Brazil (Tab. 1).As a result of such large investments the car production exceeded the level of 2.5 millions vehicles, of which more than 2 millions constituted passenger cars. New FDI in this sector produced also a strong territorial competition among Brazilian states, which triggered short-term spells of economic growth in the place of new investment but was unlikely to lead to any long-term economic benefits (Rodriguez-Poze, Arbix 2001). One of clearly visible effects of new investments is geographical dispersion of automobile industry, and the end of domination in car manufacturing of the state of São Paulo (Fig. 4). The second great improvement took place in productivity of the Brazilian car factories. The productivity per worker increased, in the years 1990-2005, from 7.8 to 26.8 vehicles per employee per annum, which was connected with production modernization in existing plants, and implementation of new technology in “greenfield” plants, and resulted in employment reduction (Fig. 5).

Research on Development Strategy for China’s Powerful Automobile Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Yang Dong ◽  
Yanhua Xu ◽  
Tianshu Pang ◽  
Peng Zou
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Automobile Industry

scholarly journals The effects of health shocks on family status: do financial incentives encourage marriage?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andree Ehlert
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Health Shocks ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Female Partners ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
German Socioeconomic Panel ◽  
Unobserved Effects ◽  
Traditional Marriage

AbstractThis paper asks whether marriage decisions of unmarried mature couples are driven by the prospect of financial advantages for the later widowed after one partner has suffered a serious health shock. We hypothesize that, in contrast to traditional marriage models, such health shocks may induce unmarried couples to obtain economic benefits, such as survivors’ pensions in particular, through marriage in advance of one partner’s death. This question has not yet been studied empirically. Hazard models capturing unobserved effects are applied to longitudinal data of the German Socioeconomic Panel. It turns out that the probability of marriage after male partners’ health shocks can increase significantly depending on the amount of expected survivors’ pensions for the (likely) surviving female partners. In contrast, an increased probability of marriage after health shocks to women (depending on the expected financial benefits to men) was not found. These findings are supported by various robustness checks. Economic and political implications are discussed and the results are placed in an international context.

scholarly journals Key Challenges in the Status Analysis for the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan in Podgorica, Montenegro

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Radoje Vujadinović ◽  
Jelena Šaković Jovanović ◽  
Aljaž Plevnik ◽  
Luka Mladenovič ◽  
Tom Rye
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sustainable Urban Mobility ◽  
Status Analysis

The paper presents the results of the application of a practical approach for collecting data, which provides a simple, cost efficient, and easily reproducible method that was applied to obtain the necessary data for the status analysis of the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) for Podgorica, the capital of Montenegro. Important data for the estimation of the existing condition of the traffic system were collected through desk research from the appropriate institutions and organizations. Several surveys and focus group interviews were conducted, in which about 5000 residents of Podgorica participated. In addition to answering questions, residents made numerous suggestions, confirming the correctness of a participatory approach in the new traffic planning paradigm that provides the SUMP with crucial advantages. A manual cordon count of traffic on five bridges for the traffic of the motor vehicles, as well as on two pedestrian-only bridges, was performed by students from the study program Road Traffic, and there are plans to repeat this in the coming years in order to enable more reliable monitoring and evaluation of the obtained data. Contemporary quality management tools such as BYPAD and ParkPAD were also used to assess the status of cycling and parking policy, respectively. It is especially important to emphasize that Podgorica is the first city in the West Balkans, and the fourth city in Europe, in which the ParkPAD tool was applied. A wide range of negative phenomena and trends was identified, like a rapid increase in the number of registered vehicles, an increase in the motorization rate and the number of traffic accidents, increased non-compliance with traffic rules, excessive use of passenger cars and auto-taxi vehicles, insufficient use of unattractive public transport, walking and cycling, etc. Based on the data collected, key challenges in status analysis in Podgorica were identified, which the SUMP should try to overcome.

scholarly journals The Development of Strategies to Reduce Exhaust Emissions from Passenger Cars in Rzeszow City—Poland. A Preliminary Assessment of the Results Produced by the Increase of E-Fleet

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1046
Author(s):  
Maksymilian Mądziel ◽  
Tiziana Campisi ◽  
Artur Jaworski ◽  
Giovanni Tesoriere
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Particulate Concentration ◽  
The Impact

Urban agglomerations close to road infrastructure are particularly exposed to harmful exhaust emissions from motor vehicles and this problem is exacerbated at road intersections. Roundabouts are one of the most popular intersection designs in recent years, making traffic flow smoother and safer, but especially at peak times they are subject to numerous stop-and-go operations by vehicles, which increase the dispersion of emissions with high particulate matter rates. The study focused on a specific area of the city of Rzeszow in Poland. This country is characterized by the current composition of vehicle fleets connected to combustion engine vehicles. The measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) by means of a preliminary survey campaign in the vicinity of the intersection made it possible to assess the impact of vehicle traffic on the dispersion of pollutants in the air. The present report presents some strategies to be implemented in the examined area considering a comparison of current and project scenarios characterized both by a modification of the road geometry (through the introduction of a turbo roundabout) and the composition of the vehicular flow with the forthcoming diffusion of electric vehicles. The study presents an exemplified methodology for comparing scenarios aimed at optimizing strategic choices for the local administration and also shows the benefits of an increased electric fleet. By processing the data with specific tools and comparing the scenarios, it was found that a conversion of 25% of the motor vehicles to electric vehicles in the current fleet has reduced the concentration of PM10 by about 30% along the ring road, has led to a significant reduction in the length of particulate concentration of the motorway, and it has also led to a significant reduction in the length of the particulate concentration for the access roads to the intersection.

scholarly journals The Policy of Management Board at Siberian Merchant Bank toward Regional Branches: the Case of the Irkutsk branch between 1873 and 1920

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-139
Author(s):  
Elena Plotnikova
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
General Development ◽  
Management Board ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Oriented Approach

The article focuses on the policy conducted by the Management Board of Siberian Merchant Bank in reference to its regional branches from 1873 to 1920 using the example of the Irkutsk Branch. The policy included circulars and instructions that were sent to the branches and were supposed to regulate their activity in order to comply with the Bank’s general development strategy. The documents, regulating the activity of regional branches, are kept mainly in historical archives of Irkutsk and St. Petersburg. Some of the circulars are general in nature, some of them relate to the Irkutsk Branch and its activity. The research reviewed the documentary materials, defining the key directions and peculiarities of the Bank’s policy concerning to the regional branches. The Bank’s policy was based on the detailed analysis of the economic situation in the region under the coverage of its activity. The Management Board thoroughly studied all the local periodicals, which the regional branches sent to them. A special focus in the article is given to the Bank’s policy toward regional Accounting Committees, which was cautious and rather distrustful. It should be mentioned that social policy toward its employees was not alien to the Management Board of Siberian Merchant Bank. It could include provision of housing and various financial incentives. As a conclusion, in general the Bank’s policy toward regional branches can be described as pragmatic, moderate, but not excluding its socially-oriented approach.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the Veterans Affairs System toward being a payer and virtual care provider: is it sustainable?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam Rose ◽  
Linda Diem Tran ◽  
Steven M Asch ◽  
Anita Vashi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Virtual Care ◽  
Large Expansion ◽  
Virtual Visits ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year

Objective: To examine how VA shifted care delivery methods one year into the pandemic. Study Setting: All encounters paid or provided by VA between January 1, 2019 and February 27, 2021. Study Design: We aggregated all VA paid or provided encounters and classified them into community (non-VA) acute and non-acute visits, VA acute and non-acute visits, and VA virtual visits. We then compared the number of encounters by week over time to pre-pandemic levels. Data Extraction Methods: Aggregation of administrative VA claims and health records. Principal Findings: VA has experienced a dramatic and persistent shift to providing virtual care and purchasing care from non-VA providers. Before the pandemic, a majority (63%) of VA care was provided in-person at a VA facility. One year into the pandemic, in-person care at VA's constituted just 33% of all visits. Most of the difference made up by large expansions of virtual care; total VA provided visits (in person and virtual) declined (4.9 million to 4.2 million) while total visits of all types declined only 3.5%. Community provided visits exceeded prepandemic levels (2.3 million to 2.9 million, +26%). Conclusion: Unlike private health care, VA has resumed in-person care slowly at its own facilities, and more rapidly in purchased care with different financial incentives a likely driver. The very large expansion of virtual care nearly made up the difference. With a widespread physical presence across the U.S., this has important implications for access to care and future allocation of medical personnel, facilities, and resources.

The Commercialization of University and Research Institutes’ Science-Based Innovations: The Four Successful Chinese Cases

2018 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 1850013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yacheng Yang ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Qingzhi Zhang ◽  
Jiasu Lei
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
Policy Enforcement ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Low Cost Strategy ◽  
Business Acumen

Science empowers as a nation’s toughest weapon in the future global competition and cooperation. A large number of countries listed in-house R&D for science-based innovations as their core development strategy in the next decade. This paper conducts multi-case analysis on four science-based innovations in China as a reference for how a new science-based venture superseded in global market and developed indigenous capability to generate much business value as well as scientific value. The four cases detailed are container inspection system, hot redundant JX-100 DCS, high-performance Dawning supercomputers and Chinese-character laser phototypesetting system. We concluded that the successful commercialization of a nationwide and grand scientific project requires the following: (1) visionary scientists’ solid authority, direct participation, business acumen and a strong sense of patriotism, without intermediaries, are the core for successful science-based innovation and commercialization during knowledge transformation; and (2) the powerful and direct support from the policymakers. Forms of support may vary from financial incentives, policy enforcement and endorsement. The consequences for the success of science-based innovations are the creation of highly-skilled manpower, new market as well as shifting away from low-cost strategy to innovative strategy.

Considerations on the Advantages of Using Leasing in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (163) ◽  
pp. 587-598
Author(s):  
George-Aurelian TUDOR ◽  
◽  
Ioan Codrut TURLEA ◽  
Elena MITOI ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Risk Appetite ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Throughout the evolution of our society, accounting has played an important and sometimes decisive role in making or influencing certain decisions. Accounting research can provide social and cultural studies with important insights into how society and culture is produced and shaped by calculations, technologies and management control practices. An exciting challenge and opportunity for young researchers is to explore the role and impact of accounting in companies as well as in non-governmental organizations, given the many times when the issue of further reform has arisen because of sensitive events in the lives of companies. Increasing quality criteria as well as lowering costs by using leasing as a form of financing has generated part of the evolution of modern society. Thus, the management of companies has constantly had to establish new and new strategies to bring companies to our reputation and esteem through higher performance indicators than in previous periods. The main objective of the article is to understand the concept of leasing financing, to get familiar to the use of leasing, also to validate the hypothesis that leasing means a good manner of financing for small and medium enterprises using a variety of different strategy of economic development and obtaining economic benefits, having as a start point a right interpretation of accounting politics highlighting the true and fair view of the company. In order to validate the hypothesis that leasing is a factor of economic growth, the authors conducted a questionnaire consisting of nine questions in which respondents expressed their opinion on leasing as a form of financing. Following the study, the authors concluded, within the sample analyzed, that the use of leasing is a factor of economic growth, having as a start point the company development strategy, and also, the risk appetite of the shareholders. Also, using the leasing as a manner of finance offered the opportunity for a quickly technological growth and real appearing of the modern historical challenge - globalization.

Analysis and Countermeasure to the Present Status of End-of-Life Vehicles Recycling and Disassembling in Jiangsu Province

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 2319-2322
Author(s):  
Fu Shan Zuo ◽  
Xiao Tao Fei ◽  
Yong Jun Min ◽  
Zheng Xiang Qiu ◽  
Mao Song Wan
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Management System ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Basic Element ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
The Sustainable Development

As the enhancement of the economic level in our country, the quantity of motor vehicles and the end-of-life vehicles grows fast. The recycling of the end-of-life vehicle is the basic element for the sustainable development in automobile industry. At the same time, the disassembling of the end-of-life vehicle is an important link in the development of the automobile recycle economy and also an important mean to the resource recycling. So, a scientific and rational management system in vehicle disassembling can have a positive effect in building a resource conservation and environment friendly society. At present, many problems in motor vehicle recycling and disassembling have already restricted the development of the industry. Through the investigation of the present status of the end-of-life vehicle recycling and disassembling enterprise in Jiangsu province, the reason of those problems is analyzed, the method to solve those problems is discussed and put forward, and a new management system in motor vehicle recycling and disassembling is built. The research can provide instruction meaning and reference value to all the end-of-life vehicle recycling and disassembling enterprises.

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