scholarly journals 2D Seismic Structural and Stratigraphic Study of Kirkuk Group Formation in Amara Oil Field- Southeastern Iraq

2021 ◽  
pp. 3942-3951
Author(s):  
Ali K. Jaheed ◽  
Hussein H. Karim
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Field Structure ◽  
Synthetic Seismograms ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Well Logs ◽  
Depth Maps

The Amarah Oil field structure was studied and interpreted by using 2-D seismic data obtained from the Oil  Exploration company. The study is concerned with Maysan Group Formation (Kirkuk Group) which is located in southeastern Iraq and belongs to the Tertiary Age. Two reflectors were detected based on synthetic seismograms and well logs (top and bottom Missan Group). Structural maps were derived from seismic reflection interpretations to obtain the location and direction of the sedimentary basin. Two-way time and depth maps were conducted depending on the structural interpretation of the picked reflectors to show several structural features. These included three types of closures, namely two anticlines extended in the directions of S-SW and NE, one nose structure (anticline) in the middle of the study area,  and structural faults in the northeastern part of the area, which is consistent with the general fault pattern. The seismic interpretation showed the presence of some stratigraphic features. Stratigraphic trap at the eastern part of the field, along with other phenomena, such as flatspot (mound), lenses, onlap, and toplap, were detected as indications of potential hydrocarbon accumulation in the region.

scholarly journals Structural Interpretation of Yamama and Naokelekan Formations in Tuba Oil Field Using 2D Seismic Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2B) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Belal M. Odeh
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Synthetic Seismogram ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Well Log ◽  
Seismic Reflection Data ◽  
Depth Maps ◽  
Reflection Data ◽  
Interpretation Process ◽  
Southern Iraq

This research includes structure interpretation of the Yamama Formation (Lower Cretaceous) and the Naokelekan Formation (Jurassic) using 2D seismic reflection data of the Tuba oil field region, Basrah, southern Iraq. The two reflectors (Yamama and Naokelekan) were defined and picked as peak and tough depending on the 2D seismic reflection interpretation process, based on the synthetic seismogram and well log data. In order to obtain structural settings, these horizons were followed over all the regions. Two-way travel-time maps, depth maps, and velocity maps have been produced for top Yamama and top Naokelekan formations. The study concluded that certain longitudinal enclosures reflect anticlines in the east and west of the study area representing Zubair and Rumaila fold confined between them a fold consist of two domes represents Tuba fold with the same trending of Zubair and Rumaila structures. The study confirmed the importance of this field as a reservoir of the accumulation of hydrocarbons.

Full‐waveform processing and interpretation of kilohertz cross‐well seismic data

Geophysics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1248-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf A. Khalil ◽  
Robert R. Stewart ◽  
David C. Henley
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
Shear Waves ◽  
Synthetic Seismograms ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Sonic Log ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Interval Velocities ◽  
The Individual

High‐frequency, cross‐well seismic data, from the Midale oil field of southeastern Saskatchewan, are analyzed for direct and reflected energy. The goal of the analysis is to produce interpretable sections to assist in enhanced oil recovery activities ([Formula: see text] injection) in this field. Direct arrivals are used for velocity information while reflected arrivals are processed into a reflection image. Raw field data show a complex assortment of wave types that includes direct compressional and shear waves and reflected shear waves. A traveltime inversion technique (layer stripping via ray tracing) is used to obtain P‐ and S‐wave interval velocities from the respective direct arrivals. The velocities from the cross‐well inversion and the sonic log are in reasonable agreement. The subsurface coverage of the cross‐well geometry is investigated; it covers zones extending from the source well to the receiver well and includes regions above and below the source/receiver depths. Upgoing and downgoing primary reflections are processed, in a manner similar to the vertical seismic profiling/common‐depth‐point (VSP/CDP) map, to construct the cross‐well images. A final section is produced by summing the individual reflection images from each receiver‐gather map. This section provides an image with evidence of strata thicknesses down to about 1 m. Synthetic seismograms are used to interpret the final sections. Correlations can be drawn between some of the events on the synthetic seismograms and the cross‐well image.

scholarly journals Seismically detected porous Zechstein carbonates in Southern Jutland, Denmark

1995 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
Kim Gunn Maver
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Acoustic Impedance ◽  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Synthetic Seismograms ◽  
Lateral Distribution ◽  
Seismic Modelling ◽  
Seismic Sections ◽  
Well Data ◽  
Impedance Models

Zechstein carbonates in Southern Jutland, Denmark, have been explored by 10 wells since 1952, and a total of more than 2000 km of 2D seismic data has been acquired by various contractors. Seismic modelling, based on all the well data, is used as an aid to predict the lateral distribution of porous Zechstein carbonate intervals from the seismic data. ID seismic modelling is used to define the maximum number of intervals detected by the seismic sections at well locations. The ID seismic modelling results are also used to derive 2D acoustic impedance models and corresponding synthetic seismograms. The seismic modelling results illustrate a number of diagnostic reflection patterns associated with the porous carbonate intervals. The predicted distribution of porous carbonate intervals is, however, found to be uncertain, as thickness and porosity variations of each interval cannot be distinguished. Furthermore, thin porous carbonate intervals are not detected by the seismic sections, and the seismic reflection patterns indicating the presence of porous carbonate intervals can be associated with other lithologies. Porous Ca-la, Ca-lb, Ca-2 and Ca-3 carbonate intervals are found to be detected by the seismic sections only in the Zechstein platform area, and only the porous Ca-2 carbonate interval can be mapped

Investigating deep geological reservoirs using seismic reflection and well logs, Tawila oil field, Yemen: Implications for structural setting and reservoir properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 1018-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel Al-Johi ◽  
Elkhedr Ibrahim ◽  
Hussain J. Al Faifi ◽  
Mostafa M. Kinawy ◽  
Nassir S. Al Arifi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Well Logs ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Structural Setting

scholarly journals Megaseismic section across the northeastern slope of the Arabian Plate, Iraq

GeoArabia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabah A.G Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Western Desert ◽  
Arabian Plate ◽  
Channel System ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Seismic Image ◽  
Middle Carboniferous ◽  
Seismic Lines

ABSTRACT A composite seismic image (Megaseismic Line 7) was constructed across Iraq using 16 pre-existing seismic lines that were recorded between 1975 and 1983. The image is the first of 15 megaseismic lines that will eventually form a rectilinear grid that covers Iraq. It is oriented in a SW-NE direction, and extends approximately 500 kilometers from the Iraq-Saudi Arabia border to the Iraq-Iran border. The seismic lines were recorded using a 48-channel system with either a vibroseis or dynamite source. The maximum offset varies from 2,400 to 5,000 meters. The seismic data was reprocessed using a common datum of 300 meters above sea level. Data quality is good where the source was dynamite and the terrain consists of gravel and sand surfaces; it is poor where vibroseis was used or/and the outcrops were carbonates. The final stacked section and Hilbert attributes (reflection amplitude and instantaneous phase) were displayed at different scales to determine the best perspective for interpretation. A total of 14 reflections, corresponding to Miocene to Permian horizons, were identified using synthetic seismograms from five wells. The horizons generally dip towards the northeast, except at the location of the Tel Ghazal oil field where syndepositional growth is inferred. Various seismic stratigraphic geometries, such as sigmoidal features, onlap, toplap and downlap, were identified and used to define disconformities and angular unconformities. The oldest two horizons that could be picked are from the tops of the Triassic Kurra Chine and Permian Chia Zairi formations. Below the oldest Permian reflection, the middle Carboniferous “Hercynian unconformity” was tentatively picked. The Paleozoic pre-Permian succession is not adequately imaged in the seismic data, nor is the crystalline basement seen. The seismic interpretation was compared to the profiles of the Bouguer gravity anomaly and the total magnetic field, and good correlations were established. The regional line helped identify several previously unknown structural features including the Ma’aniya Depression in the Western Desert, and two anticlinal structures: the first being within that depression and the second directly to the southwest of Tel Ghazal oil field.

Deep crustal structure and evolution of the rifted margin northeast of Newfoundland: results from LITHOPROBE East

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1537-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Keen ◽  
G. S. Stockmal ◽  
H. Welsink ◽  
G. Quinlan ◽  
B. Mudford
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Basaltic Magma ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Subsidence History ◽  
Basin Subsidence ◽  
Deep Crustal Structure ◽  
Rifted Margin ◽  
Best Fit

As part of the LITHOPROBE East project, a marine deep seismic reflection line was run in 1984 across the continental margin northeast of Newfoundland. The seismic data define reflectors both within and below the sedimentary section. The deeper, intracrustal reflectors help determine the nature of extensional tectonics and associated sedimentary basin evolution on the rifted margin. The line also crosses the ocean–continent transition and helps define structure in that region. Interpretation of the seismic data shows that brittle extension of the upper crust was accommodated along at least one subhorizontal level of décollement. The most obvious style of deformation involves the shallowest level of décollement on which high-angle planar normal faults detach. A deeper level of décollement is inferred from the presence of low-angle listric normal faults penetrating the lower crust or deeper. There is no evidence for a unidirectional low-angle shear zone controlling extension. The seismic data are used to constrain a depth-dependent numerical model of extension. Best-fit estimates of the basin subsidence history support a model in which there are several episodes of stretching and in which there is significantly more stretching in the lower lithosphere than in the upper lithosphere. At the ocean–continent transition, the oceanic crust appears to thicken as it dips beneath the rifted continental crust. This may result from the production of basaltic magma and its migration to crustal levels during rifting.

Dynamic time corrections and their application to seismic data over sea floor canyons in the Gippsland Basin

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.I. Blyth ◽  
N.J. Fisher ◽  
A.M. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Lateral Velocity ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Velocity Anomaly ◽  
Depth Maps ◽  
Dynamic Time ◽  
Push Down ◽  
Complex Ray ◽  
Gippsland Basin

Seismic reflection events beneath marked lateral velocity variations are distorted by complex ray paths. This can result in a stacked section with events that show poor continuity and are affected by 'pull up' or 'push down'. Where the velocity anomaly is not near the surface, conventional statics often fail to produce an adequate result.A pre-stack solution based on ray tracing is presented, which applies dynamic time corrections that vary with offset and travel time. The method was applied to a grid of data in the Gippsland Basin, affected by deep erosional canyons on the sea floor. The resulting sections generally showed significant improvement to the continuity of events thus enabling depth maps of greater accuracy to be constructed. We conclude that the method is more suitable in the study area than other pre-stack techniques given the absence of steep dips beneath the canyons and the exploration objectives. Other applications of the method are also mentioned.

scholarly journals 2D Seismic Reflection Study of Mishrif and Yamama Formations in East Nasiriya Area, Southern Iraq

2021 ◽  
pp. 2603-2613
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Faisal ◽  
Kamal K. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Seismic Profile ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Contour Map ◽  
Oil And Gas Exploration ◽  
Subsurface Geology ◽  
Depth Maps ◽  
Cretaceous Period ◽  
Southern Iraq

The structural division and stratigraphic estimation of the perceptible geological basin are the most important for oil and gas exploration. This study attempts to obtain subsurface geology in parts of east Nasiriya, southern Iraq using of seismic data and some adjacent well information for structural and stratigraphic interpretation. To achieve this goal, 2D seismic data in SEG-Y format were used with velocity and logging data. The seismic profile is then interpreted as a two-dimensional (time domain and depth domain) contour map, which is  represented  as a real subsurface geology. Reflectors from the Mishrif and Yamama Formations (Cretaceous period) were detected. According to the structural interpretation of the selected reflectors, TWT maps of the horizon were prepared, and  depth maps were drawn, which show some noses structures in the study area. The seismic interpretation in this area confirmed the existence of certain stratigraphic features in the studied strata. Some distribution mounds and flat spots were also observed which similar to the characteristics of the Nasiriya oil field stratigraphic features that are the considered as hydrocarbon indicators.

High‐resolution seismic study in the Gas Hills uranium district, Wyoming

Geophysics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1355-1374
Author(s):  
James K. Applegate ◽  
David A. Emilia ◽  
Edwin B. Neitzel ◽  
Paul R. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
Seismic Reflection ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Synthetic Seismograms ◽  
Seismic Reflection Data ◽  
Structural Controls ◽  
Reflection Data ◽  
Passive Seismic ◽  
Channel Deposits

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the high‐resolution seismic technique for the mapping of stratigraphic and structural controls in the Gas Hills uranium district, Wyoming. The test area is one in which uranium deposits are in Tertiary sediments which unconformably overlie a Mesozoic Paleozoic section. Paleochannels on the unconformity appear to control the localization of the uranium. Drilling in the area allows an evaluation of the effectiveness of the study. Using both sonic and density logs, we computed synthetic seismograms to evaluate the feasibility of predicting the success of the seismic reflection technique and to test this prediction using surface seismic methods. The field study was undertaken utilizing primarily two energy sources—a high‐frequency vibrator (40–350 Hz), and one‐pound dynamite charges shot in 10-ft holes. A limited amount of data was also acquired using detonating cord on the surface. Some three‐dimensional (3-D) data were also acquired, and a later study acquired passive seismic data. The seismic reflection data were successful not only in delineating the unconformable surface and in mapping paleodrainages on the unconformity, but also in defining channel deposits within the Tertiary section. Correlation with the logs shows the success of the study. Several areas were delineated where one would undertake tight drilling patterns, and other areas were delineated in which one might minimize or eliminate exploratory drilling. The synthetic seismograms also could have predicted the success of the seismic work.

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