A Unified Approach to Economic Dominance and Inequality Measures using a General Transformation Function

2009 ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Subir Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Transformation Function ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
General Transformation ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
Pareto Distributions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Log Normal

We present three generalized, empirical, economic inequality definitions for the empirical dominance of the income distribution of Population 1 over that of Population 2 with respect to their n-person economy in terms of a general transformation function G. These definitions are based on the generalized gaps using the general G function instead of the standard gaps, to achieve greater flexibility and higher generality in performing many comparisions between Populations 1 and 2, in terms of the mean as well as the variance, geometric mean, median, and range. This article provides a unified approach to various dominance concepts and inequality measures. This unification is achieved through the transformation function G. We study the effects of the economic inequality definitions on location and dispersion of the income distribution. Log-normal, log-skew-normal, and Pareto distributions are considered in this study.

scholarly journals UNIVERSAL STRUCTURE OF THE PERSONAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION

Fractals ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
WATARU SOUMA
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Asset Price ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
High Income ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Universal Structure ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

We investigate the Japanese personal income distribution in the high income range over the 112 years (1887–1998), and that in the middle income range over the 44 years (1955–1998). It is observed that the distribution pattern of the log-normal with power law tail is the universal structure. However, the indexes specifying the distribution differ from year to year. One of the index characterizing the distribution is the mean value of the log-normal distribution; the mean income in the middle income range. It is found that this value correlates linearly with the gross domestic product (GDP). To clarify the temporal change of the equality or inequality of the distribution, we analyze Pareto and Gibrat indexes, which characterize the distribution in the high income range and that in the middle income range, respectively. It is found for some years that there is no correlation between the high income and the middle income. It is also shown that the mean value of Pareto index equals to 2, and the change of this index is effected by the change of the asset price. From these analysis, we derive four constraints that must be satisfied by mathematical models.

Framboid Sizes

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-46
Author(s):  
David Rickard
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Atomic Clusters ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Nanoparticle Clusters ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Framboid Formation ◽  
Log Normal

Framboid size-frequency plots show log-normal distributions with a geometric mean diameter of 6.0 μ‎m and with 95% of framboids ranging between 2.9 and 12.3 μ‎m. The largest framboids may be 250 μ‎m in diameter, although spherical aggregates of framboids, known as polyframboids, may range up to 900 μ‎m in diameter. Various spherical clusters of nanoparticles have been described which are less than 0.2 μ‎m in diameter. These do not form a continuum with framboids. There is no evidence for any significant change in framboid diameters with geologic time, and the differences in mean sizes between hydrothermal and sedimentary framboids do not, at present, appear to be statistically significant. By contrast, it appears that the mean diameters of framboids from non-marine sediments are significantly larger (7.6 μ‎m) than marine framboids (5.7 μ‎m). There is some evidence that framboids formed in the water column are smaller than those formed in sediments, but the non-critical use of this possible difference as a proxy for paleoenvironmental reconstructions is not robust. So-called microframboids and nanoframboids are discrete entities which are distinct from framboids. They are nanoparticle clusters and are not produced by the same processes as those involved in framboid formation, nor do they behave in the same way. They are more akin to atomic clusters, which form similar constructs.

Income Distribution and Consumption Deprivation: An Analytical Link

2008 ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Sushanta K. Mallick
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Saturation Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Deprivation Approach ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Essential Food

This article conceives poverty in terms of the consumption of essential food, makes use of a new deprivation (or poverty) function, and examines the effects of changes in the mean and the variance of the income distribution on poverty, assuming a log-normal income distribution. The presence of a saturation level of consumption can be treated as a poverty-line threshold as opposed to an exogenous income-based poverty line. Within such a consumption deprivation approach, the article proves analytically that rising mean income reduces poverty while rising variance of income distribution increases poverty.

Imputing the mean of a heteroskedastic log-normal missing variable: A unified approach to ratio imputation

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Takahashi ◽  
Manabu Iwasaki ◽  
Hiroe Tsubaki
Keyword(s):  
Unified Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Log Normal

scholarly journals Measurement of Indoor Thoron Gas Concentrations Using a Radon-Thoron Discriminative Passive Type Monitor: Nationwide Survey in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1299
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Sanada
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Living Room ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wall Construction ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
One Year ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

As part of a nationwide survey of thoron (220Rn) in Japan, the indoor 220Rn gas concentrations in 940 dwellings were measured throughout one year, from 1993 to 1996, using a passive type 222Rn-220Rn discriminative monitor. The monitor was placed in a bedroom or a living room in each house for four successive three-month periods. The mean annual indoor 220Rn concentration was estimated from the four measurements in each house. The arithmetic mean, the median and the geometric mean for indoor 220Rn concentrations in 899 dwellings were 20.1, 9.6 and 10.0 Bq m−3, respectively. The 220Rn concentrations exhibited a log-normal distribution. It was found that the 220Rn concentrations were dependent on the nature of the materials used for wall construction and also on the distance of measurement from the wall. Significant seasonal variations in the 220Rn concentration were not observed. It would seem that the nature of the wall material contributed to the increased indoor 220Rn concentrations.

DMSA-scintigraphy in paediatrics: Is the evaluation of the geometric mean necessary for the calculation of the differential renal function?

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (04) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Roßmüller ◽  
S. Alalp ◽  
S. Fischer ◽  
S. Dresel ◽  
K. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Posterior View ◽  
Renal Abnormality ◽  
Anterior View ◽  
Differential Renal Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive

SummaryFor assessment of differential renal function (PF) by means of static renal scintigraphy with Tc-99m-dimer-captosuccinic acid (DMSA) the calculation of the geometric mean of counts from the anterior and posterior view is recommended. Aim of this retrospective study was to find out, if the anterior view is necessary to receive an accurate differential renal function by calculating the geometric mean compared to calculating PF using the counts of the posterior view only. Methods: 164 DMSA-scans of 151 children (86 f, 65 m) aged 16 d to 16 a (4.7 ± 3.9 a) were reviewed. The scans were performed using a dual head gamma camera (Picker Prism 2000 XP, low energy ultra high resolution collimator, matrix 256 x 256,300 kcts/view, Zoom: 1.6-2.0). Background corrected values from both kidneys anterior and posterior were obtained. Using region of interest technique PF was calculated using the counts of the dorsal view and compared with the calculated geometric mean [SQR(Ctsdors x Ctsventr]. Results: The differential function of the right kidney was significantly less when compared to the calculation of the geometric mean (p<0.01). The mean difference between the PFgeom and the PFdors was 1.5 ± 1.4%. A difference > 5% (5.0-9.5%) was obtained in only 6/164 scans (3.7%). Three of 6 patients presented with an underestimated PFdors due to dystopic kidneys on the left side in 2 patients and on the right side in one patient. The other 3 patients with a difference >5% did not show any renal abnormality. Conclusion: The calculation of the PF from the posterior view only will give an underestimated value of the right kidney compared to the calculation of the geometric mean. This effect is not relevant for the calculation of the differntial renal function in orthotopic kidneys, so that in these cases the anterior view is not necesssary. However, geometric mean calculation to obtain reliable values for differential renal function should be applied in cases with an obvious anatomical abnormality.

Perception and Reality—Economic Inequality as a Driver of Populism?

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hüther ◽  
Matthias Diermeier
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Future ◽  
General Criticism ◽  
The Welfare State

Abstract Can the rise of populism be explained by the growing chasm between rich and poor? With regard to Germany, such a causal relationship must be rejected. Income distribution in Germany has been very stable since 2005, and people’s knowledge on actual inequality and economic development is limited: inequality and unemployment are massively overestimated. At the same time, a persistently isolationist and xenophobic group with diverse concerns and preferences has emerged within the middle classes of society that riggers support for populist parties. This mood is based on welfare chauvinism against immigration rather than on a general criticism of distribution. Since the immigration of recent years will inevitably affect the relevant indicators concerning distribution, an open, cautious but less heated approach is needed in the debate on the future of the welfare state. In order to address and take the local concerns of citizens seriously, an increased exchange with public officials on the ground is needed.

Cadmium concentrations in kidneys of sheep and cattle in Western Australia. 1. Regional distribution

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Morcombe ◽  
DS Petterson ◽  
HG Masters ◽  
PJ Ross ◽  
JR Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Agricultural Region ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Rate Of Accumulation ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

A sample of 4973 kidneys from sheep stratified by age and shire of origin within the Agricultural Region of Western Australia, was analysed for cadmium (Cd) content during the period August 1989 to April 1991. The geometric mean Cd concentration in the kidney of hogget ewes was 0.9 mg/kg, in 4-tooth ewes 1.47 mg/kg and in adult ewes 3.34 mg/kg on a wet weight basis. The mean Cd concentrations of either ewe or hogget flocks from different Divisions of the Agricultural Region did not differ from each other. The annual increase in Cd concentration of kidney from hogget sheep was estimated to be 0-65 mg/kg. The rate of accumulation of Cd in kidney from cattle and sheep grazing the same properties was similar. Kidneys from a sample of 354 adult cattle from the Kimberley Region and 483 aged sheep from the Pastoral Region, both areas of unimproved rangelands, had geometric mean Cd concentrations of 0.15 mg/kg and 0-31 mg/kg respectively. A higher Cd concentration in flocks from the divisions adjacent to the Agricultural Region may have resulted from the establishment of some volunteer species of winter annual pastures in the rangeland.

The Impact of Manufacturing Variations on Performance of a Transonic Axial Compressor Rotor

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Lejon ◽  
Niklas Andersson ◽  
Lars Ellbrant ◽  
Hans Mårtensson
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Axial Compressor ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Design Intent ◽  
Compressor Rotor ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, the impact of manufacturing variations on performance of an axial compressor rotor are evaluated at design rotational speed. The geometric variations from the design intent were obtained from an optical coordinate measuring machine and used to evaluate the impact of manufacturing variations on performance and the flow field in the rotor. The complete blisk is simulated using 3D CFD calculations, allowing for a detailed analysis of the impact of geometric variations on the flow. It is shown that the mean shift of the geometry from the design intent is responsible for the majority of the change in performance in terms of mass flow and total pressure ratio for this specific blisk. In terms of polytropic efficiency, the measured geometric scatter is shown to have a higher influence than the geometric mean deviation. The geometric scatter around the mean is shown to impact the pressure distribution along the leading edge and the shock position. Furthermore, a blisk is analyzed with one blade deviating substantially from the design intent, denoted as blade 0. It is shown that the impact of blade 0 on the flow is largely limited to the blade passages that it is directly a part of. The results presented in this paper also show that the impact of this blade on the flow field can be represented by a simulation including 3 blade passages. In terms of loss, using 5 blade passages is shown to give a close estimate for the relative change in loss for blade 0 and neighboring blades.

scholarly journals Interactions between Vitamin D Status, Calcium Intake and Parathyroid Hormone Concentrations in Healthy White-Skinned Pregnant Women at Northern Latitude

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Hemmingway ◽  
Karen O’Callaghan ◽  
Áine Hennessy ◽  
George Hull ◽  
Kevin Cashman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Metabolic System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
In Pregnancy

Adverse effects of low vitamin D status and calcium intakes in pregnancy may be mediated through functional effects on the calcium metabolic system. Little explored in pregnancy, we aimed to examine the relative importance of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and calcium intake on parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in healthy white-skinned pregnant women. This cross-sectional analysis included 142 participants (14 ± 2 weeks’ gestation) at baseline of a vitamin D intervention trial at 51.9 °N. Serum 25(OH)D, PTH, and albumin-corrected calcium were quantified biochemically. Total vitamin D and calcium intakes (diet and supplements) were estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The mean ± SD vitamin D intake was 10.7 ± 5.2 μg/day. With a mean ± SD serum 25(OH)D of 54.9 ± 22.6 nmol/L, 44% of women were <50 nmol/L and 13% <30 nmol/L. Calcium intakes (mean ± SD) were 1182 ± 488 mg/day and 23% of participants consumed <800 mg/day. The mean ± SD serum albumin-adjusted calcium was 2.2 ± 0.1 mmol/L and geometric mean (95% CI) PTH was 9.2 (8.4, 10.2) pg/mL. PTH was inversely correlated with serum 25(OH)D (r = −0.311, p < 0.001), but not with calcium intake or serum calcium (r = −0.087 and 0.057, respectively, both p > 0.05). Analysis of variance showed that while serum 25(OH)D (dichotomised at 50 nmol/L) had a significant effect on PTH (p = 0.025), calcium intake (<800, 800–1000, ≥1000 mg/day) had no effect (p = 0.822). There was no 25(OH)D-calcium intake interaction effect on PTH (p = 0.941). In this group of white-skinned women with largely sufficient calcium intakes, serum 25(OH)D was important for maintaining normal PTH concentration.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document