Educational Choice, Lifetime Earnings Inequality and Conflicts of Public Policy

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Von Weizsacker
Keyword(s):  
Lifetime Distribution ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Population Heterogeneity ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Educational Choice ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Lifetime Earnings ◽  
Earning Inequality

Drawing on and extending the theory of human capital, a comprehensive life-cycle model of individual earnings is designed. The approach taken permits an isolated analysis of three interconnected levels of aggregation (intra-cohort distribution, overall distribution, and lifetime distribution) within the same dynamic microeconomic model of educational choice. In this way, interrelated economic, demographic, and fiscal effects on earning inequality are established. The paper reveals that reallocation reaction of optimizing individuals, combined with population heterogeneity by productive endowments, learning abilities and working age, can destroy simple relationships between the standard of living, current earnings inequality, and public distributional policy.

scholarly journals Culture at Work: Self-Entrepreneurialism and Earnings Inequality in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Moullin
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Working Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Employment Practices ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Working Age

Several social theorists describe a culture of self-entrepreneurialism: a subjectivity in which individuals see themselves as determining their objective economic outcomes or earnings. This culture, it is thought, is institutionalized in contemporary employment practices such that, as in human capital theory, self-entrepreneurialism is widespread among employees, and the more self-entrepreneurial earn more. I contribute a quantitative and comprehensive response to these largely untested claims using survey data from the mid-1990s through mid-2010s, representative of working-age Americans. I find individuals’ self-mastery, self-directedness, focus on self-growth and self-foresight of their future forms one general latent reflective self-concept. As a subjectivity, this self-entrepreneurialism is not associated with self-sufficiency or self-flexibility but is high among Americans regardless of social group. In terms of objective earnings, I find self-entrepreneurialism to be associated with an average earnings premium of up to ten percent of average earnings within occupations. However, self-entrepreneurialism does almost nothing to account for enduring earnings inequality between occupations. Further, over individuals’ working life, there is no association between increasing self-entrepreneurialism and increased earnings. Thus, in line with the theory of cultural capital, but not of human capital, self-entrepreneurialism works materially at work.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN THE MODERN WORLD AS A FACTOR OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Security ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Demographic Processes

The demographic processes of the modern world in the context of international security are considered. The main focus is on the demographic situation in industrialized countries and developing countries. The nature of population growth in developing regions and the threat of uncontrolled migration are traced. The demographic problem of industrially developed countries - an increase in the proportion of the population of retirement age with a decrease in the proportion of the population of working age - is highlighted. It was revealed that the marginalization of the population, combined with the high mobility of the population, which is inherent in developing regions, creates the preconditions for further migration of the population, particularly to more developed regions, such a situation - a large percentage of mobile and young population in developing regions is a threat to socio-economic and political stability in developed regions, since a high standard of living, developed infrastructure, economic and social stability make developed regions attractive for migration from developing countries. It is analyzed that industrially developed regions have undergone a demographic transition, which has led to an increase in the proportion of the elderly population while the proportion of the working-age population has decreased, such demographic changes call into question the viability of the Welfare state model in the long term due to the lack of resources to support it, and a high standard of living actualizes the problem of uncontrolled migration from developing regions that have a surplus of population. The problem of institutional inefficiency in developing regions is considered, which can determine the problem of natural disasters, hunger, wars and epidemics and, as a consequence, a massive uncontrolled process of changing the place of residence, is a serious factor of regional and international security. The article analyzes how the demographic situation in the modern world is a challenge and threat to regional and international security.

Ethnicity, Class and the Earning Inequality in Israel, 1983-1995

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Khattab
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Similar Role ◽  
Israeli Population ◽  
Earning Inequality ◽  
Over Time

This paper focuses on the role of ethnicity and class in generating earnings inequality in Israel. Unlike previous studies on inequality of opportunities in Israel, in this paper I compare the earnings of five ethnic groups: European Jews (Ashkenazi), Asian-African Jews (Sephardi), Muslim Palestinians, Christian Palestinians and Druze Palestinians. In addition, both men and women are taken into account. The analysis, which is based on data obtained from the 1983 and 1995 Israeli population censuses, has revealed that in Israel, class variations resulting from the differentiation of employment contracts in the labour market, appear to have played a much more important role over time in producing earnings inequality. However, at the same time, it was found that class in this context is highly related to ethnicity, thereby suggesting that class and ethnicity are interwoven. While it seemed that to some extent, class plays a similar role among men and women, the role of ethnicity among men was much more central than it was among women, in the allocation of people into class positions.

scholarly journals Lifetime Earnings Inequality in Germany

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timm P. Boenke ◽  
Giacomo Corneo ◽  
Holger Lüthen
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Lifetime Earnings

Family Fortunes — A Guide to Saving for Retirement

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 849-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Lower Standard ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Fixed Proportion

ABSTRACTThe paper investigates the level and incidence of saving required in order to maintain the standard of living that a household experiences whilst of working age into retirement. In order to do this, a model has been constructed that follows the income and expenditure of a household, allowing for tax and social security, as well as changing family circumstances. The model can be used to explain how a household should save in order to achieve a given standard of living in retirement.The author concludes that the usual message, to save a fixed proportion of income throughout a working lifetime, is at best not helpful and at worst could lead to a lower standard of living over the household's lifetime. People can and should manage the timing of their saving and borrowing in order to achieve optimum incomes.

scholarly journals UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE MAZOWIECKIE VOIVODESHIP – EFFECTS AND METHODS OF LIMITATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Marzena Kacprzak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
The One ◽  
The Unemployed

Unemployment is an economic phenomenon where part of the working-age population are unable to find jobs despite seeking employment. The actual job search amongst the unemployed can be more or less intense. The Mazowieckie Voivodeship is characterized by high spatial diversity in the standard of living of the inhabitants and the conditions of economic development. On the one hand, the voivodeship boasts the highly economically developed capital of the country, on the other, there are medium or relatively underdeveloped areas. The aim of the article is to indicate the range of the phenomenon of unemployment in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship and to indicate the effects and methods of reducing it. The concept of unemployment is presented, the research methodology is outlined and the unemployment of Mazowieckie Voivodeship is analysed.

scholarly journals Será que o brasileiro está poupando o suficiente para se aposentar?

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ricardo D. Brito ◽  
Paulo T. P. Minari
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Saving Rate ◽  
Life Cycle Model ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Life Circumstances ◽  
The Right ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Very High

This article answers the question: how much wealth should a Brazilian accumulate along time to sustain his (her) consumption during retirement? Using a life-cycle model, we simulate scenarios for different household incomes, family size, and life circumstances, to obtain the additional saving effort needed by future beneficiaries of the Regime Geral de Previdência Social (RGPS). Given the current high replacement rates, we show that more than 95% of the population needs no additional savings during their working age, because they will enjoy an increase in their “free” per capita income during retirement. In other words, surprisingly, a low voluntary saving rate is the right decision from the perspective of an average Brazilian that plans a smooth consumption, in the belief that current social security arrangements will persist. Were it not for the very high banking spread, it would be optimal for the average Brazilian to borrow in the working age to increase his (her) consumption level.

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