ANALISIS THERMOGRAVIMETRY LIMBAH PADAT KELAPA SAWIT DAN POTENSI KONVERSINYA MENJADI GAS BAKAR

Jurnal Dampak ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Slamet Raharjo
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Reaction Scheme ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Emission Standard ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
Hsc Chemistry

ABSTRAKIndonesia adalah negara pengekspor CPO (crude palm oil) terbesar kedua di dunia. Produk sampingan dari prosesing CPO yang berupa limbah padat yaitu cangkang, serat dan tandan kosong sawit (TKS) ini bisa dijadikan alternatif sumber energi terbarukan. Gasifikasi adalah teknologi yang layak untuk konversi limbah padat karena memenuhi standar emisi dan memberikan efek minimasi penggunaan lahan TPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami potensi konversi limbah padat kelapa sawit menjadi bahan bakar gas (H2 dan CO) dengan proses gasifikasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan eksperimen thermogravimetri terhadap 3 jenis limbah padat kelapa sawit untuk menganalisis karakteristik gasifikasi limbah padat tersebut. Untuk memahami komposisi bahan bakar gas yang dihasilkan, dilakukan simulasi proses gasifikasi dengan menggunakan software kesetimbangan kimia HSC Chemistry 5.1. Hasil thermogravimetri menunjukkan bahwa kandungan fix carbon (FC) dan fuel ratio dalam cangkang lebih besar dari serat dan tandan kosong sawit (TKS). Kandungan volatile matter (VM) TKS lebih besar dari serat dan cangkang. Hal ini mengakibatkan produksi gas CO cangkang kelapa sawit lebih besar dibanding serat dan TKS, sebaliknya produksi gas H2 dari TKS lebih tinggi dibandingkan cangkang dan serat. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan kesetimbangan kimia, dapat disusun skema reaksi gasifikasi limbah padat kelapa sawit sebagai berikut:CxHy + aCO2 ? (x+a)CO + y/2H2.Kata Kunci: limbah padat CPO, gasifikasi, bahan bakar gas, volatile matter (VM), fix carbon (FC) ABSTRACTIndonesia is the second largest CPO (crude palm oil) exporting countries in the world. CPO processing generates solid wastes including shell, fiber and empty fruit bunche (EFBs), which can be used as alternative sources of renewable energy. Gasification is feasible technology to convert solid waste because it can meet the emission standard and minimize landfill application. This paper studies the potency of palm solid waste conversion to fuel gases (H2 and CO) through gasification proces. This research was carried out by thermogravimetric experiments on three kinds of palm solid waste to understand their gasification characteristics. Chemical equilibrium calculations of gasification process was carried out by using HSC Chemistry 5.1 software to understand the fuel gas composition. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the fix carbon (FC) content and fuel ratio of shell was higher than those of fiber and EFBs. Whereas, volatile matter (VM) content of EFBs was higher than that of fiber and shell. It caused CO production of shell was higher than that of fiber and EFBs, otherwise, the H2 production of EFBs was higher than that of shell and fiber. Based on chemical equilibrium calculation, gasification reaction scheme of palm solid waste can be arranged as follows: CxHy + aCO2 ? (x+a)CO + y/2H2.Keywords: CPO solid waste, gasification, fuel gas, volatile matter (VM), fix carbon (FC).

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI PEREKAT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET BIOARANG BERBAHAN BAKU TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN PROSES PIROLISIS

Konversi ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Yuli Ristianingsih ◽  
Ayuning Ulfa ◽  
Rachmi Syafitri K.S
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Rate Of Combustion

Abstrak-Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit merupakan limbah padat hasil produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Setiap 1(satu) ton tandan buah segar dihasilkan 23% limbah padat. Limbah padat ini dapat di konversi menjadi bahan bakar pengganti minyak yaitu briket. Briket bioarang adalah bahan bakar padat yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar yang berasal dari fosil seperti minyak dan gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pirolisis terhadap yield bioarang yang dihasilkan dan mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi perekat kanji (5% w/w, 10% w/w, 15% w/w) terhadap karakteristik briket hasil penelitian (kadar air, volatile matter, kadar abu, fixed carbon, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran). Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode pirolisis yaitu proses pembakaran bahan baku dalam reaktor pirolisis dengan menggunakan suhu yang tinggi dan tanpa atau dengan sedikit oksigen. Pirolisis dilakukan selama 2,5 jam dengan variasi suhu yaitu 350°C, 400°C, 450°C dan 500°C. Arang yang dihasilkan dicampur dengan perekat sesuai variasi dan dicetak menjadi briket. Briket kemudian dianalisa kadar air, kadar abu, kadar karbon, kadar zat terbang, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran. Briket dengan yield tertinggi terdapat pada suhu 350°C sebesar 51,53% dan yield terendah pada suhu 500°C sebesar 26,03%. Briket hasil penelitian ini telah memenuhi standar mutu briket sebagai bahan bakar dilihat dari nilai kalor. Komposisi optimal antara perekat kanji dan arang TKKS hasil pirolisis yaitu pada 5%:95% yang menghasilkan nilai kalor terbesar yaitu 6748,15kal/g.  Kata kunci : Briket Bioarang, Pirolisis, Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit                Abstract-Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches are solid waste from Crude Palm Oil (CPO industry). For 1 ton of fresh fruit bunches produced 23% of solid waste. This solid waste can be converted into alternative energy that called briquettes. Briquettes are solid fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel replacement for fossil fuels such as oil and gas. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the yield generated briquettes and the effect of stach adhesive concentration (5, 10 and 15% wt) to briquettes characteristics (moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, calorific value and the rate of combustion). In this reseacrh, two kilograms of palm oil empty fruit bunches was burned using pyrolisis reactor at different temperatur (350, 400, 450 and 5000C) for 2.5 hour. Charcoal produced was mixed with an adhesive in accordance variations and molded into briquettes. Briquettes then analyzed the water content, ash content, carbon content, volatile matter content, heating value and rate of combustion. The maximum yield of briquettes which was obtained in this research is 51.53% at temperature 3500C and the lowest yield at temperature of 500 ° C by 26.03%. Briquettes results of this study have met the quality standards of fuel briquettes as seen from the heating value. Optimal adhesive composition between starch and charcoal TKKS is 5%: 95% that generates highest calorific value about 6748.15kal/ g. Keywords: Briquette Bioarang, Pyrolysis, oil palm empty bunches

scholarly journals POTENSI LIMBAH DAN KARAKTERISTIK PROSES PENGOMPOSAN TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT YANG DITAMBAHKAN SLUDGE LIMBAH PABRIK MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Firman L Syahwan
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Composting Process ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Mature Compost ◽  
Sludge Composting

Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) and sludge are 2 (two) kinds of solid waste of palm oilplant that haven’t been utilized optimally. Their potency are high enough, and both have different characteristic that positively influence each other if both utilized together. The research result showing that composting process of EFB added by sludge is optimally aerobic done with processing time about 13 weeks to produce mature compost. The addition of sludge is positively influence composting process of EFB that its compost product has good quality.Key words : crude palm oil, empty fruit bunches, sludge, composting.

The Analysis of Potential of Straw Mushroom Development by Using Empty Fruit Bunches Material in Lampung Province

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarono Sarono
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Straw Mushroom

The empty fruit bunches (EFB) are by-product of crude palm oil (CPO) production, and it is not widely used optimally. One of products produced from EFB with development potentials is straw mushroom. The objective of this research was to analyze the potentials of EFB material and straw mushroom based on EFB material in Lampung province. The result showed that the EFB potential in Lampung province was 111,144 ton annually and straw mushroom was 4,835 ton annually. The biology efficiency ratio of EFB into straw mushroom in production scale was averagely 3.93%. Districts having potentials for developing straw mushroom business by using EFB material were Mesuji, Middle Lampung, Tulang Bawang, Way Kanan, and North Lampung.

EFFECTIVE CROSS HEDGING: EVIDENCE FROM PHYSICAL CRUDE PALM OIL AND ITS INTER-RELATED AGRICULTURAL FUTURES CONTRACTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Noryati Ahmad ◽  
Ahmad Danial Zainudin ◽  
Fahmi Abdul Rahim ◽  
Catherine S F Ho
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Futures Contracts ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Futures ◽  
Futures Contract ◽  
Agricultural Futures ◽  
Cross Hedging ◽  
Optimal Hedge ◽  
Excessive Speculation ◽  
Chicago Board Of Trade

Since its establishment, Crude Palm Oil futures contract (FCPO) has been used to directly hedge its physical crude palm oil (CPO). However, due to the excessive speculation activities on crude palm oil futures market, it has been said to be no longer an effective hedging tool to mitigate the price risk of its underlying physical market. This triggers the need for market players to find possible alternatives to ensure that the hedging role can be executed effectively. Thus this investigation attempts to examine whether other inter-related grains and oil seed futures contracts could serve as effective cross-hedging mechanisms for the CPO. Weekly data of inter-related futures contracts from Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) and Dalian Commodity Exchange (DCE) are employed to cross hedge the physical crude palm oil prices. The study starts from 2006 until 2016. Empirical results indicate that FCPO is still the best futures contract for hedging purposes while Chicago Soybean (CBOTBO) provides second best alternative if cross-hedging is considered. Keywords: Crude palm oil, Crude palm oil futures, Cross Hedging, Optimal Hedge Ratio, Effective Hedging

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN UNIVARIATE AND BIVARIATE TIME SERIES MODELS FOR CRUDE PALM OIL INDUSTRY IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 374
Author(s):  
Pauline Jin Wee Mah ◽  
Nur Nadhirah Nanyan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Forecast Accuracy ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Univariate Time Series ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Bivariate Time Series

The main purpose of this study is to compare the performances of univariate and bivariate models on four time series variables of the crude palm oil industry in Peninsular Malaysia. The monthly data for the four variables, which are the crude palm oil production, price, import and export, were obtained from Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) and Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC). In the first part of this study, univariate time series models, namely, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), fractionally integrated autoregressive moving average (ARFIMA) and autoregressive autoregressive (ARAR) algorithm were used for modelling and forecasting purposes. Subsequently, the dependence between any two of the four variables were checked using the residuals’ sample cross correlation functions before modelling the bivariate time series. In order to model the bivariate time series and make prediction, the transfer function models were used. The forecast accuracy criteria used to evaluate the performances of the models were the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the univariate time series showed that the best model for predicting the production was ARIMA  while the ARAR algorithm were the best forecast models for predicting both the import and export of crude palm oil. However, ARIMA  appeared to be the best forecast model for price based on the MAE and MAPE values while ARFIMA  emerged the best model based on the RMSE value.  When considering bivariate time series models, the production was dependent on import while the export was dependent on either price or import. The results showed that the bivariate models had better performance compared to the univariate models for production and export of crude palm oil based on the forecast accuracy criteria used.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Padat Abu Cangkang dan Serat Kelapa Sawit dari Boiler untuk Pembuatan Bata Beton Ringan

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-128
Author(s):  
Haspiadi Haspiadi ◽  
Kurniawaty Kurniawaty
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Water Absorption Capacity ◽  
Palm Oil Fuel Ash ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Fuel Ash ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Oil Fuel

Research of  the utilization solid waste of palm oil fuel ash from boiler as row materials  for manufacturing light concrete brick has been conducted. The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential use solid waste of palm oil fuel ash from palm oil mill boilers as row materials for manufacturing light concrete brick has recently attracted for an alternative environmentally sustainable application. In this study, light concrete brick made with various proportions of palm oil fuel ash from palm oil mill boilers and sand were fabricated and studied under laboratory scales. Percentage of palm oil fuel ash of 0% as a control,  10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, replacement  sand, wheras others materials such as Portland cement, lime, gypsum, foaming agent and aluminium with the numbers constant. The quality of light concreate brick   were applied followed by the compressive strength test, density and water absorption capacity. The study discovered that the compressive strength for all composition meet the recommended value to light structural of 6.89 MPa as prescribed in SNI 03-3449-2002. In the same manner density of light concrete brick for all proportion under the maximum density recommended value of 1400 Kg/m3 according to SNI 03-3449-2002. While water absorption capacity of increased by the increasing use of ashes. Therefore, palm oil fuel ash from boiler can be used as raw material for the light concrete brick which is  environmental friendly because using solid waste and also an alternative handling solid waste.ABSTRAKPenelitian pemanfaatan limbah padat abu cangkang dan serat kelapa sawit dari boiler sebagai bahan baku pembuatan bata beton ringan telah dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah pemanfaatan limbah padat abu boiler berbahan bakar cangkang dan serat sebagai bahan pembuatan bata beton ringan sebagai salah satu alternatif pengelolaan lingkungan yang bekelanjutan. Dalam penelitian ini, bata beton ringan dibuat dengan berbagai komposisi abu boiler dan pasir yang diproduksi dalam  skala laboratorium. Persentase dari abu berturut-turut 0% sebagai kontrol, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% dan 60% mensubtitusi pasir, sedangkan bahan lain yaitu semen, kapur, gypsum,  foaming  agent serta aluminium pasta dengan jumlah tetap. Mutu bata beton ringan yang diujikan adalah kuat tekan, bobot jenis dan daya serap air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kuat tekan untuk semua komposisi memenuhi batas minimum yang dipersyaratkan untuk stuktural ringan yaitu 6,89 MPa sesuai SNI 03-3449-2002. Demikian pula bobot jenis dari bata ringan yang dihasilkan masih dibawah dari batas maksimum yang direkomendasikan SNI 03-3449-2002 yaitu maksimal 1400 Kg/m3. Sedangkan daya serap air mengalami kenaikan dengan naiknya jumlah abu yang digunakan . Limbah padat abu boiler berbahan bakar cangkang dan serat sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan bata beton ringan yang ramah lingkungan dengan memanfaatkan limbah dan menjadi salah satu alternatif pengelolaan limbah. Kata kunci :  Abu cangkang kelapa sawit,  bata beton ringan, bobot jenis,  daya serap air,  limbah,  kuat tekan

PEMANFAATAN CPO ASAM LEMAK BEBAS TINGGI SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulaicha Dwi Hastuti ◽  
Dwi Husodo Prasetyo ◽  
Erlan Rosyadi
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Plant Oil

Asam lemak bebas (alb) dalam Crude Palm Oil (CPO) merupakan salah satu parameter kualitas CPO.Munculnya asamlemak bebas ini dapat berasal dari faktor pemanenan dan penyimpanan. Asamlemak bebas yang tinggi dalam CPO dapat menurunkan harga CPO. Minyak mentah sawit inimerupakan salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang diolah, antara lain, menjadi pure plant oil (PPO)dan biodiesel. Namun,masalah utama CPO sebagai bahan baku PPO dan biodiesel adalah asamlemak bebas. Asam lemak bebas dalam CPO yang dapat digunakan untuk PPO dan biodiesel tidakboleh lebih dari 1%. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan usaha untuk menurunkan asamlemak bebas dalam CPO sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar. Metoda yang digunakanadalah esterifikasi. Asam lemak bebas dikonversi menjadi metil ester. Campuran metil ester dengantrigliserida ini merupakan bahan bakar yang dapat digunakan untuk pengganti BBM. Kondisi yangoptimal untuk proses esterifikasi CPO alb tinggi adalah sebagai berikut : suhu 65oC, waktu 360 menit,katalis 0,25%, dan perbandingan mol metanol 8:1. Dengan proses ini, asam lemak bebas dapatditurunkan menjadi 2,76% (konversi 89,39%). Pada kondisi yang sama dengan katalis yangditingkatkan menjadi 0,5%, asam lemak bebas dapat diturunkan menjadi 1,86% (konversi 92,85%).Pada kondisi yang sama, dengan katalis yang ditingkatkan menjadi 1%, asam lemak bebas dapatditurunkan menjadi 1,75% (konversi 93,28%).Kata kunci: asam lemak bebas, CPO, esterifikasi, PPO, biodiesel

DAYA SAING EKSPOR PRODUK CPO INDONESIA DAN POTENSI HILIRISASI DIOLAH MENJADI BIODIESEL

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danar Agus Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Global Market ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Revealed Comparative Advantage ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
A Value ◽  
World Demand ◽  
Domestic Use

ABSTRACTIndonesia is the world's largest producer of crude palm oil (CPO). Even so, the trend of international trade in Indonesian CPO products has decreased in the last 10 years with a value of -10.19%. The decline in world demand for CPO can be dealt with by utilizing CPO as a biofuel for domestic use, like biodiesel. The purpose of this study is to determine the competitiveness of Indonesian CPO in global trade and determine the parameters of the quality requirements of CPO and biodiesel. The competitiveness analysis method uses the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method, while the analysis of the potential quality of CPO as a biofuel is carried out by analyzing the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). CPO trade in the global market is controlled by Indonesia with a market share of 50% and Malaysia 25.6%, with the declining trade trend in the last 10 years relatively (2010-2019) of -6.91%. The level of competitiveness of Indonesian CPO products in 2019 is very strong, but on average in the last 10 years, the level of competitiveness of Indonesian CPO is no better than that of Malaysia. Indonesia has SNI 01-2901-2006 and SNI 7182: 2015 as a determinant of the quality of CPO and biodiesel products developed in Indonesia so that the CPO and biodiesel produced fullfil sacurity and safety aspects when used by consumers.Keywords: crude palm oil (CPO), competitivenessv, quality, Indonesian National Standard (SNI) ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan negara produsen minyak kelapa sawit mentah/ Crude Palm Oil (CPO) terbesar di dunia. Meskipun demikian, tren perdagangan internasional produk CPO Indonesia mengalami penurunan dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir dengan nilai -10,19%. Penurunan permintaan dunia terhadap CPO, dapat disiasati dengan memanfaatkan CPO sebagai bahan bakar nabati untuk keperluan dalam negeri sebagai biodiesel. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui daya saing CPO Indonesia dalam perdagangan global dan mengetahui parameter persyaratan mutu CPO dan biodiesel. Metode analisis daya saing menggunakan metode Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), sedangkan analisis potensi kualitas CPO sebagai biofuel dilakukan dengan menganalisis Standar Nasional Indoensia (SNI). Perdagangan CPO dalam pasar global dikuasai oleh Indonesia dengan pangsa pasar 50% dan Malaysia 25,6%, dengan tren perdagangan relatif menurun dalam 10 tahun terakhir (2010-2019) sebesar -6,91%. Tingkat daya saing produk CPO Indonesia pada tahun 2019 sangat kuat, namun secara rata-rata dalam 10 tahun terakhir, tingkat daya saing CPO Indonesia tidak lebih baik dari Malaysia. Indonesia memiliki SNI 01-2901-2006 dan SNI 7182:2015 sebagai penentu kualitas produk CPO dan biodiesel yang dikembangkan di Indonesia, sehingga CPO dan biodiesel yang dihasilkan memenuhi aspek keamanan dan keselamatan ketika digunakan oleh konsumen.Kata kunci: crude palm oil (CPO), daya saing, kualitas, Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI)

Kinetic models for degumming and bleaching of phospholipids from crude palm oil using citric acid and Super Flo B80® and Tonsil®

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Miguel Serrano-Bermúdez ◽  
Camilo Antonio Monroy-Peña ◽  
Darío Moreno ◽  
Andrés Abril ◽  
Anderson D. Imbachi Niño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Kinetic Models ◽  
Crude Palm Oil
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