Directions for strengthening cooperative ties in pig production

Possible directions of development of cooperation in the feld of pig breeding have been investigated in the article. The analysis of import and export of pig production in Ukraine in recent years has been carried out, which showed that today there is a need to improve integrated relations in the pig industry. The features of the cooperation process in highly developed countries (USA, Denmark, Netherlands, China, Poland) are highlighted. It is proved that the organization of a cooperative association can be accomplished by the acquisition of processing facilities at the expense of fnancial resources of the cooperative shareholders or the cooperative introduction under the terms of an equal member-shareholder of the meat processing enterprise. In order to increase the effciency of pork production in small farms with livestock up to 50 heads, it is advisable to involve them in competitive pork supply chains based on an agricultural cooperative for the production and marketing of pig production. It is substantiated that pig production cooperative can bring small agricultural enterprises together, individual agribusiness entrepreneurs, owners of private farms, processing enterprises and wholesale and retail establishments. Analysis of tendencies and features of development of cooperation in agriculture on the basis of a survey of managers and leading experts of agricultural enterprises for the production of pig meat, as well as generalizations of the results of studies of Ukrainian scientists give reason to recommend certain models of production cooperation in pig production: 1) the establishment of agricultural production cooperatives on the basis of high-value personal farms that hold three pig heads and more land use area more 1 hectare within a settlement that will integrate land in a single array for the purpose of mechanized cultivation and growing crops to feed pigs; 2) creation of highly concentrated agricultural production cooperatives on the basis of unproftable enterprises of the corporate sector of other organizational and legal forms of management with a clear separation of specialized structural units, which operate on the basis of internal economic calculation. In order to identify ways to improve the functioning of agricultural production cooperatives-producers, approaches to improving the management system are considered. Key words: pig breeding, production efciency, cooperation, typology of corporate sector farms, approaches to improving the management system, model of relations between the subjects of cooperation.

Economics of piggery enterprise in Nigeria: A case study of Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria

The study examined the economics of pig enterprise in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Despite the economic leverage and nutritional advantages of pig, its production still remains the least when compared to other livestock sub-sector. The study specifically described the socioeconomics characteristics of pig farmers, examined the factors influencing revenue from pig production, estimated the costs and returns in pig production and examined the problems faced by pig farmers in the area. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the selection of 60 farmers for the study. Primary data were collected from the selected farmers with the aid of structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. Results showed that majority of the respondents (85%) were male, married (81.7%), literate (100%) with mean age and household size of 48 years and five persons, respectively. Majority (88.3%) of the respondents sourced their capital from personal savings and 95% of them had crossed breeds of pigs. The determinants of net income from pig production were education (−0.271), cost of feed (0.687) and cost of labour (0.329). The profitability and the viability of piggery enterprise in the study area were shown by the gross margin, net farm income and the return on investment of ₦824,395.30 ($2,269.56), N747,797.42 ($2,058.69) and 0.84 (84%), respectively. Huge capital required for the investment, inadequate extension education, high cost of feed, diseases and parasite infestation, poor farm management, high cost of veterinary services, insufficient credit facilities and subsidies, and infant mortality and cannibalism were the major constraints faced by the farmers in the piggery enterprise. The study recommends that the government and other relevant agencies should provide subsidies and make credit facilities available and accessible to pig farmers in the study area. Key words: pig production, enterprise, gross margin, profitability, Nigeria

A method of determining the area of the "muscular eye" in pigs

For breeding practices, determining the meaty of pig carcasses is of particular importance, especially when looking for ways to improve the meat quality of the fattening livestock. It is determined that the correlation coefficient of the "muscle cell" area with the total amount of meat in the carcass is within 0.40-0.70, so using this method allows to determine the content of meat in the carcass with a high degree of probability. There are several ways to determine the muscle cell area. The main ones are area determination using a planimeter or calculation method, but they have some disadvantages. One of the disadvantages of using a planimeter requires special skills, and the calculation method not only gives great error in calculations, but also requires a preliminary thorough acquaintance with the method of determination. Another major drawback, in our view, is the lengthy process of determining why they can practically not be used to determine the carcass meaty during slaughter. The main task was to develop a method for determining the area of the "muscular cell", which would allow it to be measured in production conditions with high accuracy and minimal labor time. Samples of the "muscular cell" imprints were taken for the research, which determined their area in two ways: planimetric and the method of comparing the mass of the test sample of the paper print with the mass of the control sample of the known area. Measurement of the area of the test muscle "muscle cell" cut along the contour of the imprint is carried out by weighing it on the analytical balance. Before that, a control sample is prepared in the form of a quadrilateral, close in size to the size of the test samples. The control sample is cut from paper of the same density as the test prints made during the slaughtering. Using the method of weighing on analytical scales gives a much more accurate result, does not require special skills, and it takes only a few minutes to obtain the result. Thus, the use of analytical scales allows to find in a short time the weight of the test sample and the mass of cut out prints of the "muscular cell", and to determine their area by the formula. The use of a weighted method for determining the area of the "muscular cell" will allow to make measurements in production conditions, to control the meaty of carcasses and to control the breeding process in pig production, which will contribute to the significant progress of industrial pig breeding. Key words: pig breeding, meaty of carcasses, “muscular eye”, paper prints, weighting.

Reproductive qualities of purebred and crossbred sows in combination with terminal boars of their own reproduction and other paternal forms

The results of the study of reproductive qualities of purebred sows of the Large White breed, as well as crossbred sows of the combination ♀ the Large White × ♂ Landras (LW × L) with terminal boars (T) and other paternal forms - boars of the breed Landras (L) and Pietren are presented. The main purpose of the work done is to compare the terminal boars of own reproduction (T) obtained from the combination of breeds ♂ [♀ (♀LW × ♂L) × ♂P], with pure-breed boars of the Landras and Pietran breeds. The work was carried out in the conditions of the farm "Sviato-Nikolske" of the Krynychansky district of Dnipropetrovsk region. Seven experimental groups were formed for the experiment: I - LW × LW, II - LW × L, III - (LW × L) × L, IV - LW × P, V - (LW × L) × P, VI - LW × T, VII - (LW × L) × T. According to the main index of reproductive qualities - multiplicity, a significant difference was determined between groups I and IV - in favor of a purebred combination of KB × KB (p ≤ 0.01). The combination of (LW × L) × T (VII group) was the best among all the experimental groups, where a significant difference was found with respect to the control group (p ≤ 0.05; p ≤ 0.001) for all reproductive characteristics. Other combinations in terms of reproductive qualities were almost indistinguishable from the control group. Within each experimental group, the level of variability of the traits of reproductive qualities (Cv,%) was determined. A low level of variability (Cvmax = 9.1 %) was determined, which indicates the selection of productivity features. A comprehensive evaluation of each test group, based on reproductive qualities, was determined by the value of the evaluation indices. In addition to sow productivity, the most convenient indices for practical work were also identified. All six indexes used have a high level of correlation (from 0.78 ± 0.210; p ≤ 0.001 to 0.997 ± 0.0271; p ≤ 0.001), and the least labor and time costs are demanded by the indexes of Berezovsky M.D. and Shatalina Yu.D. One-factor ANOVA revealed a sufficiently high influence of the origin factor (η² from 32.58 ± 0.064 to 53.17 ± 0.045; p ≤ 0.001). That is, in the hybridization system, great attention must be paid to the level of productivity of the original maternal and paternal forms. Key words: pig breeding, selection, terminal boar, reproductive qualities, crossing.

Humic feed additives with micro elements in pig feeding

It was proposed to use in the feeding of lactating sows from 2nd till 60th days of suckling period and their piglets from 15th till 75th days of life the combination of humate food additive (0,25 g / kg of mixed foods) with salt form of micro element in the quantity of 25 % of micro element deficit in sow ration (or respectively in piglet dry feeding) plus taste additive (saccharin) (0.2 g / kg of mixed foods). It was proposed to use the same feed additive (without taste additive) in rations of growing gilts from 4.5th till 7.5th month of living.Use of 4 micro elements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn) sum in form of combyhumate with taste additive on the rations of lactating sows and their sucking and weaned piglets permits to decrease the quantity of additionally added micro elements in the rations in 5 times for Fe and in 4 times for Cu, Mn and Zn comparing with the sum of these micro elements in salt form with additional increasing at 95th day age, average data: number of piglets per farrowing by 0.8 piglet, survival ability by 11.2 %, piglet live mass by 3.2 %, live mass of farrowing by 13.0 %, sow milk productivity by 10.9 %, daily gains by 3.4 %. Use of 3 micro elements (Cu, Mn, Zn) sum in combyhumate form (without saccharin) in rations of 4.5th – 7.5th month age gilts permits to decrease the quantity of additionally added micro elements in the rations in 4 times comparing with the sum of these micro elements in salt form with additional increased at 8.5th month age: average live mass by 5.3 %, average daily gains by 10.4 %. After the 1st farrowing average reproductive parameters at 60th day age increased comparing with control: number of piglets/farrowing by 9.9 %, survival ability by 5.7 %, sow milk productivity by 8.5 %, live mass of farrowing by 11.7 %. Key words: pig feeding, micro elements, salts, chelates, combyhumates, taste additives.

Perbandingkan Karakteristik Berbagai Zona Agroekologi Sistem Peternakan Babi; Studi Kasus Sistem Peternakan Babi di Pulau, Pesisir dan Dataran Rendah di Papua dan Papua Barat

<p>The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics of pig farming<br />performances of the three different agro-ecological zones, i.e. at island, coastal and lowland ecological zones. Sites represented island pig farmers were Biak and Yapen. Samples subsequently were taken from Samofa District and South Yapen District comprised of Famboaman, Anotaurei, Mariadei and Mantembu villages. Sites in Manokwari were taken from six districts and 15 villages. Characteristic of farmers and pig keeping systems such as household information, pig population and reproduction, and social technical aspects, were studied. Participatory research using interview and observation was separately done towards 155 pig farmers. Statistical analysis used Duncan multiple comparisons and Chi-square (χ2) were used to analyse the data. Coastal pig farmers are younger than island and lowland pig farmers. They have middle number of experiences compared to island pig farmers. The majority of farmers is men-pig farmers and has adequate household members. It was found that many are not educated and are elementary graduation. Altough their objectives are directed to commercial production system. Coastal pig farmers have higher number of animal population added to this is herd size per household compared to the two other agro-ecological zones. Feeding systems are practised in proper combination, such as feeding ration of physiological ages every day and feeding processing. Natural mating is practised by the majority of pig farmers. Several of pig farmers know the sign of oestrus, gestating and practising procedures of breed selection. Distance to market and distance to town are experienced by lowland pig farmers compared to coastal and island pig farmers. Perception of pig farmers is satisfy and they have lack of extensionist visiting, lack in middlemen visiting and positive social acceptances.</p><p>Key words: pig farming systems, agro-ecological zones, pig production, West Papua</p>

Perbandingkan Karakteristik Berbagai Zona Agroekologi Sistem Peternakan Babi; Studi Kasus Sistem Peternakan Babi di Pulau, Pesisir dan Dataran Rendah di Papua dan Papua Barat

<p>The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics of pig farming<br />performances of the three different agro-ecological zones, i.e. at island, coastal and lowland ecological zones. Sites represented island pig farmers were Biak and Yapen. Samples subsequently were taken from Samofa District and South Yapen District comprised of Famboaman, Anotaurei, Mariadei and Mantembu villages. Sites in Manokwari were taken from six districts and 15 villages. Characteristic of farmers and pig keeping systems such as household information, pig population and reproduction, and social technical aspects, were studied. Participatory research using interview and observation was separately done towards 155 pig farmers. Statistical analysis used Duncan multiple comparisons and Chi-square (χ2) were used to analyse the data. Coastal pig farmers are younger than island and lowland pig farmers. They have middle number of experiences compared to island pig farmers. The majority of farmers is men-pig farmers and has adequate household members. It was found that many are not educated and are elementary graduation. Altough their objectives are directed to commercial production system. Coastal pig farmers have higher number of animal population added to this is herd size per household compared to the two other agro-ecological zones. Feeding systems are practised in proper combination, such as feeding ration of physiological ages every day and feeding processing. Natural mating is practised by the majority of pig farmers. Several of pig farmers know the sign of oestrus, gestating and practising procedures of breed selection. Distance to market and distance to town are experienced by lowland pig farmers compared to coastal and island pig farmers. Perception of pig farmers is satisfy and they have lack of extensionist visiting, lack in middlemen visiting and positive social acceptances.</p><p>Key words: pig farming systems, agro-ecological zones, pig production, West Papua</p>

BOBOT POTONG PANJANG KARKAS BOBOT KARKAS DAN PERSENTASE KARKAS BABI GROWER DENGAN PEMBERIAN GULA AREN (Arenga pinnata Merr) DALAM AIR MINUM

SLAUGHTER WEIGHT CARCASS LENGTH CARCASS WEIGHT AND CARCASS PERCENTAGE OF GROWER PIG WITH THE PROVISION OF PALM SUGAR (Arenga pinnata Merr) IN DRINKING WATER. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of palm sugar (Arenga pinnata Merr) in drinking water in pigs grower until the finisher to the slaughter weights, carcass weight, carcass length and carcass percentage. Sixteen grower pigs used with the variables measured were slaughter weight, carcass weight, carcass length and the percentage of carcasses. The research method is a randomized block design consisting from 4 weight group and 4 treatment of palm sugar levels in drinking water each treatment and drinking water R0 = 0% palm sugar solution, R1 = Drinking water solution palm sugar 2%, R2 = drinking water solution of 4% palm sugar, R3 = Water drinking palm sugar solution 6%. Statistical analysis showed that the level of 2% giving significant effect on the slaughter weight (P0.05). The LSD shows that palm sugar use in drinking water pigs has significantly different to slaughter weight. The conclusion is the giving palm sugar in water 2% ie 140 grams can increasing slaughter weight (97.67 kg), although have no significant effect on carcass length, carcass weight and carcass percentage. Key words: Pig, palm sugar, carcass quality.

The effect of dietary energy concentration and total lysine/digestible energy ratio on the growth performance of weaned pigs

Amino acids should be defined in relation to dietary energy concentration in diets for young pigs. However, the literature contains diverse estimates of the optimum lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratio for weanling pigs performing at levels commonly observed in commercial practice. Further, there is a poor understanding of the reponse of the weanling pig to dietary energy concentration. A growth experiment was conducted to define the optimum total lysine:DE ratio for pigs from 4 to 8 wk of age. Dietary treatments were arranged as a 2 × 5 factorial: low (LDE, 3.4 Mcal kg-1) or high DE (HDE, 3.6 Mcal kg-1) and the following total lysine:DE ratios: 3.7, 4.0, 4.3, 4.6, or 4.9 g Mcal-1). The experiment ran for 28 d, beginning 7 d post-weaning, using four pigs per pen and six pens per diet for a total of 240 pigs (27 ± 2 d; 7.5 ± 1.1 kg). No DE × lysine:DE ratio interactions were detected for any performance parameter (P > 0.05). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) was 4% greater with pigs on LDE than HDE diets (DE,P < 0.05), but was not affected by lysine:DE ratio (P > 0.05). Conversely, DE did not affect average daily gain (ADG) (P > 0.05), but increased quadratically (day 0 to 14; P < 0.05) and (day 0 to 28; P < 0.10) with increasing lysine:DE ratio. Feed efficiency increased linearly with increasing lysine:DE ratio (P < 0.05) and was 4% greater with the HDE than LDE diets (P < 0.05). The optimum total lysine:DE ratio for ADG was determined to be 4.46 and 4.27 g Mcal-1 for pigs between 7.5 to 13 kg and 7.5 to 22.5 kg BW, respectively. Key words: Pig, total lysine, digestible energy, growth

Subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in pork production: Risks and alternatives

The purpose of this review is to discuss the issue of subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in pork production and possible alternatives. Specifically, the review describes the potential problem of antibiotic resistance and reviews disease prevention and immune potentiation strategies as alternatives to subtherapeutic antibiotics. In recent years, the use of in-feed subtherapeutic antibiotics by the pork industry for growth promotion and disease prophylaxis has come under increased scrutiny. The potential risk of bacteria acquiring resistance to specific antibiotics and the detrimental effects that this may have on human health has resulted in the banning of certain antibiotics in some European countries. Despite the current interest in the reduction or elimination of subtherapeutic antibiotic use in livestock production, there may be a risk that such a reduction or elimination would have negative effects on animal welfare, nutrient utilization, manure production and economic sustainability. A number of alternatives to subtherapeutic antibiotics appear promising; however, more research is required before they can be considered viable commercial products. Consequently, a systems approach involving nutrition, bacteriology, immunology, pathology and herd management is needed to find a cost-effective and practical way to maximize the efficient production of high-quality pork without the use of subtherapeutic antibiotics. Key words: Pig, pork production, subtherapeutic antibiotics, alternatives