Differential expression profiles of anthocyanidin biosynthesis gene during black rice seed development

The black rice (Oryza sativa cv. Heugjinju) is rich in anthocyanins which is beneficial to human health. To correlate the biosynthesis of the pigments with relevant genes, the mRNA level of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis was monitored by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) during seed development of black rice. The mRNA level of F3’H, DFR, and ANS, key enzymes in anthocyanidin biosynthesis, peaked at 10 days after flowering. In general, the absolute level of ANS was approximately one order higher than F3’H, F3’5’H, and DFR in 10 days after flowering. The transcript level of major seed protein gene GluA-3, taken as reference, was also at the highest on the 10 days after flowering. However, the level of CHS isogenes was highest at 15 or 20 days after flowering. The highest transcript level of the genes, except CHS, preceded the highest anthocyanidin content by 5 days. This pattern coincided with an increase of anthocyanin content between 10 and 15 days after flowering. From these findings, it is suggested that particular CHS isoforms might be responsible for the anthocyanin production in black rice.

Download Full-text

Identification and Characterization of Genes Involved in the Fruit Color Development of European Plum

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs03617-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 141 (5) ◽

pp. 467-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dineshkumar Selvaraj ◽

Sherif Sherif ◽

Mohd Sabri Pak Dek ◽

Gopinadhan Paliyath ◽

Islam El-Sharkawy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Reading Frame ◽

Color Development ◽

Anthocyanin Production ◽

Modern Breeding ◽

Identification And Characterization ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes

European plum fruit (Prunus domestica) are normally blue-black to dark purple. However, some genotypes remain green/yellow after ripening. We hypothesized that in such genotypes anthocyanin biosynthesis is genetically disturbed. To examine this hypothesis, six european plum genotypes with diverse fruit colors were investigated for the expression pattern of several anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (ABGs)—e.g., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanin synthase (ANS), and UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase 1 and 2 (UFGT 1 and 2). Expression profiles indicated that ABGs, especially Pd-CHS and UFGT 2, were significantly downregulated in the green/yellow fruit compared with the dark-purple fruit. Furthermore, the quantification of total polyphenols and individual flavonoid compounds showed substantial differences between the off-colored and the purple genotype. To further examine the contribution of each of the ABGs in color development, the open reading frame (ORP) of Pd-CHS, Pd-DFR, Pd-ANS, and Pd-UFGT 2 was ectopically expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The characterization of transgenic plants showed that the petals of plants expressing Pd-CHS were darker in color and had higher anthocyanin content than control or even other transgenic types, suggesting the significant contribution of CHS in determining anthocyanin production levels and hence fruit coloration. The results of this study provides better understanding of color development in european plum, which can be rewarding in developing european plum cultivars with desired colors through classical or modern breeding tools.

Download Full-text

Chalcone Synthase-Encoding AeCHS is Involved in Normal Petal Coloration in Actinidia eriantha

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes10120949 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 949

Author(s):

Yukuo Li ◽

Wen Cui ◽

Xiujuan Qi ◽

Chengkui Qiao ◽

Miaomiao Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Structural Gene ◽

Gene Expression Analysis ◽

Chalcone Synthase ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Virus Induced Gene Silencing

Studies on anthocyanin biosynthesis have been mainly concentrated on the fruit, whereas few have focused the mechanism of flower coloration in kiwifruit. Here, we report that the structural gene, AeCHS, is involved in anthocyanin accumulation and indispensable for normal petal coloration in Actinidia eriantha. Petals from three different species including Actinidia eriantha (red petals), Actinidia hemsleyana (light pink petals) and Actinidia arguta (white petals) were selected for anthocyanin determination and gene expression analysis. The anthocyanin components in A. eriantha were significantly higher than in A. hemsleyana or A. arguta. Consistently, gene expression profiles suggested that AeCHS expression in A. eriantha was higher than in A. hemsleyana or A. arguta. Cluster analysis showed that AeCHS was clustered into a single group and distinctly separated from other genes, indicating the expression pattern of AeCHS gene was different from any other. Additionally, correlation analysis revealed AeCHS expression significantly correlated with anthocyanin content. The complete coding sequence of AeCHS was cloned from petals of A. eriantha ‘Zaoxu’, showing the length of AeCHS was 1170 bp encoding a protein of 389 amino acids. AeCHS was located in the cytoplasm, indicating it is indeed a structural gene involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. AeCHS silencing performed by infiltration grafting-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) reduced petal anthocyanin content and bleached red petals in A. eriantha. Our results confirm a crucial role of AeCHS in anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in A. eriantha petals; furthermore, they offer important basic information and constitute a reference point for further research.

Download Full-text

Gwas and Genomic Selection For Increased Anthocyanin Content in Purple Corn

10.1101/2020.05.20.107359 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Laura A. Chatham ◽

John A. Juvik

Keyword(s):

Genomic Selection ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Chromosome 1 ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Corn Breeding ◽

Total Anthocyanin Content ◽

Purple Corn ◽

Anthocyanin Production

AbstractPurple corn offers an attractive source of economical natural anthocyanin-based colorant for use in foods and beverages. Yet to maximize the scalability and meet growing demands, both anthocyanin concentrations and agronomic performance must improve in purple corn varieties. We studied flux through the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway using GWAS data derived from a diverse purple corn landrace with anthocyanin-rich pericarp, Apache Red. Trends between flavonoid endpoints suggest that regulators of total flux into the pathway and regulators of partitioning within the pathway may both represent targets for maximizing anthocyanin content. A peak at the end of chromosome 1 near Aat1 (Anthocyanin acyltransferase1) was highly significant in all approaches taken to map anthocyanin flux, suggesting the structural modification of malonylation is required for maximal anthocyanin production. We also identified several candidate MATEs and H+ ATPases that could assist in the preferential transport of acylated anthocyanins into the vacuole. These and other candidates identified here suggest there is still much to learn about the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the pericarp of purple corn. The efficacy of genomic predictions in the population was also studied, yielding an accuracy of 0.71 with cross validation for total anthocyanin content with no improvement found when known anthocyanin regulators were added to the model. These data suggest that genomic selection could be employed effectively in a purple corn breeding program, and especially for a landrace improvement program.

Download Full-text

Anthocyanin Accumulation and Related Gene Expression Profile in ‘Red Zaosu’ Pear and Its Green Mutant

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11090898 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 898

Author(s):

Yunting Zhang ◽

Shanlin Li ◽

Xianjie Gu ◽

Diya Lei ◽

Bing Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Biosynthetic Genes ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes ◽

Green Mutant

Red-skinned pear is a promising commercial fruit due to its attractive appearance and nutritious value. Anthocyanin is the determinant of the red coloration of the pear peel. However, differences in anthocyanin accumulation exist among red pear cultivars with different genetic backgrounds. In this study, we analyzed the anthocyanin content and gene expression patterns in the fruits and different tissues of the red pear ‘Red Zaosu’ at different developmental stages and found a difference in anthocyanin accumulation between ‘Red Zaosu’ pear and its green mutant. The data showed that the expression profiles of transcripts that encoded critical anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were basically consistent with a tendency to a decreased anthocyanin content during fruit development, indicating that a synergistic effect of these genes was responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation. Tissue-specific expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes showed that they could be expressed in all tissues but at different levels. PbF3H, PbDFR, and PbANS were mainly expressed during the early flowering period, which explained the reduced levels of anthocyanin content in petals. Additionally, the content of anthocyanins and the expression levels of PbDFR, PbANS, and PbMYB10 significantly decreased in the green mutant of ‘Red Zaosu’, suggesting that PbDFR, PbANS, and PbMYB10 probably play a decisive role in determining the skin coloration of ‘Red Zaosu’ and its green mutant.

Download Full-text

Identification of R2R3-MYB gene family reveal candidate genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in Lonicera caerulea fruit based on RNA-seq data

Journal of Berry Research ◽

10.3233/jbr-210008 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Huixin Gang ◽

Qian Zhang ◽

Jing Chen ◽

Dong Qin ◽

Junwei Huo

Keyword(s):

Candidate Genes ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Myb Transcription Factor ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Lonicera Caerulea ◽

Conserved Sequence ◽

R2r3 Myb

BACKGROUND: R2R3-MYB transcription factor (TF) family plays important roles in various biological processes in many plants, especially in the regulation of plant flavonoid accumulation. The fruit of Lonicera caerulea contains abundant anthocyanin. OBJECTIVE: The R2R3-MYB TF family was systematically analyzed according to the RNA-seq data, and the R2R3-MYB candidate genes that were involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruit of Lonicera caerulea were screened. METHODS: The R2R3-MYB TFs in Lonicera caerulea were identified, and the physical and chemical properties, protein conserved sequence alignment and motifs of each R2R3-MYB TFs were analyzed using bioinformatics methods. The expression levels of these genes and anthocyanin levels in different tissues and different developmental stages of fruit were determined by RT-qPCR and pH shift method. RESULTS: A total of 59 genes encoding R2R3-MYB TFs in Lonicera caerulea were identified and clustered into 20 subgroups (C1 to C20) based on the relationship to AtR2R3-MYBs. Expression profiles showed that the expression of CL6086 and CL552 in fruit were higher than other tissues, and upregulated in the veraison fruit compared to the green ripe fruit. As the expression of the two genes was concurrent with the anthocyanin content, and showed high correlation with anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes, they were considered as closely related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruit. CONCLUSION: The results provide a systematic analysis of LcR2R3-MYBs, and the foundation for further molecular mechanisms research of anthocyanin biosynthesis regulated by R2R3-MYB in the fruit of Lonicera caerulea.

Download Full-text

Insights into long non-coding RNA regulation of anthocyanin carrot root pigmentation

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83514-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Constanza Chialva ◽

Thomas Blein ◽

Martin Crespi ◽

Diego Lijavetzky

Keyword(s):

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Rna Regulation ◽

Protein Coding ◽

New Genes ◽

Non Coding Rna ◽

Storage Organs ◽

Anthocyanin Production ◽

Long Non Coding Rna

AbstractCarrot (Daucus carota L.) is one of the most cultivated vegetable in the world and of great importance in the human diet. Its storage organs can accumulate large quantities of anthocyanins, metabolites that confer the purple pigmentation to carrot tissues and whose biosynthesis is well characterized. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in regulating gene expression of various biological processes in plants. In this study, we used a high throughput stranded RNA-seq to identify and analyze the expression profiles of lncRNAs in phloem and xylem root samples using two genotypes with a strong difference in anthocyanin production. We discovered and annotated 8484 new genes, including 2095 new protein-coding and 6373 non-coding transcripts. Moreover, we identified 639 differentially expressed lncRNAs between the phenotypically contrasted genotypes, including certain only detected in a particular tissue. We then established correlations between lncRNAs and anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in order to identify a molecular framework for the differential expression of the pathway between genotypes. A specific natural antisense transcript linked to the DcMYB7 key anthocyanin biosynthetic transcription factor suggested how the regulation of this pathway may have evolved between genotypes.

Download Full-text

Identification and functional prediction of anthocyanin biosynthesis regulatory long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in carrot

10.1101/2020.10.27.356964 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Constanza Chialva ◽

Thomas Blein ◽

Martin Crespi ◽

Diego Lijavetzky

Keyword(s):

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Functional Prediction ◽

Human Diet ◽

Storage Organs ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Anthocyanin Production ◽

Molecular Framework

ABSTRACTCarrot (Daucus carota L.) is one of the most cultivated vegetable in the world and of great importance in the human diet. Its storage organs can accumulate large quantities of anthocyanins, metabolites that confer the purple pigmentation to carrot tissues and whose biosynthesis is well characterized. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in regulating gene expression of various biological processes in plants. In this study, we used a high throughput stranded RNA-seq to identify and analyze the expression profiles of lncRNAs in phloem and xylem root samples using two genotypes with a strong difference in anthocyanin production. We identified 639 differentially expressed lncRNAs between genotypes, and certain were specifically associated with a particular tissue. We then established regulatory correlations between lncRNAs and anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in order to identify a molecular framework for the differential expression of the pathway between genotypes. A specific natural antisense transcript (NAT) linked to the DcMYB7 key anthocyanin biosynthetic transcription factor suggested how the regulation of this pathway may have evolved between genotypes.

Download Full-text

The Purple Leaf (pl6) Mutation Regulates Leaf Color by Altering the Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Contents in Rice

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9111477 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1477

Author(s):

Asadullah Khan ◽

Sanaullah Jalil ◽

Huan Cao ◽

Yohannes Tsago ◽

Mustapha Sunusi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gamma Ray ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Light Attenuation ◽

Transcript Level ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Morphological Marker ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Rice Mutant ◽

Purple Coloration

The anthocyanin biosynthesis attracts strong interest due to the potential antioxidant value and as an important morphological marker. However, the underlying mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in plant tissues is not clearly understood. Here, a rice mutant with a purple color in the leaf blade, named pl6, was developed from wild type (WT), Zhenong 41, with gamma ray treatment. By map-based cloning, the OsPL6 gene was located on the short arm of chromosome 6. The multiple mutations, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at −702, −598, −450, an insertion at −119 in the promoter, three SNPs and one 6-bp deletion in the 5′-UTR region, were identified, which could upregulate the expression of OsPL6 to accumulate anthocyanin. Subsequently, the transcript level of structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, including OsCHS, OsPAL, OsF3H and OsF3′H, was elevated significantly. Histological analysis revealed that the light attenuation feature of anthocyanin has degraded the grana and stroma thylakoids, which resulted in poor photosynthetic efficiency of purple leaves. Despite this, the photoabatement and antioxidative activity of anthocyanin have better equipped the pl6 mutant to minimize the oxidative damage. Moreover, the contents of abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokanin (CK) were elevated along with anthocyanin accumulation in the pl6 mutant. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that activation of OsPL6 could be responsible for the purple coloration in leaves by accumulating excessive anthocyanin and further reveal that anthocyanin acts as a strong antioxidant to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus play an important role in tissue maintenance.

Download Full-text

Leaf-derived ABA regulates rice seed development via a transporter-mediated and temperature-sensitive mechanism

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.abc8873 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. eabc8873

Author(s):

Peng Qin ◽

Guohua Zhang ◽

Binhua Hu ◽

Jie Wu ◽

Weilan Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Development ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Biological Significance ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Temperature Sensitive ◽

Rice Seed ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Long Distance ◽

Long Distance Transport ◽

Mechanistic Basis

Long-distance transport of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been studied for ~50 years, yet its mechanistic basis and biological significance remain very poorly understood. Here, we show that leaf-derived ABA controls rice seed development in a temperature-dependent manner and is regulated by defective grain-filling 1 (DG1), a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporter that effluxes ABA at nodes and rachilla. Specifically, ABA is biosynthesized in both WT and dg1 leaves, but only WT caryopses accumulate leaf-derived ABA. Our demonstration that leaf-derived ABA activates starch synthesis genes explains the incompletely filled and floury seed phenotypes in dg1. Both the DG1-mediated long-distance ABA transport efficiency and grain-filling phenotypes are temperature sensitive. Moreover, we extended these mechanistic insights to other cereals by observing similar grain-filling defects in a maize DG1 ortholog mutant. Our study demonstrates that rice uses a leaf-to-caryopsis ABA transport–based mechanism to ensure normal seed development in response to variable temperatures.

Download Full-text