scholarly journals Grammatical replication: First-person non-singular verbal indexes in Eastern Toba, Western Toba (Guaicuruan) and Tapiete (Tupi-Guaraní)

Lenguaje ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-75
Author(s):  
María Belén Carpio ◽  
Raúl Eduardo González ◽  
Marcela Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Alluvial Fan ◽  
First Person ◽  
South American ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Internal Resources ◽  
Army Officers ◽  
External Model

In this paper we suggest that linguistic features can show traces of the frequency and intensity of social interactions between indigenous peoples. We focus on peoples of the alluvial fan of the Pilcomayo River (South American Chaco), and analyze first-person non-singular verbal encoding in their languages. The corpus is composed of (a) data obtained during fieldwork, (b) descriptive grammars, and (c) published reports by missionaries, army officers, and European travelers. Combining environmental and ethnohistorical information, we propose that the first-person non-singular subject verbal indexes split visible in Eastern Toba of the Lower Pilcomayo River, Western Toba from the Upper-Middle Pilcomayo River (Guaicuruan), and Tapiete of the Upper Pilcomayo River area (Tupi-Guaraní) could be an outcome of language-internal resources used by the speakers of these languages to replicate the Matacoan (Maká, Nivaclé, and Wichí) external model.

scholarly journals Constructing Women’s Language and Shifting Gender Identity through Intralingual Translanguaging

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1261
Author(s):  
Eriko Sato
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
First Person ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Dominant Ideology ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Modernization Process

Japanese has many language varieties based on users’ social attributes such as gender, age and occupation. Regardless of whether each variety represents how people actually speak, each of them has a specific set of linguistic features and a socio-psychological group identity of its users. This paper analyzes women’s language (onna kotoba) and the use of gender-sensitive first-person pronouns (e.g., (w)atashi, boku, ore, jibun) in Japanese based on the perspective of translanguaging and a multifaceted model of the theory of identity. It shows that women’s language in Japanese was constructed by deploying some of the linguistic features of multiple language varieties that have developed in different contexts while being shaped by male-dominant ideology during Japan’s modernization process. It also shows how gender-sensitive linguistic boundaries are manipulated moment by moment by language users, affecting their master, interactional, personal, and/or relational identities.

scholarly journals Ancient DNA reconstructs the genetic legacies of pre-contact Puerto Rico communities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Nieves-Colón ◽  
William J. Pestle ◽  
Austin W. Reynolds ◽  
Bastien Llamas ◽  
Constanza de la Fuente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Native American ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Population History ◽  
South American ◽  
Mtdna Diversity

AbstractIndigenous peoples have occupied the island of Puerto Rico since at least 3000 B.C. Due to the demographic shifts that occurred after European contact, the origin(s) of these ancient populations, and their genetic relationship to present-day islanders, are unclear. We use ancient DNA to characterize the population history and genetic legacies of pre-contact Indigenous communities from Puerto Rico. Bone, tooth and dental calculus samples were collected from 124 individuals from three pre-contact archaeological sites: Tibes, Punta Candelero and Paso del Indio. Despite poor DNA preservation, we used target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing to obtain complete mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) from 45 individuals and autosomal genotypes from two individuals. We found a high proportion of Native American mtDNA haplogroups A2 and C1 in the pre-contact Puerto Rico sample (40% and 44%, respectively). This distribution, as well as the haplotypes represented, support a primarily Amazonian South American origin for these populations, and mirrors the Native American mtDNA diversity patterns found in present-day islanders. Three mtDNA haplotypes from pre-contact Puerto Rico persist among Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders, indicating that present-day populations are reservoirs of pre-contact mtDNA diversity. Lastly, we find similarity in autosomal ancestry patterns between pre-contact individuals from Puerto Rico and the Bahamas, suggesting a shared component of Indigenous Caribbean ancestry with close affinity to South American populations. Our findings contribute to a more complete reconstruction of pre-contact Caribbean population history and explore the role of Indigenous peoples in shaping the biocultural diversity of present-day Puerto Ricans and other Caribbean islanders.

scholarly journals Developmental evidence for enhanced theory of mind for competitive versus cooperative contexts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Tsoi ◽  
Kiley Hamlin ◽  
Adam Waytz ◽  
Andrew Scott Baron ◽  
Liane Young
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
False Beliefs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

There is a debate regarding the function of theory of mind (ToM), the capacity to infer, attribute, and reason about mental states. On the one hand are evolutionary and psychological work suggesting that ToM is greater for competition than cooperation. On the other hand are findings and theories promoting greater ToM for cooperation than competition. We investigate the question of whether ToM is greater for competition than cooperation or vice versa by examining the period of development during which explicit ToM comes online. In two studies, we examined preschool children’s abilities to explicitly express an understanding of false beliefs—a key marker of ToM—and ability to apply that understanding in first-person social interactions in competitive and cooperative contexts. Our findings reveal that preschool children are better at understanding false beliefs and applying that understanding in competitive contexts than in cooperative contexts.

‘Me’, ‘us’, and ‘others’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
Keyword(s):  
Information Source ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
First Person ◽  
Verbal Art ◽  
Internal Resources ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
The Family ◽  
Narrative Techniques

The Arawak language family is the largest in South America in terms of its geographical spread, with over forty extant languages. Arawak languages are spoken in at least ten locations north of the Amazon, and in at least ten south of it, and are structurally diverse. Across the family, the expression of first person is relatively consistent. This chapter starts with an overview of its marking and its meanings, with special focus on the emergence of inclusive/exclusive forms through language-internal resources and contact-induced change, followed by a case study of the means involved in the expression of first person, or ‘self’, and ‘other’ in Tariana, a well-documented Arawak language from the multilingual Vaupés River Basin linguistic area in northwest Amazonia. These involve person markers, exponents of future, and evidentiality (or grammatical expression of information source). Special narrative techniques and expression reveal the role of 'self' in Tariana verbal art.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Linguistic Features Used in Selected Social Interactions on Facebook

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Gideon Rambaya Magwaro ◽  
Elizabeth Odhiambo ◽  
Silas Owala
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
The Social ◽  
Informal Context

Facebook (FB) is one of the social networks that allow its users to interact freely by posting short messages, pictures and videos. FB has a forum where people write and post their opinions, pictures and videos to see their friends’ reactions. FB also allows anonymity thus giving users the freedom to use a language of their choice without restrictions. Given the fact that FB is an informal context, users employ certain patterns of language in their interactions. This paper endeavors to examine the manner in which these patterns of language are used on FB with special focus on Kiswahili language. Kiswahili is now an official language in Kenya and there is a paradigm shift concerning patterns of texts that are sent on FB interaction. The objective of the study was to analyze the linguistic features used in selected social interactions on FB (SSIFB). The units of analysis in this study were texts that were sent as reactions to the news and pictures that were posted on the FB forums such as those collected from pages like Citizen TV Kenya, KTN Kenya and Mpasho News. The data of this study was analyzed qualitatively by coding every text based on its content. The study employed the use of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) as proposed by Hiltz and Turoff (1978) to interpret and give inferences about the texts that were sent. The study revealed that FB users used the language of their choice creatively to communicate. Various linguistic features were used to communicate intended messages.

Testing the functionality of precloacal secretions from both sexes in the South American lizard, Liolaemus chiliensis

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soledad Valdecantos ◽  
Antonieta Labra
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
South American ◽  
Chemical Senses ◽  
The South ◽  
The Individual

The behavior of lizards can be highly influenced by chemical senses. The most studied pheromonal sources in lizards has been the femoral and precloacal gland secretions, although studies have been focused on male secretions, probably because these glands are usually only present in males or are poorly developed in females when they are present. Here, we aimed to study inLiolaemuschiliensis, one of the fewLiolaemusspecies in which females have precloacal glands, if female precloacal secretions convey information. We recorded the response of both sexes to secretions from females and males, as well as to control (solvent). The lizards started to explore the secretions sooner than the control. Both sexes moved more when exposed to female secretions than to the control, and males, but not females, explored female secretions more than the other scents. These results suggest that volatile compounds of the secretions allow lizards to recognize the presence of conspecifics, and, at least for males, these trigger the exploration of non-volatile compounds of the secretions that may reveal the sex of the individual that deposited them. This is the first study that explores the response to female precloacal secretions inLiolaemus, and data indicate that the female secretions ofL. chiliensiscontain relevant information for social interactions.

scholarly journals A Multidisciplinary Review of the Inka Imperial Resettlement Policy and Implications for Future Investigations

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Roberta Davidson ◽  
Lars Fehren-Schmitz ◽  
Bastien Llamas
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
South American ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Empirical Reality ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
The Andes ◽  
The Many ◽  
Inka Empire

The rulers of the Inka empire conquered approximately 2 million km2 of the South American Andes in just under 100 years from 1438–1533 CE. Inside the empire, the elite conducted a systematic resettlement of the many Indigenous peoples in the Andes that had been rapidly colonised. The nature of this resettlement phenomenon is recorded within the Spanish colonial ethnohistorical record. Here we have broadly characterised the resettlement policy, despite the often incomplete and conflicting details in the descriptions. We then review research from multiple disciplines that investigate the empirical reality of the Inka resettlement policy, including stable isotope analysis, intentional cranial deformation morphology, ceramic artefact chemical analyses and genetics. Further, we discuss the benefits and limitations of each discipline for investigating the resettlement policy and emphasise their collective value in an interdisciplinary characterisation of the resettlement policy.

Marine engineering and sub-disciplinary variations: a rhetorical analysis of research article abstracts

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-363
Author(s):  
Ju Chuan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Rhetorical Analysis ◽  
First Person ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Rhetorical Structure ◽  
Electronic Engineering ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Marine Engineering ◽  
Verb Tense

Abstract This study explores the rhetorical structure and linguistic features of research article abstracts in an applied discipline. Recently, many emerging applied disciplines have evolved to incorporate knowledge from a variety of disciplinary areas. Therefore, the writing style may vary within one discipline. While most studies have compared rhetorical variations between disciplines, few have examined sub-disciplinary variations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which variations exist among research article abstracts in three sub-fields of one applied discipline: marine engineering. A small specific corpus consisting of 60 marine engineering abstracts was compiled. By examining similarities and differences in the rhetorical structure, frequently used verbs, tense, and the use of first person pronouns, the analysis showed that sub-disciplinary variations existed among the three sub-fields. For example, the abstracts in the sub-field of automatic control (a discipline closely related to electronic engineering) differ from the abstracts of the other two sub-fields as for rhetorical structure, verb tense, and frequency of use of first-person pronouns. The findings of this study indicate that English for Specific Purposes (ESP) instructors should take into account sub-disciplinary preferences when teaching academic writing so that students can make informed choices when writing in their specific sub-field.

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