Financial Safety Indicators under Financial Crises and their Impact on Banking Finance: An Applied Study in Iraqi Banks

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazen Dawood Salman ◽  
Amr Hisham Mohammed ◽  
Hakeem Hammood Flayyih
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Banking System ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
Applied Study ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Private Banks ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

The ability to monitor the integrity of the financial sector assumes that there are valid indicators for detecting the integrity and stability of financial systems, including partial indicators and indicators of macro-prudence; and pressure tests to measure the resilience of financial systems to shocks. The research aims to review the most important financial safety indicators applied by the Central Bank of Iraq, focusing on applying some indicators to both the banking system on the one hand and a sample of Iraqi banks. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the commitment of the Central Bank of Iraq to international standards such as Basel II, which requires some Iraqi banks to develop their banking methods to pursue banking developments and global standards. Capital adequacy ratios in the Iraqi banking system as a whole and private banks, unlike the government, have also increased, although the latter has achieved relatively high and acceptable levels of more than 12% according to this standard.

scholarly journals Banking sector reforms in Kenya: Progress and challenges

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Sheilla Nyasha ◽  
Nicholas M. Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
African Countries ◽  
High Interest Rate ◽  
The Past

This paper gives an overview of the banking sector in Kenya; it highlights the reforms since the country‟s independence in 1963; it tracks the growth of the banking sector in response to the reforms implemented over the past four decades; and finally, it highlights the challenges facing the banking sector in Kenya. The country‟s banking sector consists of more than 40 commercial banks, with the Central Bank of Kenya, which is the country‟s central bank, at the apex. Since the 1980s, the Kenyan government has implemented a number of banking sector reforms – in order to safeguard and improve the banking sector. The response to these reforms by the banking sector has been varied. As a result of these reforms, there has been a shift in the dominance from the State-owned banks to the private commercial banks. There has also been an improvement in the Central Bank‟s oversight of the financial institutions, and an enforcement of the banks‟ capital-adequacy requirements. By the standards of African countries, Kenya currently has one of the most developed banking systems in Africa. The country has enjoyed a substantial bank-based financial sector development over the years, and its institutional framework has also grown stronger. However, like many other developing countries‟ financial systems, the Kenyan banking system still faces wide-ranging challenges, such as high interest rate spreads and financial inclusion challenges

Indian corporations are unlikely to set up banks

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Sector Banks ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Bad Debt

Significance The government and central bank are looking for ways to strengthen the country’s banking system, which is beset by low capital adequacy ratios (CARs) and rising non-performing assets (NPAs). India’s leading conglomerates are asset rich, and their profitability is growing. Impacts The RBI will come under pressure to increase regulation of private as well as public sector banks. Many state-owned banks will merge in a bid to reduce their bad debt. Small NBFCs will face a challenge to sustain liquidity.

scholarly journals Public lending to private hedge funds is inefficient, unstable, unconstitutional and unanimously disagreeable

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Sankarshan Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Hedge Funds ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Private Banks ◽  
The Government ◽  
Private Banking

Public funds include federally insured deposits held under the custody of private banks, central bank loans and taxpayer funds. The principal finding of this paper is that lending such public funds through a private banking system to private hedge funds allied with the banks is inefficient, unstable, fundamentally unfair (unconstitutional) and unanimously disagreeable. This finding is akin to the unanimously agreeable safe central banking policy (Acharya, 1991-2016) which, in dynamic general equilibrium, (a) eliminates federal guarantee of bank deposits, (b) offers every business enterprise and household an option to keep in the central bank any part of its deposits it wants to be held absolutely safely, (c) completely deregulates all private banks without any privilege to rob public or private wealth like too-big-to-fail or too-big-to-be-jailed status or the power of market making and clearing. Safe central banking is the only way to make private banks responsible to hold sufficient capital to attract uninsured private deposits like the trading houses currently do. The private banks will then have complete freedom to lend their uninsured deposits to private hedge funds. The Volker Rule (NYT, January 30, 2010), incorporated in the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010, is an infeasible and unworkable band-aid for the moral-hazard driven systemic robbery of wealth creators wrought by the government-ordained private banking custody of public funds. The established systemic moral-hazard problem can be efficiently and constitutionally resolved only through unanimously agreeable safe central banking. Current proposals on overhauling of Fannie and Freddie made by various pundits of systemic robbery amount to a gargantuan amount of public lending to private hedge funds and, hence, inefficient, unstable, unconstitutional and unanimously disagreeable.

scholarly journals Debt-Sale Securities as a Monetary Policy Instrument in the Islamic Banking System of Iran

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Hossein Meisamy
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Private Banks ◽  
The Government ◽  
First Time

This paper discusses the legitimacy of securitizing the central bank receivables from the government and banking system in the Iranian financial market and making use of this instrument to conduct monetary policy. Ijtihad or independent jurisprudential reasoning based on Imamiah Fiqh (prevailing in the Iranian Islamic banking system), is used as paper methodology. The results show that considering the jurisprudential ‘ownership unity’ between the central bank, the government, and governmental banks in the Iranian banking system, securitizing the central bank receivables from the government or the governmental banks is not legitimate and not Shariah-compliant. Nevertheless, it is possible to issue debt-sale securities based on the debts of private banks to the central bank. Therefore, issuing debt-sale securities based on central bank receivables from the private banks can be considered a suitable instrument for conducting Shariah-compliant monetary policy in the Islamic banking system of Iran. This paper discusses for the first time the idea of issuing debt-sale securities as a monetary policy instrument in the Iranian financial system. Besides, the analysis is based on the Imamiah School of Fiqh, which is also new.

Study of Increasing Adoption Trends of Digital Banking and FinTech Products in Indian Payment Systems and Improvement in Customer Services

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-255
Author(s):  
Narinder Kumar Bhasin ◽  
Anupama Rajesh
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Online Payment ◽  
Customer Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
Digital Payments ◽  
The Impact

The objective of massive adaptation of digital payments by the banks with the support of the central bank of any country along with their government agencies is to improve customer services and satisfaction in the online payment systems in place of cashless and paperless payment systems. There are very few researches that have focused to measure the higher customer satisfaction based on factors like trust, risk-free, secure, transparent, accountability of banks, fintech, regulator, and payment system operators. This chapter analyzes the impact of digital banking and fintech in the Indian banking system, initiatives taken by RBI, NPCI, and the government to build the strong trust of customers in online payment systems to ensure improvement in customer services with higher customer satisfaction.

‘Beggars Can’t Be Choosers’: Spain and the Financial Crisis

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 417-437
Author(s):  
Carlos J Moreiro González
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Regulatory Reform ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Banking Union ◽  
Spanish Economy ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Relevant Group ◽  
The One ◽  
Social Wealth

AbstractThis contribution analyses the viability of the new Spanish financial landscape which has been drawn by the European authorities and the national administration in order to overcome the progressive deterioration of social wealth in Spain since the beginning of the economic crisis in 2008.The adoption and the implementation of a new legal framework during the last two years, establishing tougher requirements on capital adequacy, leverage ratios and counter-cyclical and other buffers, as well as the shaping of the Banking Union, are not enough to transform the Spanish banking system into the key tool for the creation of wealth.There is a paradox of both legal and institutional outcomes. While, on the one hand, some positive changes in the functioning and the structure of the banking industry have been prompted by the regulatory reform, there are, on the other hand, some uncertainties linked to the recapitalisation costs of a relevant group of credit institutions and the persistence of serious structural problems of the Spanish economy.Moving faster to full banking union will reduce financial market stress in Spain.

Iran’s banking reforms will falter

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Banking Reform ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
European Banks ◽  
Dispute Resolution Mechanism

Subject Iran’s banking sector in urgent need of reform. Significance Tehran's banks face major corruption scandals, and a complex policy environment. In July 2016, the Central Bank of Iran (CBI) announced major plans to reform the country’s banking system in line with global standards. Iranian banks have been cut off from the international financial system since 2012, owing to sanctions. After the 2015 nuclear deal, Iran expected that the lifting of sanctions would reverse this situation. However, despite interest among Central Asian and Turkish banks, progress has been limited. Impacts European banks will be slow to engage with Iran, fearing unpredictable US penalties. Differing US and Iranian interpretations of sanctions lifting under the nuclear deal may come up before the dispute resolution mechanism. Macroeconomic strains will put depreciatory pressure on the currency. If President Hassan Rouhani fails to win re-election in May, the chances of banking reform would be much lower.

scholarly journals Capital Adequacy and its Impact on Banking Liquidity Risk Applied Study in the Bank of the Islamic National and Commercial Iraqi for the Period (2012-2017)

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
Qassem Ali Omran
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Liquidity Risk ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
P Value ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Applied Study ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio ◽  
Important Means

The aim of this paper is to highlight one of the risks facing the banking system in general and the Iraqi in particular, both Islamic and commercial, resulting from the low liquidity of banks from their safe levels, which expose the bank to a number of effects, especially when exposed to sudden withdrawals through measuring and analyzing the banking liquidity risk of banking and the statement The most important means used to processing  these risks, including the adequacy of capital according to the Basel II Accord. Two banks, the National Islamic Bank and the Commercial Bank of Iraq, were selected and the indicators of liquidity risk were used. Statement of the Effect of the Capital Adequacy Tool as a Tool that Contributes to the Absorption of Banking Risks and their Effects in Mitigating Liquidity Risk The indicators were analyzed and tested by testing F, P-value and impact statement through the R2 parameter using the ANOVA analysis. There is a significant effect of the capital adequacy ratio on the liquidity risk of banks and both banks to varying degrees on the basis of which the alternative hypothesis was accepted. The paper also reached the recommendations of the most important of which is the need to achieve a balance between the size of the balances utilized in the various banking fields and what is maintained, Exceed the capital adequacy ratios for the specified rates by the Central Bank of Iraq.  

scholarly journals Financial system development progress in Western Balkans

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emira Kozarević ◽  
Nedžad Polić ◽  
Amela Perić
Keyword(s):  
Ownership Structure ◽  
System Development ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Financial Systems ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Available Information

Financial system supports economic growth, while its regulatory framework provides stability for investors. Develo-ping countries with bank-oriented financial systems are not attractive to investors, so prolonged status quo leads to economic deterioration. This is particularly the case with some of the most underdeveloped areas in Europe: Western Balkans. It is essential the developing countries in this region consider steps towards financial liberalization, which will help open the borders for capital flows and attract new investments. The main goal of this paper is to review and present the available information related to the banking system development in Western Balkans in terms of ownership structure, capital adequacy, loan and asset performance, return on investment and liquidity. These indicators should provide a clearer picture of the current financial systems in Western Balkans economies and their development progress – useful for comparison with other developing regions and financial transformation and liberalization efforts.

scholarly journals PENGARUH TINGKAT KESEHATAN BANK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN LABA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Nur Hidayati ◽  
Yeni Purwitosari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Foreign National ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Net Interest Margin ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio ◽  
Private Banks ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
The Government ◽  
Profit Growth

The profit growth can be used as a measure of achievement of a bank in the assessment of bank performance. This can be achieved if the level of health of banks consisting Capital Adequacy Ratio, Assets Quality, Net Interest Margin, Return on Assets, Loan to Deposit Ratio and Interest Risk Ratio in accordance with the standards set by the government. For this study aims to assess how the influence of the bank to profit growth, particularly private banks non-foreign national 2013-2014 period amounting to 23 banks. By using hypothesis testing found that the Return On Asset and Loan to Deposit Ratio positive effect on the growth rate of bank profits, while the Capital Adequacy Ratio, kualiatas Assets, Net Profit Margin and Risk Ratio interst does not affect the bank's profit growth.Keywords: Health, Income Growth, Bank 

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