scholarly journals Collection of Iron Arrowheads of the Kyrgyz Great Power Epochs from the Kyrgyz National Museum in Bishkek City

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Yu. S. Khudyakov ◽  
A. Yu. Borisenko
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Great Power ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Moment

Purpose. We considered and analyzed the finds of iron arrowheads from a small collection of armament objects for long-range combat related to the epoch of Kyrgyz Great Power. The collection is exhibited at the moment in the National Museum of the Kyrgyz Republic in Bishkek City. Results. Precise location of these objects is not determined. However, it is known that all these objects of armament originate from the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. The arrowheads from the collection have been preserved quite well, which distinguishes these findings from the armament objects of excavations of archaeological monuments of the cultures of ancient and medieval peoples in the Tian Shan. Having carried out a formal and typological classification analysis of the items from the collection, we determined a certain typological identity of the armament for longrange combat that were related to different groups and types of iron petiolate arrowheads according to the section and the form of feather. We found analogues to the arrows from our collection when discovered arrowheads of similar forms as a part of weapon complexes of ancient and medieval ethnicities inhabiting the Central Asian historical and cultural region during the Ancient times, Early and High Middle Ages. We traced the spread of arrowheads of different types, analyzed them as a part of our collection, and analyzed the items discovered in the course of previous research in medieval archaeological sites on the territory of northern Tian Chan Region in the bounds of Kyrgyzstan. The results of our analysis prove that all the arrowheads from the collection studied relate to the historical eras of the Early and High Middle Ages. Conclusion. A part of this collection is likely to have belonged to the complex of means for long-range combat. They used such arrowheads while shooting the enemy in the epoch of the Kyrgyz Khanate. Preponderance of armorpiercing and versatile iron arrowheads can testify the necessity to confront enemies in long-range combats and fight against adversaries who were powerfully armed and fully-equipped with metallic armor.

scholarly journals A Collection of Iron Arrowheads from the Museum “Rarity” in Bishkek

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Yuliy S. Khudyakov ◽  
Alisa Yu. Borisenko ◽  
Orozbek A. Soltobaev
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Tian Shan

Purpose. The authors considered and analyzed various types of iron arrowheads that are kept as a part of weapon col-lection in the private museum “Rarity” in Bishkek, in the Kyrgyz Republic. We traced primary events related to the history of studying types of iron arrows that were detected at different times by scientists and modern collectors of antiquities on the territory of Tian Shan and Jetysu. Results. The armament objects of long-range combat are classified according to their formal signs. All iron arrowheads from the collection studied were divided into particular groups and types by characteristic features of their section and form of feather. On the basis of our formal and typological analysis, we put forward several suggestions about possible functionality of the types of iron arrowheads that we singled out. Some arrowheads were intended for defeat of lightly-armed hostile warriors, whereas other types were created for archery against heavily-armed adversaries, who were defended by metal or chain armor. Still other arrowheads were universal and could be applied for shelling both warriors non-protected with metal armor and warriors who had those defensive means. Conclusion. Our analysis of iron arrowheads from this collection can be used further for characterizing long-range combat weapon complexes of ancient and medieval warriors of several ethnic groups which resided on the territory of Tian Shan and Jetysu in the boundaries of the Kyrgyz Republic during the Hunnic times and following historical periods of the Early and High Middle Ages.

The Origins of Formation of Descriptive Geometry

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
N. Sal'kov
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Descriptive Geometry ◽  
Orthogonal Projections ◽  
Cave Wall ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Living Area

The translation "Descriptive geometry" is not entirely accurate. In fact, the phrase should be translated as "Narrative geometry". Based on this translation, it can be confidently stated that the science under consideration serves not only as a theoretical basis for orthogonal projections, a special case of which are ordinary drawings, but also for any images – in this the author of the article fully agrees with such authorities as N.A. Rynin, N.F. Chetverukhin, V.O. Gordon, S.A. Frolov, N.A. Sobolev and many others. The paper considers the origins of one of the directions of geometry – descriptive geometry. The hypothesis is put forward that in reality descriptive geometry, or rather, its elements, was originally involved in ancient times, during the primitive communal system when making drawings on the walls of caves and rocks. Orthogonal projections were used in the ancient world and in the Middle Ages, and Gaspard Monge at the end of the XVIII century systematized all the existing disconnected developments on descriptive geometry, adding his own research. Most likely, geometry in general was the very first science that originated when our ancestors who lived in caves faced the problem of increasing the living area due to population growth. And descriptive geometry began to develop from the moment when the first artist depicted scenes from life on the cave wall: hunting, fishing, tribal wars, events that shocked people, etc. Ancient artists existed on all continents of the globe, except perhaps Antarctica, since rock carvings were found on all other continents. And the earliest was performed somewhere 25-30 thousand years ago. Thus, the hypothesis that the elements of descriptive geometry originated in the primitive communal system can be considered proven.

scholarly journals Fragmenty českého překladu básně Facetus

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Michal Dragoun ◽  
Kateřina Voleková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Latin Text ◽  
National Library ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Scientific Terminology ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
High Middle Ages

The article deals with two incomplete handwritten copies of the poem Facetus with a Czech translation. The poem Facetus, or more specifically its version referred to as ‘Cum nihil utilius’ based on its incipit, probably originated in the 12th century; in the high Middle Ages, it was the second most widespread of moral lessons in verse. It was also used in school instruction, with which both copies are associated. The fragment of the National Museum Library 1 H b 179, most likely from the second decade of the 15th century, contains the beginning of the poem’s interpretation and a part of the text accompanied by a Latin explanation and Czech interlinear glosses on individual verses. This Czech version reveals a certain continuity with the tradition of Czech scientific terminology of St Vitus School and Bartholomew of Chlumec, called Claretus. The second copy is written on the front free endpaper of the manuscript of the National Library of the Czech Republic X F 19; it comes from the turn of the 15th century; it is an incomplete record of the beginning of the text of the poem, with the Latin and Czech versions alternating after individual words or short sections. The study further provides a transcription of both fragments and records the manuscript preservation of the Latin text of Facetus, excerpts from it and German translations in Czech libraries.

scholarly journals Kumis Holidays, Rituals and Ceremonies in the Context of the Culture of Memories of the Great Steppe

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-270
Author(s):  
Zubaida K. Suraganova ◽  
◽  
Kuralai K. Sarsembina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
World Record ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Historical Retrospect ◽  
Ancient Times

Based on written and field sources, this article examines kumis holidays, rituals and ceremonies in historical retrospect and modern reality. According to Chinese, Armenian, Central Asian sources of the 13th–17th centuries, the ritual significance of kumis is shown which for centuries retained the role of the main ceremonial attribute in the framework of military rituals and sacrifices in the culture of the peoples of Central Asia. Kumis was sprinkled on military standards on the eve of the battle. It acted as a sacrificial libation to Heaven, the cardinal points, and the mountains. Kumis was a prestigious drink and an obligatory treat both in the nomad tent of a simple steppe dweller and at state receptions and festivals of the great steppe empires. This drink served as the main treat at the feast. The order of its distribution semantically designated the hierarchies in the steppe empires. In the Kazakh steppe, the traditions of kumis ceremonies and holidays continue, according to ethnographic sources of the 19th–20th centuries, to maintain stability. In the twentieth century, the prestigious nature of kumis among the Kazakhs is still noted, and the ritual character of kumis treats is indicated. Currently, kumis in Kazakhstan still plays the role of a prestigious drink, which is present not only in calendar rituals but also in feasts organized as part of the rituals of the life cycle. Field studies carried out in July-September 2021 give reason to speak not only about the sustainability of kumis holidays within the framework of the spring and autumn calendar rituals, but also their actualization as an element of intangible cultural heritage and an application for setting a world record. In contrast to the Middle Ages, in the ceremony of treating kumis today, a change in the nature of the religious rite and purpose is noted. The complex of kumis holidays that arose in ancient times is considered today by Kazakhs as a cultural heritage, as a place of memory. It is used as a symbolic capital for organizing and carrying out various kinds of events.

scholarly journals МАГИЧЕСКИЙ АТРИБУТ: МЕЖДУ ЯЗЫЧЕСТВОМ И ИСЛАМОМ

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
М.Н. Сулейманова ◽  
З.Ф. Нигматуллина
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Good Luck ◽  
Manufacturing Technique ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
The Republic

Целью исследования является изучение башкирских амулетов «бетеү», небольшая коллекция которых хранится в фондах Национального музея Республики Башкортостан. В музейном собрании отложились несколько типов «бетеү», бытовавших на рубеже XIX–XX вв. Предметы отличаются друг от друга формой, материалом, техникой изготовления и имеют разное содержание. Амулетам придавались магико-охранительные и сакральные свойства. Согласно древним поверьям башкир, «бетеү» приносит хозяину здоровье, долголетие, удачу во всех делах и оберегает от сглаза и влияния зловредных духов (духов болезней, шайтана и др.). Самым распространенным видом были треугольной формы амулеты, с вложенной в него молитвой или, реже, предметом. Такие кожаные амулеты-футляры носились на шнурке на шее как обереги или подшивались к одежде с внутренней стороны. Аналогичные обережные амулеты бытовали у многих народов, в том числе у среднеазиатских. Башкирские «бетеү» как магический предмет имели широкое распространение в прошлом и все еще популярны в настоящее время среди населения, прежде всего, пожилого возраста. Поэтому они представляют собой важный этнографический источник для изучения духовной и материальной культуры башкирского народа. The research aims to study the Bashkir amulets "beteu", a small collection of which is kept in the funds of the National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The collection possesses several types of "beteu", used at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Objects differ from each other in shape, material, manufacturing technique, and usage. Magical, protective and sacred properties were attributed to the amulets. The Bashkirs believed that "beteu" brought health, longevity, good luck, and protection from the harmful influence of otherworldly forces. Triangular amulets were the most common, with a prayer or, less often, an object embedded in it. Such leather amulets were worn on a cord around the neck or were sewn to clothes from the inside. Many Central Asian peoples used similar amulets. The Bashkir "beteu", a magical object of cult and ritual significance, combines the pre-Islamic beliefs and the Muslim religion. Therefore, they represent an important ethnographic source for studying the spiritual and material culture of the Bashkir people.

scholarly journals Localization of the Kyrgyz Residence Areas in Southern Siberia and Central Asia within the Periods of late Antiquity, Early and High Middle Ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
Yuliy S. Khudyakov ◽  
Alisa Yu. Borisenko
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Tian Shan

Purpose. This article considers and analyzes the information, contained in ancient and medieval sources, about residence areas of the Yenisei and Central Asian Kyrgyz during particular historical periods, including late Antiquity, Early and High Middle Ages. These periods are related to the time of existence of political and military domination in the Central Asian Region of the ancient and medieval Turkic and Mongolian nomads, including Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic, Teles and Khitan nomadic ethnic groups. Results. During one of those historical periods, after the defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Kyrgyz themselves dominated over Central Asian steppes. Resettlement areas of the Kyrgyz in Central Asia and Southern Siberia changed considerably on several occasions. During various historical periods, the Kyrgyz resided in the territory of Eastern Tian Shan, within the bounds of modern Xinjiang and during the following historical periods in Minusinsk Basin as well, followed by the vast territories of the Sayan and Altai Mountains and a major part of Central Asia, as well as within the bounds of the Western Tian Shan mountain range. The article analyzes the available informative historical data in ancient and medieval sources about the main resettlement areas of the Kyrgyz in different territories in definite time periods of their residence within the bounds of the Central Asian historical and cultural region. Conclusion. Since their repeated resettlement into the eastern Tian Shan region in the era of the Kyrgyz Great Power, the Old Kyrgyz descendants could have reclaimed the mountains and valleys of Tengir-Too. They could have also restored their statehood at the turn of historical modernity, firstly in its capacity as a republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and during the last decades by way of the independent state of the Kyrgyz Republic in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Despite all existing current complexities, the Kyrgyz keep their State.

Five Years and Count(er)ing: Memoir after Memoir

CounterText ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Norbert Bugeja
Keyword(s):  
Guest Editor ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Terror Attack ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personal Perspectives ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Ongoing Project

In this retrospective piece, the Guest Editor of the first number of CounterText (a special issue titled Postcolonial Springs) looks back at the past five years from various scholarly and personal perspectives. He places particular focus on an event that took place mid-way between the 2011 uprisings across a number of Arab countries and the moment of writing: the March 2015 terror attack on the Bardo National Museum in Tunis, which killed twenty-two people and had a profound effect on Tunisian popular consciousness and that of the post-2011 Arab nations. In this context, the author argues for a renewed perspective on memoir as at once a memorial practice and a political gesture in writing, one that exceeds concerns of genre and form to encompass an ongoing project of political re-cognition following events that continue to remap the agenda for the region. The piece makes a brief final pitch for Europe's need to re-cognise, within those modes of ‘articulacy-in-difficulty’ active on its southern borders, specific answers to its own present quandaries.

The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty-First Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Pomfret
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
External Powers

This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its collapse in 2014. The book examines the countries' relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe. The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. The book considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China's announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of UN sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan's presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.

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