scholarly journals A Comparative Study on the Female Domestic Workers and Their Children in Kamrup Districts of Assam

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ms. Bijoyeta Das
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Domestic Labour

This paper has been prepared to visualize relationships between the overall condition of the workers in Kamrup Metro and Kamrup rural areas of Assam. It throws light on how the female domestic workers engaged in part time work function differently in both the areas. The increase in the number of domestic workers has led to the growth of the urban middle class, especially the increase in the number of women working outside their homes and availability of cheap domestic labour. Kamrup Districts has witnessed large scale migration over the past few years of women from the interior areas of Assam, while in Kamrup metro, most of the migrants are from areas in lower Assam .The poor women who engage in domestic work are often unable to care for their own families, leaving their own children alone for the whole day. The study was conducted on adults ranging from 27 to 40 yrs of age. There were various reasons for which these female workers engaged in such kind of work, v.i.z, illiteracy, uncertain income of other family members and preference for part time domestic work, higher number of children with low income in the family. The children of such workers are sent to schools in Kamrup metro, while a handful of children were provided with education via various means in Kamrup rural. The wages of the workers in rural areas were not sufficient to send their children to proper schools. In this paper, some implications are provided to assist such workers in helping their children for education. The paper also deals with the educational status and the challenges faced by such workers in the daily affairs.

The Effects of Part-Time Work on Women's Occupational Mobility in Britain: Evidence from the 1958 Birth Cohort Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. R20-R37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Dex ◽  
Erzsébet Bukodi
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Occupational Mobility ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Part Time Work

The effects of working part time on job downgrading and upgrading are examined over the life course of British women born in 1958. We use longitudinal data with complete work histories from a large-scale nationally representative cohort study. Occupations were ranked by their hourly average earnings. Analyses show a strong link between full-time/part-time transitions and downward and upward occupational mobility over the course of up to thirty years of employment. Probabilities of occupational mobility were affected by women's personal traits, occupational characteristics and demand-side factors. Downward mobility on moving from full-time to part-time work was more likely for women at the top levels of the occupational hierarchy working in male-dominated or mixed occupations and less likely in higher occupations with more part-time jobs available.

scholarly journals ‘Killing the Tree by Cutting the Foliage Instead of Uprooting It?’ Rethinking awareness campaigns as a response to trafficking in South-West Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-65
Author(s):  
Peter Olayiwola
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
South West ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Education And Awareness ◽  
Domestic Labour

Child domestic work is one of the issues often connected with human trafficking in popular discourses. The idea of ignorant and unsuspecting parents and children being tricked into situations of trafficking for domestic labour is rife and has driven education and awareness campaigns as keys to addressing trafficking. This paper offers a critique of awareness creation as an anti-trafficking strategy. Based on an ethnographic study of child domestic work in South-West Nigeria and an analysis of secondary sources, this article reviews the ignorance assumption in trafficking discourses. It contends that the existing strategy of awareness creation, often framed to discourage migration and work, misrepresents young domestic workers and/or their parents and fails to address the issues that children and/or their parents are faced with. The paper concludes by arguing for the need to address the structural root causes of trafficking rather than simply raise awareness of individual migrants.

considerable advantages, too, for the spread of producer co-operatives. In addition, while bypassing the obstacle posed by economic fragmentation, such investments would nevertheless be attacking it, thus raising the degree of economic integration. No doubt, these investments would require industrial inputs at a higher level than before and the financing of this might imply that the planners have to give up some of the surplus extracted from the agricultural sector for use by it within its boundaries. In our opinion, this approach provides the basis for achieving high growth targets in the medium term without compromising on the distributional front at the class, sector, or regional levels. Two qualifications need to be registered. First, this does not imply that the DTYP target of y = 7.5 per cent per annum becomes feasible in this strategy. Even in Case A, the argument was only partly that it was probably not achievable; rather, that achieving it with n = 3.5 per cent would almost certainly lead to a vicious inflationary spiral, thereby worsening income distribution. In Case B, the burden of financing would be shared in an egalitarian manner through the rationing system but its average level would not be any different. What is being argued is that, first, for any given n, y* (C) > y* (A, B), and second, the rate of growth of n would be substantially greater over time in Case C than in Case A or B. Thus, Case C could be viewed as laying the basis for an eventual second phase of an industrialisation drive of the type now being proposed, in our view, prematurely. Second, it is probable that under Case C, rural foodgrain consumption would rise in the short run. In this strategy, too, state farms would play a crucial part in the transitional phase and beyond. It is necessary therefore to assist them in achieving efficiency quickly, and to overcome the problems of haphazard location and early growth. A period of consolidation might be necessary prior to any further expansion on any large scale. Finally, we need to turn our focus to the problems of urban poverty and unemployment which are not directly handled in any of the three cases. A separate policy component is therefore called for. A two-pronged approach is necessary. The first of these is to ensure that all low-income earners are covered by the urban rationing system. In the present context, this would require extending the coverage to the smaller urban centres and even in the larger ones to that lowest strata which might not be registered in any urban kebele. Thus, the AMC needs to grow greatly and quickly. It is in this context that the current and future role of the state farm sector has to be seen. Even within the framework of Case C, it will be some time before the area of stable grain yields is extended to a point where the urban populations are not held to ransom by the weather all too frequently; in the meantime, the state farms provide an insurance cover which is indispensible. (A corresponding function would be performed in the food-insecure rural areas by the grain banks suggested earlier.) Further, the kebele shops need to move more into the inferior cereals, in particular, sorghum, maize and black teff. Improving the storage facilities of the AMC and state farms could achieve the welcome result of lowering cost by anything up to 15-20 per cent on some crops. All such gains registered should reflect themselves in lower prices for the inferior, rather than for the superior, cereals as appears to have been the case in the recent past.

2013 ◽  
pp. 183-184
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
State Farm ◽  
Insurance Cover ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Short Run

THE DISTRIBUTION OF MEDICAL CARE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-513
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Quality Of Health Services ◽  
Metropolitan Counties

There have been extraordinary advances in medical care and prevention of disease among infants and children. Morbidity and mortality rates have shown remarkable declines in recent years following the introduction of new therapeutic agents. The fact still remains, however, that there are wide gaps in the distribution of medical care. There are sections of the country where the infant mortality is higher than the national average of a generation ago. In isolated rural areas, the physicians' services for children are less, both in quantity and quality, than in on near urban centers. In the outlying areas, not only specialists but also general practitioners were found to be relatively few; there were only one-third as many general practitioners for the same number of children in isolated counties as in greater metropolitan counties. The economic factor has an all-pervading influence. Where per capita income is low, the quantity and quality of health services are proportionately low. Thus, even in the more favored metropolitan areas, there are gaps in services for families of low income.

scholarly journals Dilemma of the Kinship and Formality Relationship between Employer and Domestic Worker in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muryanti Muryanti
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
Working Relationships ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Domestic Sphere ◽  
Domestic Worker ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Formal Relations ◽  
Private Homes

Labor relations between employers and domestic workers is one of the very old form of relationship that is influenced by cultural and social development of society. The purpose of this study to determine the forms of employment relationships of kinship and formal working relationships and form working relationships between them are preferred by employers in Yogyakarta. The theory used in this study uses the concept of patron-client (Scott, 1985) and patriarchy (Delaney, 2005) to explain the two forms of the employment relationship in the domestic sphere. This research used post-positivist paradigm with mixed methods, quantitative and qualitative (Guba & Lincoln, 1997). The results showed kinship relationships occur in household domestic worker, working full time and living in the employer’s home. Formal relationship occurs in the working relationship of domestic workers work part time (fill-in), a special work as pramurukti and/ baby sitter. Generally, employers prefer that is kinship relationship because of the perspective domestic worker are part of the family. In contrast, domestic worker prefer to work part-time, work-specific and do not live in private homes because more wages and freely in the work. Employers and domestic workers have individual rationality in determining the form of employment relationship. In fact, kinship relationships wane and increasing the quantity of formal relations, characterized by the use of part-time domestic worker are increasingly numerous. In essence, kinship relationships and have in common that formal work status and low wages.

scholarly journals The Banking Sector Role in the Rural Territories Social Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Kirill Zhichkin ◽  
Vladimir Nosov ◽  
Lyudmila Zhichkina
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time

The article examines the features of banking services for the rural population on the example of the Samara region. The banking sector accumulates significant financial resources of the population, which can be directed to the service area development. In modern conditions, the collected funds are transferred to large cities, making rural areas even more depressed. The study purpose is to determine the features of banking services for the population in rural areas. Within the framework of this, the following tasks are being solved: - the banking services state is analysed on the example of the Kinelsky district of the Samara region; - problems specific to rural areas are identified; - measures are proposed to solve the problems of banking services in rural areas. On the example of the Kinelsky district, it can be seen that large financial resources (more than 500 million rubles) are being withdrawn from the district with the contributions of the rural population. At the same time in rural settlements, banking services are in an inadequate state: Sberbank branches are closed or switched to part-time work. There is a low degree of provision with banking terminals, and the standards for servicing the population are not observed. As a result, the state should more actively regulate the current situation, using economic mechanisms to solve the existing social problem.

scholarly journals Work-Time, Male-Breadwinning and the Division of Domestic Labour: Male Part-Time and Full-Time Workers in Unsettled Times

Sociology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003803852110196
Author(s):  
Tracey Warren
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Work ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Time Diversity ◽  
Significant Phenomenon ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Male Part ◽  
Domestic Labour ◽  
The Uk

The majority of male workers spend full-time hours in the labour market while part-time employment is heavily female dominated. A decade of economic unrest in the UK following the recession of 2008–2009 was accompanied by a considerable expansion in the numbers of men working part-time. Growing male part-time employment is a significant phenomenon, with potential for narrowing gender inequalities in ways of working, inside and outside the home. Applying a gendered lens to men’s working lives, the article focuses upon the ramifications of this growing male work-time diversity. Unsettled times can create the circumstances for opening up acceptable behaviours, for ‘undoing’ gender roles. The financial circumstances of male part- and full-timers, and men’s engagement in unpaid domestic work, are compared. Part-time jobs are associated with more financial hardship than are full-time, but they offer up the potential for narrowing gender inequality in the sharing of core domestic work tasks.

scholarly journals Never waste a good crisis – Which work-related COVID-19 changes are here to stay?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falk Ebinger ◽  
Jurgen Willems
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Home Office ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Data Collection Process ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

Which work-related COVID-19 changes are here to stay? We were able integrate a 9-item scale in the eleventh wave (12 June 2020 – 17 June 2020) of the large-scale data collection process of the Austrian Corona Panel Project . The items for the construct that we analyzed focused on whether respondents were in favor or against particular COVID-related changes in the work environment. Respondents are in general in favor to keep particular COVID-related changes in the working context, such as more flexibility with respect to home office, working hours, and part-time work. Respondent are also in favor for less bureaucratic procedures for sickness leave, and less business trips and outside appointment. However, this should not come with more employer control, nor with increasingly fading boundaries between personal and professional life contexts. These results mainly show the overall challenges for the future of work, where more autonomy and flexibility is desired, but not at the cost of losing a clear delineation between professional and personal contexts. Moreover, women are for several aspects more in favor to keep COVID-related changes, such as keeping distance in the work environment, less business trips, and flexibility with respect to part-time work and home-office. Younger respondents (under 45) are also in favor of less business trips and external appointments, however not as much as respondents above 45. Except for the reduction of business trips and external appointments, no significant differences are reported between employees of the private and the public sectors. This suggest how challenges are similar across these sectors, and both public and private organizations can learn from each other to shape new attractive work environments.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Prevalence and Distribution of Unregistered Employment in Kosovo: Lessons from a 2017 Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ardiana Gashi ◽  
Colin C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
East Europe ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
National Representative Survey

Abstract Despite the growing recognition that unregistered employment remains a common problem both in South-East Europe and well beyond, there has been little evidence available on its prevalence and distribution. This paper contributes to filling the gap, by utilising data from a 2017 large scale national representative survey of 8,533 households in Kosovo. This reveals that 34.6% of all employees are engaged in unregistered employment (i.e., they have no employment contract). A Probit regression analysis reveals significant associations between unregistered employment and individual, household, employer and job-related characteristics. Unregistered employment is significantly more prevalent among men, younger people, single, widowed or divorced, those with fewer years in education, living in rural areas and in larger households. It is also significantly more prevalent among those working in construction and services, part-time employees, with shorter employment durations, lower wages, and those in elementary occupations and craft and related trades. The wider theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.

Cutting at the Wrong Edge: Gender, Part-Time Work and the Irish Retail Sector

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Tormey
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
National Level ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Women Employees ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Sector Part ◽  
Part Time Work

Part-time work has often been championed as a mechanism for facilitating women's entry into the labour force. Research based on large scale surveys has theorised that employers and women employees can both benefit from part time work. Ethnographic research, on the other hand, has often focused more on the difficult working conditions for part time workers. This paper combines data from a quantitative survey carried out at national level and a locally based qualitative study to examine these issues. It shows that in the retail sector part time work does not just contribute to bringing women into the labour force. It also serves to marginalise them within the labour force. It also shows that forms of part time work being adopted are those most suitable to employers rather than those which might be of use to both employers and female employees. Finally, while women have often chosen to work part time, the conditions of part time workers studied are deteriorating.

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