The problem of defining the women’s status in sugar-refining industry: “woman” – “half-worker” – “worker” (on an example of sugar factories of Kyiv province, 1880s–1900s)

This article regards the problem of defining the women’s status in the sugar-refining industry of the Russia Empire post-reform period. Based on the cases of sugar factories of Kyiv province during the 1880s–1905s, the author illustrates a complicated process of determining the role and the place of female laborers in the professional structure of industrial institutions which relate to this type of industry. Due to the fact that women had been recruited to unqualified parts of the working class (in the majority of cases), they remained at the bottom of the hierarchy of industrial labor. In contrast to men-laborers, who were distributed by the qualification parameter and professional skill (qualified/unqualified labor force), women-laborers were distributed by the gender parameter. Based on the archival materials of the factory inspection funds and in-factory documentation, it was found that working women were most often identified into the category “women” (“zhenschina”), less often as “part-time workers” (“polurabochaya”), and even less often as “workers” (“rabochaya”). It is possible to say that such division differed significantly from the distribution among the male part of the working class (“rabochiy/polurabo- chiy”). After all, a woman working in an industrial space was generally perceived not as a full-fledged unit of labor but as a supplement to qualified male labor. However, the model proposed by the author of this study: “woman” – “semi-worker” – “worker”, opened a different angle, according to which a woman’s professional position was not clearly fixed and could de facto change, regardless of the type of the performed work (qualified or unqualified). As a result, all these sources and evidence allow us to state that the period of industrialization and modernization provided for women (though not significant) a space for opportunities to realize their own work.

Work-Time, Male-Breadwinning and the Division of Domestic Labour: Male Part-Time and Full-Time Workers in Unsettled Times

The majority of male workers spend full-time hours in the labour market while part-time employment is heavily female dominated. A decade of economic unrest in the UK following the recession of 2008–2009 was accompanied by a considerable expansion in the numbers of men working part-time. Growing male part-time employment is a significant phenomenon, with potential for narrowing gender inequalities in ways of working, inside and outside the home. Applying a gendered lens to men’s working lives, the article focuses upon the ramifications of this growing male work-time diversity. Unsettled times can create the circumstances for opening up acceptable behaviours, for ‘undoing’ gender roles. The financial circumstances of male part- and full-timers, and men’s engagement in unpaid domestic work, are compared. Part-time jobs are associated with more financial hardship than are full-time, but they offer up the potential for narrowing gender inequality in the sharing of core domestic work tasks.

GENDER FEATURES OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN ELDERLY AND SENILE PATIENTS

Ранее ИБС рассматривалась как “мужская” болезнь, однако данные, полученные при исследовании только мужской части популяции, не могут быть автоматически экстраполированы и на женщин, поскольку не все традиционные факторы риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний присущи полам в одинаковой степени. Это делает необходимым изучение особенностей ИБС в зависимости от пола. В нашей республике среди причин смертности населения пожилого возраста 15% составляет ИБС. С увеличением численности пожилого и старческого населения в нашем регионе изучение гемодинамических показателей и особенностей течения ИБС является интересным. Previously, CHD was considered as a disease of "men", however, the data obtained when studying only the male part of the population cannot be automatically extrapolated even to women, since not all traditional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are typical for the same sex. This requires studying the features of CHD depending on gender. In our republic, CHD accounts for 15% of the causes of death of the elderly population. With an increase in the number of elderly and elderly people in our region, the study of hemodynamic indicators and features of coronary heart disease is becoming relevant.

Emigração e rede familiar. Os Mello e Souza-de Abragão ao Brasil oitocentista

The text starts from the concept of family network to frame the migratory movement and the installation of a male part of a large family from Abragão, Penafiel, in Brazil, following the previous migration of a cognate branch.In the middle of the19th century, we found several elements of the Mello e Sousa family establishedin the trade of Rio de Janeiro, with close connections at an early stage and later autonomous routes. We seek to follow the backing of these emigrants, signaling family support and commercial transactions on the most relevant individual life histories.

ANALYSIS OF THE LABOR MARKET OF UKRAINE USING STATISTICAL METHODS

The article analyzes the current state of the labor market of Ukraine using various statistical methods, such as descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and exploratory data statistics. It is statistical methods that have allowed us to more deeply identify existing trends and predict the dynamics of key indicators for the future with a sufficient level of adequacy. Some indicators have been studied for 30 years, but the main focus has been on labor market data for the last 5-6 years. Most of the identified trends have become and remain unchanged recently. In particular, when studying the structure of the population by sex and type of place of residence, it was found that most of the population of Ukraine lives in cities. There are almost half as many people living in rural areas. As for employment, in rural areas only a third of the population is employed, in cities also more than 2/3 of the population is recognized as unemployed. Confirming the existing stereotype, the number of women in Ukraine (on average by about 7%) exceeds the male part of the population and this situation has not changed over the past 30 years. Women in Ukraine are slightly more than 53%, while men make up 46% of country's permanent population. The most numerous are Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk regions and Kyiv. The least residents are in Chernivtsi and Kirovohrad regions. When studying the age of labor resources distinguish between average and median age. If the mean age of the population is the weighted arithmetic mean, calculated as a result of dividing the total number of man-years (at each age) by the total permanent population, the median age is the age that divides the population into two levels by size: one – the median age, the second – older. In general, it was found that the median age is slightly lower than the average and is 41,4 years in Ukraine. In a study of differences in mean and median age by sex, it was found that in both cases in men it is 1–3 years lower than in women. People live the longest in Chernihiv, Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the least long-lived in Zakarpattia, Rivne and Volyn. The identified trends should be of interest and taken into account by potential employers when planning the development of their business.

LGBT COMMUNITY AND THE WAY IT IS TREATED BY OTHERS

The article conducted a study on the global problem of the LGBT community and the attitude of people around it. The results of a survey of people of different genders and sexual orientations are analyzed in order to see the current situation on this issue among citizens of the Russian Federation. It was found that among the 100 people surveyed, most of them are neutral to people belonging to the LGBT community. It can also be noted that it is the male part of the respondents who are negative towards the LGBT community to varying degrees, women are more tolerant of this issue. However, it is worth noting that many respondents have a negative attitude to representatives of the LGBT community of their own gender.

Paleopathology Data on the Early Sarmatians of 4th – 3rd Centuries BC from the Lower Volga Region

The main idea of the article is to study paleoanthropological materials of the nomads dating back to the 4th – 3rd centuries BC from the territory of the Lower Volga region using paleopathological methods. The reason for addressing this topic was an attempt to identify pathological features of the early nomads from the Sarmatian epoch due to the existence of the problem of identifying monuments of 4th – 3rd centuries BC. The standard assessment program of pathological conditions on postcranial skeleton and skull bones developed by A.P. Buzhilova was applied in the course of work with the anthropological material [Buzhilova, 1995; 1998]. The main material for the current study was the bone remains of 16 individuals originating from burials under the barrows of early Sarmatian era within the territory of the Lower Volga region, dated 4th – 3rd centuries BC. As a result of the conducted research it was established that there is a common genetic origin, which unites all nomads of the early Iron Age of the South Russian steppes for the Savromatian-Sarmatian tribes. Furthermore, the settlement of population across the Volgograd Trans-Volga region in the 4th – 3rd centuries BC happened by the arrival of mainly male part of the population who adopted successfully to the negative environmental factors. The diet of the Sarmatians of the early Sarmatian culture development was based on meat and dairy products. A striking feature of the Sarmatians of the 4th – 3rd centuries BC is a lack of signs of inflammatory processes, which indicates an insignificant density of nomadic groups migrating to the Trans-Volga steppes. The high frequency rate of injuries and signs of exposure to low temperatures was detected among early Sarmatians compared to the nomads from a later period may be a result of a complex political situation provoked by a difficult environmental situation due to extremely continental climate and its aridization at that epoch.

Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective

The paper aims to present the most comprehensive and large-scale study to date of students’ perceived impacts of COVID-19 crisis on different aspects of their lives on a global level. The study with a sample of 30,383 students from 62 countries reveals that due to worldwide lockdown and transition to online learning students were most satisfied with the support of teaching staff and universities’ public relations. Nevertheless, a lack of computer skills and the perception of increased workload prevented them from perceiving higher performance in a new teaching environment. Students were mainly concerned about their future professional career and studying issues, and were feeling boredom, anxiety and frustration. The pandemic encouraged some hygienic behaviors (i.e. wearing masks, washing hands) and discouraged certain daily habits (i.e. leaving home, shaking hands). Students were also more satisfied with the role of hospitals and universities during the epidemic, compared to government and banks. Further findings demonstrate that students with selected sociodemographic characteristics (male, part-time, first level, applied sciences, lower living standard, from Africa or Asia) were, in general, more strongly affected by the pandemic as they were significantly less satisfied with their academic work/life. Key factors influencing students' satisfaction with the role of university have also been identified. Policymakers and higher education institutions worldwide may benefit from these findings when formulating policy recommendations and tactics on how to support students during the pandemic.

Structural Reliability Analysis Method for Assessing the Fatigue Capacity of Subsea Wellhead Connectors

Subsea Wellheads are the male part of an 18 3/4” bore connector used for connecting subsea components such as drilling BOP, XT or Workover systems equipped with a female counterpart — a wellhead connector. Subsea wellheads have an external locking profile for engaging a preloaded wellhead connector with matching internal profile. As such connection is made subsea, a metal-to-metal sealing is obtained, and a structural conduit is formed. The details of the subsea wellhead profile are specified by the wellhead user and the standardized H4 hub has a widespread use. In terms of well integrity, the wellhead connector is a barrier element during both well construction (drilling) activities and life of field (production). Due to the nature of subsea drilling operations, a wellhead connector will be subjected to external loads. Fatigue and plastic collapse due to overload are therefore two potential failure modes. These two failure modes are due to the cyclic nature of the loads and the potential for accidental and extreme single loads respectively. The safe load the wellhead connector can sustain without failure can be established by deterministic structural capacity methods. This paper outlines how a generic and probabilistic engineering method; Structural Reliability Analysis, can be applied to a subsea wellhead connector to estimate the probability of fatigue failure (PoF). As the wellhead connector is a mechanism consisting of a plurality of parts the load effect from cyclic external loads is influenced by uncertainty in friction, geometry and pre-load. Further, there is a inter dependence between these parameters that complicates the problem. In addition to these uncertainties, uncertainties in the fatigue loading itself (from rig and riser) is also accounted for. This paper presents results from applications of Structural Reliability Analysis (SRA) to a wellhead connector and provides experiences and learnings from this case work.