Nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, microbial nitrogen flow, microbial abundances, and methane emissions in goats fed diets including tomato and cucumber waste fruits1

The purpose of this research was to evaluate whether relationships exist between odd- and branched-chain fatty acids (OBCFAs) originating from milk fat and the corresponding data of ruminal fermentation parameters, microbial populations, and base contents that were used to mark microbial protein in rumen. Nine lactating Holstein dairy cows with similar body weights and parity were selected in this study, and the samples of rumen and milk were collected at the early, middle, and late stages, respectively. The rumen and milk samples were collected over three consecutive days from each cow, and the ruminal and milk OBCFA profiles, ruminal fermentation parameters, bacterial populations, and base contents were measured. The results showed that the concentrations of OBCFAs, with the exception of C11:0 and C15:0, were significantly different between milk and rumen (p < 0.05). The concentrations of anteiso-fatty acids in milk were higher than those in rumen, and the contents of linear odd-chain fatty acids were higher than those of branched-chain fatty acids in both milk and rumen. Significant relationships that existed between the concentrations of C11:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, C15:0, and anteiso-C17:0 in rumen and milk (p < 0.05). The total OBCFA content in milk was positively related to the acetate molar proportion but negatively correlated with isoacid contents (p < 0.05). The populations of Ruminococcus albus, R. flavefacients, and Eubacterium ruminantium were significantly related to milk C13:0 contents (p < 0.05). The adenine/N ratio was negatively related to milk OBCFA content (p < 0.05) but positively associated with the iso-C15:0/iso-C17:0 ratio (p < 0.05). Milk OBCFAs were significantly correlated with ruminal fermentation parameters, ruminal bacterial populations, and base contents. Milk OBCFAs had the potential to predict microbial nitrogen flow, and the prediction equations for ruminal microbial nitrogen flow were established for OBCFAs in dairy milk.

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Effects of grass forage species and long‐term period of low quality forage diet feeding on growth performance, nutrient utilization and microbial nitrogen yield in growing wether lambs

Animal Science Journal ◽

10.1111/asj.12413 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 202-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Da‐Hye Kim ◽

Ki‐Choon Choi ◽

Sang‐Houn Song ◽

Toshiyoshi Ichinohe

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Nutrient Utilization ◽

Nitrogen Yield ◽

Microbial Nitrogen ◽

Forage Species

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PSII-17 Program Chair Poster Pick: Effect of ruminal protozoa on methane emissions in ruminants – a meta-analysis

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.698 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 397-398

Author(s):

Xiaoxia Dai ◽

Kenneth Kalscheur ◽

Pekka Huhtanen ◽

Antonio Faciola

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Methane Emissions ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Positive Relationships ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

The Relationship

Abstract The effects of ruminal protozoa (RP) concentration on methane emissions from ruminants were evaluated in a meta-analysis using 67 publications reporting data from 85 in vivo experiments. Experiments included in the database reported methane emissions (g/kg DMI) and RP (log10 cells/mL) from the same group of animals. Quantitative data including diet chemical composition, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and milk production; and qualitative information including methane mitigation strategies, animal type, and methane measurement methods were also collected. The studies were conducted in dairy cows (51%), beef steers (32%) and small ruminants (32%). 70% of the studies reported a reduction in methane emissions. Supplemental lipids reduced methane emissions 95% of the time. The relationship between methane emissions and RP concentration was evaluated as a random coefficient model with the experiment as a random effect and weighted by the inverse pooled SEM squared, including the possibility of covariance between the slope and the intercept. A quadratic effect of RP concentration on methane emissions was detected: CH4= -28.8 + 12.2 × RP-0.64 × RP2. To detect potential interfering factors in the relationship, the influence of several qualitative and quantitative factors were separately tested. Acetate, butyrate, and isobutyrate molar proportions had positive relationships with methane emissions and influenced the relationship between RP concentration and methane emissions, where the presence of ruminal fermentation variables reduced the effects of RP concentration in methane emissions. Total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and CP had negative relationships while NDF digestibility had a positive relationship with methane emissions; however, they only changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship. For dairy cows, milk fat and protein concentrations had positive relationships and milk yield had a negative relationship with methane emissions and changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship.

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The effect of species of grass, stage of maturity and level of intake on the degradation of protein and organic matter in the rumen of steers

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9900791 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 791 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

FJ Hart ◽

J Leibholz

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Retention Time ◽

Avena Sativa ◽

Nitrogen Flow ◽

Paspalum Dilatatum ◽

Microbial Nitrogen ◽

Late Maturity ◽

Grass Stage ◽

Two Stages

Six Friesian steers (300 kg liveweight) were prepared with rumen and abomasal cannulae, and fed three artificially dried grasses at three levels of organic matter (OM) intake and at two stages of maturity. The grasses were paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum), oats (Avena sativa) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum). The apparent digestion of organic matter (OM) in the whole tract decreased with increasing maturity for all grasses. The proportion of OM digested in the rumen was greater for paspalum and kikuyu than oats, and increased with advancing maturity for paspalum and kikuyu. Microbial nitrogen flow from the rumen was 26 and 25 g/kg of OM apparently digested in the rumen for paspalum, 32 and 36 for oats and 25 and 14 for the early and late maturity kikuyu. The true degradation of grass protein in the rumen was between 0.70 and 0.80 for all three grasses, at all three feed intakes and for both stages of maturity of the grasses. Total rumen pool size was less for oats than paspalum or kikuyu. The retention time of particles and fluid in the rumen increased with decreasing feed intake for oats.

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Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acids reduces in vitro methane production

South African Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4314/sajas.v46i3.13 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 325-335

Author(s):

E. Maleki ◽

G.Y. Meng ◽

M. Faseleh Jahromi ◽

R. Jorfi ◽

A. Khoddami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methane Production ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Control Diet ◽

Nutrient Utilization ◽

Gas Production ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Ch4 Production

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (PSO) on gas and methane (CH4) production, ruminal fermentation and microbial populations under in vitro conditions. Three treatments consisting of a control diet containing 10 mg tallow (CON); the control diet with 5 mg PSO + 5 mg tallow (MPSO) and the control diet containing 10 mg PSO (HPSO) were compared. Ten mg of the experimental fat/oil samples were inserted into a gas-tight 100 mL plastic syringe containing 30 mL of an incubation inoculum and 250 mg of a basic substrate of a hay/concentrate (1/1, w/w) mixture. In vitro gas production was recorded over 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h of incubation. After 24 hours, incubation was stopped, and methane production, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial counts were measured in the inoculant. Gas production at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h incubation, metabolizable energy and in vitro organic matter disappearance increased linearly and quadratically as level of PSO increased. Furthermore, the 10 mg PSO (HPSO) decreased CH4 production by 21.0% compared with the control (CON) group. There were no significant differences in total and individual VFA concentrations between different levels of PSO, except for butyric acid. After 24 h of incubation, methanogenesis decreased in the HPSO compared with the MPSO and CON treatments. In addition, total bacteria and protozoa counts increased with rising PSO levels, while population methanogenesis declined significantly. These results suggested that PSO could reduce methane emissions, which might be beneficial to nutrient utilization and growth in ruminants.

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Measurement of microbial nitrogen flow in the duodenum in sheep

Annales de Zootechnie ◽

10.1051/animres:19930237 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 167-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

WZ Yang ◽

C. Poncet

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Flow ◽

Microbial Nitrogen

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The use of cytosine as a marker to estimate microbial protein synthesis in the rumen

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600020572 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 1991 ◽

pp. 107-107

Author(s):

L.A. Sinclair ◽

P.C. Garnsworthy ◽

P.J. Buttery

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽

Diaminopimelic Acid ◽

Nitrogen Flow ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Hplc Separation ◽

Microbial Nitrogen ◽

Purine Content ◽

Present Trial

Recently methods based upon the HPLC separation and detection of cytosine (Koenig 1980) and the spectrophotometric analysis of the total purine content of microbes (Zinn and Owens 1986) have been proposed to estimate microbial nitrogen flow at the duodenum. Little work has been undertaken in-vivo to evaluate cytosine as a marker and to compare it with current techniques. The present trial was designed to evaluate this marker and to compare it with diaminopimelic acid (DAPA), [3H]leucine and the total purine technique. In addition, recent reports (Hvelpund and Madsen 1985) have indicated that expressing miaobial efficiency in terms of carbohdrate, as opposed to organic matter degraded in the rumen, reduced the variation in microbial yield. This was also investigated.

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