scholarly journals RED-CLAY STOVE TILES FROM THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE BOLSHOY GARDEN SQUARE OF THE MOSCOW KREMLIN

2020 ◽  
pp. 269-281
Author(s):  
А. Н. Смирнов ◽  
В. Ю. Коваль ◽  
О. Н. Глазунова ◽  
К. И. Панченко
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Stratigraphic Position ◽  
Clay Tiles ◽  
White Clay

В ходе раскопок 2019 г. в Московском Кремле, вскрывших фундамент здания Новых Приказов (1675-1770-х гг.) и слои, связанные с функционированием Старых Приказов (1591-1670-х гг.), была собрана представительная коллекция красных печных изразцов. Изучение этого корпуса источников позволило установить присутствие в нем остатков печных наборов, использовавшихся в зданиях Старых Приказов и принадлежавших концу XVI - началу XVII в. Основное внимание в исследовании уделяется стратиграфической позиции находок, установлению круга аналогий и хронологии найденных изразцов. Часть красных изразцов зафиксирована в переотложенном состоянии в слое функционирования Новых Приказов. Установлена связь единичных находок белоглиняных поливных изразцов с печными наборами приказных палат середины - второй половины XVI в. During the 2019 excavations in the Moscow Kremlin that opened up the foundation trenches of the building of New Prikazes (1675-1770s) as well as the layers related to the operation of the Old Prikazes (1591-1670s) a representative series of red-clay stove tiles was collected. The study of this corpus of sources identified remains of stove sets used in the buildings of the Old Prikazes which are referred to the end of the 16 -the early 17 centuries. The study focuses on the stratigraphic position of the finds, search of analogies and the chronology of the discovered ceramic tiles. Some red-clay tiles were discovered in the layer of the New Prikazes as redeposited materials. The linkage between solitary finds of white-clay glazed tiles and stove sets from prikaz buildings of the middle-second half of the 16 century was established.

Eco-Friendly Fired Clay Tiles with Greenish and Greyish Colored Incorporating Alternative Recycled Waste Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 376-383
Author(s):  
Ubolrat Wangrakdiskul ◽  
Purinut Maingam ◽  
Natthakitta Piyarat
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mullite Phase ◽  
Green Glass ◽  
Clay Tiles ◽  
Recycled Waste ◽  
White Clay

This research intended to investigate the influence of rice husk ash (RHA), green glass cullet (GGC) and local white clay (LWC) in Thailand on the physical properties of fired clay tiles. Utilization of RHA and GGC were the main objectives. Proportion of RHA varying from 10-60% by weight was conducted. Specimens of mixture formulation were sintered at 950 °C. The results revealed that the formula no. A7 containing 70% GGC and 30% LWC can develop greenish color. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was carried out to characterize microstructure and found the glassy phase in fired specimen. Moreover, nepheline (Na2Al2Si2O8) and wollastonite (CaSiO3) were detected by the X-ray diffraction technique. These phases can promote the strength of fired clay tiles. Meanwhile, the specimen of formula no. B13 comprising 60% GGC, 30% LWC and 10% RHA can develop the mullite phase (3Al2O32SiO2). Effect of utilizing RHA in this formula can develop greyish color of ceramic tiles. Physical properties of formula no. A7 and B13 can achieve 30.15, 24.54 MPa of bending strength and 1.91, 11.72% of water absorption. They all can pass Thai Industrial Standard (TIS 2508-2555). The result of this study can be employed to manufacture environmentally friendly fired clay tiles.

Ceramization of Inorganic Ion Exchangers Loaded with Nuclear-Waste into Red Clay Tiles

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Lehto ◽  
Olli J. Heinonen ◽  
Jorma K. Miettinen
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Hot Pressing ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Sodium Titanate ◽  
New Method ◽  
Ion Exchangers ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Inorganic Ion Exchangers ◽  
Inorganic Ion ◽  
Clay Tiles

ABSTRACTA new method to ceramize inorganic ion exchangers loaded with nuclear waste has been developed. It is simpler and cheaper than methods used previously, e.g. hot pressing. The inorganic ion exchangers, sodium titanate and ZrO2, were turned into final ceramic waste form by mixing them with a Finnish red clay in weight ratio 1:4 at maximum. The tiles moulded frKm the wet, bakeable mixture were ceramized at 1020–1060°C. The leach rates of Sr, Cs and Co from the tiles determind by a 7 dynam c ISO-test were after six months of leaching 10−6−10−7 g/cm2/d, in decreasing order. Mechanically the tiles are very durable: flexural strengths were in the range of 20–45 meganewtons per square meter.

scholarly journals The Suitability of Porous Material to Simulate Evaporation in Human Sweating Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-463
Keyword(s):  
Porous Material ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Outdoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Human Sweat ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
White Clay ◽  
Sweat Evaporation

This study aims to determine the suitable porous material that can simulate human sweat evaporation rate for preliminary thermal comfort assessment. The objective of the study was to identify the relationship of human sweat evaporation rate with porous material evaporation rate. Field experimental has been conducted to measure the evaporation rate of porous material such as red clay, white clay, plaster and human sweat. Then, the correlation analysis was conducted between porous material evaporation rate and human sweat evaporation rate. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS 20 and Microsoft Excel 2016 tools. Pearson correlation were used as statistical analysis to find the relationship between both variable. The statistical significance level was set at P< 0.01. Based on the findings, human sweat evaporation rate had a moderate correlation with red clay (r = 0.583) and white clay (r = 0.503) with statistically significant but very weak correlation with plaster (r = 0.020). The porous characteristics of red clay and white clay has the capillary effect which is almost like human skin by showing a good correlation between human sweat and porous material evaporation rate. As this is preliminary study, in future more research to be done to obtain higher correlation between porous material and the human body by modifying the material. To minimize heat stress, it would be a step forward in evaluating outdoor thermal comfort and raising awareness of society and government.

scholarly journals XIX. Experiments upon the different kinds of marle found in Staffordshire

1773 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 161-161 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Earth ◽  
White Clay

Half a dram of the marles being put into similar glass cups, two drams of nitrous acid being added to each glass, they all effervesced; No 1 and 2 the least, No 12 the most. The effervescence having ceased, and fix drams of rain water being added to each glass, the liquors were all filtered, and after filtration, changed violet paper to a red colour. To the filtered colours was gradually added mild fixed alkali, sufficient to saturate the acid, and precipitate all the earth it had dissolved. The precipitated earth being washed in rain water, till free from all saline matter, weighed, when dry, as in column the third. Column the fourth shews that, after the separation of the calcarious earth, there remained in No 1, 2, 4, a red clay; in No 12 a white clay; in No 8 a red clay, and a portion of sane; in No 3 a whitish clay, with a portion of sand; in No 6, 9, 10, 11. pure sand; and in No 7 sand, with a small portion of clay.

Physicochemical Analysis of Roof Runoffs from the Obuasi Area

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osei Akoto ◽  
Fredrick Appiah ◽  
Nathaniel Owusu Boadi
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Metal Sheet ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
The People ◽  
Roofing Material ◽  
Roofing Materials ◽  
Clay Tiles

The quality of surface and ground water in the Obuasi municipality is poor due to the vigorous mining activities taking place in this area. Harvesting rainwater has become an alternative source of domestic water supply to the inhabitants, but there are no reports on their quality. In this study, runoff samples were taken from four different roofing materials in three communities and analyzed for the following parameters Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr Zn, Al, NO3−, SO42-, PO42- and Cl− using standard procedures in order to determine their impact on the quality of the harvested water. The results reveal that, the type of roofing material used for the harvest did influence the quality of the runoffs. The concentrations of Pb and Cd were high in samples from asbestos and clay tiles roofing materials than that of the metal sheets. Asbestos and clay tiles roofing materials pose more environmental risk than other roofs investigated in this study, hence should not be used to harvest rainwater for domestic purposes. The orders in which the roofs are liable of releasing metals into the runoffs are: Cr (ceramic &gt; asbestos &gt; metal sheet), and Zn and Al (metal sheet &gt; asbestos &gt; ceramic tiles). Clay tiles which have rough surfaces do retain contaminants than the metal roofs which are smooth. The levels of some of the metals were above the permissible limits and are health hazards especially for the people who used the harvested water for domestic purposes.

scholarly journals Efecto de la concentración de silicato de sodio y ácido fosfórico en la reducción de la temperatura de cocción de las baldosas cerámicas

Respuestas ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Richard Monroy-Sepúlveda ◽  
Bladimir Ramón-Valencia ◽  
Yebrail Alexis Romero-Arcos
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Molded Parts ◽  
Geological Formation ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Clay Tiles

Objetivo: determinar la reducción de la temperatura de cocción en baldosas cerámicas en función de la concentración de silicato de sodio y ácido fosfórico presente en la formulación de mezclas de pasta arcillosa. Métodos: la investigación se llevó a cabo utilizando una muestra de arcilla de la formación geológica Guayabo del Área Metropolitana de Cúcuta. Para la elaboración de las probetas se adicionaron a la arcilla tres concentraciones de ácido fosfórico a 0,5%, 1,0% y 1,5% en peso, conjuntamente con tres concentraciones de silicato sódico hidratado de 1,0%, 2,0% y 3,0% en peso respectivamente. Las mezclas se molturaron por vía seca y se realizó el amasado manual y conformado en extrusora. Las probetas obtenidas se secaron en una estufa de secado a 110 ºC y sinterizaron en un horno eléctrico a cinco temperaturas máximas (650 ºC, 680 ºC, 700ºC, 750 ºC y 880 ºC). Posteriormente se aplicaron ensayos de laboratorio para determinar la absorción de agua, contracción en cocido y resistencia a la flexión de las probetas. Resultados: los resultados permitieron afirmar que la adición de estos dos aditivos aceleraron la gresificación de la arcilla utilizada, reduciendo los ciclos y temperatura de sinterización de las piezas cerámicas conformadas, lo que hace inferir que es una alternativa en la reducción del consumo de energía térmica empleada en el proceso de cocción de las empresas fabricantes de baldosas cerámicas. Conclusión: repercutiendo en la disminución del impacto ambiental generado por emisiones de CO2 y material particulado.Palabras clave: Ácido Fosfórico, Arcilla, Baldosas, Sinterización, Silicato de Sodio. Abstract  Objective: Determining the reduction in the firing temperature ceramic tiles according to the concentration of sodium silicate and phosphoric acid present in the formulation of mixtures of clay paste. Methods: the research was conducted using a sample of clay Guayabo geological formation of the Metropolitan Area of Cucuta. For the preparation of the samples were added to the clay three concentrations of phosphoric acid at 0.5%, 1,0% and 1,5% by weight , together with three concentrations of hydrated sodium silicate 1,0%, 2,0% and 3,0 % by weight respetivamente. The mixtures were ground dry processing and manual kneading and shaping was performed using a laboratory extruder biscuit. The produced samples were dried in a drying oven at 110 °C and sintered in an oven five maximum temperatures (650 °C, 680 °C, 700 °C, 750 °C and 880 °C). Subsequently laboratory tests were performed to determine the water absorption and cooked contraction in flexural strength of the test pieces. Results: the results allowed to state that the addition of these two additives accelerated the vitrification of the clay used, reducing the cycles and sintering temperature of the ceramic molded parts, making infer that it is an alternative in reducing the consumption of thermal energy used in the cooking process of the manufacturers of ceramic tiles. Conclusion: which influence the reduction of the environmental impact caused by emissions of CO2 and particulate matter.Keywords: Phosphoric Acid, Clay, Tiles, Sodium Silicate, Sintering.

Soil Formation in Southern Nigeria. (The “Ilepa” Profile.)

1933 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Doyne ◽  
W. A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Ferric Oxide ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Southern Nigeria ◽  
White Clay

Summary1. The typical profile of south-western Nigeria formed over acid igneous rocks under alternating conditions of percolation and evaporation is described. The profile being (a) brown sandy soil, (b) concretion layer, (c) red clay, (d) mottled red and white clay, (e) whitish clay, (f) rotting rock. Acidity increases with depth.2. Analyses of the concretion layer show that it consists chiefly of silica (quartz), ferric oxide, and occasionally some manganese. Alumina does not occur to a large extent.3. From studies of the mobility of the iron and soluble salts throughout the profile it is suggested that the profile is developed by a rise of an iron sol which is deposited on a layer of quartz to form the concretions.4. The Yoruba name “Il***pa” has been adopted by the authors for describing such a profile.

scholarly journals A modified slow sand filtration system of epikarst spring water in karst mountainous areas, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-241
Author(s):  
Yuewen Zhao ◽  
Xiuyan Wang ◽  
Juan Yang ◽  
Changli Liu ◽  
Shuaiwei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Filtration System

Abstract Epikarst springs are commonly used for drinking water in karst mountainous areas, but they tend to bring health risks to residents because of their vulnerability. In this work, a modified slow sand filtration system (M-SSF) was established as a case study to purify and conserve the epikarst spring water. The outcomes indicate that the purification of M-SSF relies mainly on the adsorption and ion exchange of the filter medium (mixtures of heat-treated red clay and crushed limestone, MHRCCL) during the schmutzdecke juvenility, and on the schmutzdecke-formed food chain of pollutants → bacteria → protozoa after the schmutzdecke maturity. The closed water cellar lined with ceramic tiles could reduce the deterioration of epikarst spring water during storage. Via 16S rRNA sequencing, it was found that the high abundance of TM6_Dependentiae in purified epikarst spring water (PESW) suggested that the M-SSF system relies on the formation of a closed food chain to achieve effective water purification. The decrease of Pseudarcicella abundance in PESW indicated that M-SSF could effectively prevent the water quality from external influences represented by leeches. Besides, the 16S function prediction was used to qualitatively characterize microbial nitrogen metabolism, as well as organic matter degradation in water purification.

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