Eastern goat’s rue in Forage Production of Russia: state and breeding objectives

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
В.Н. Золотарев
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
Galega Orientalis ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Forage Yields ◽  
Selection Of

Козлятник восточный (Galega orientalis Lam.) обладает рядом ценных хозяйственно полезных признаков и биологических свойств, характеризуется высоким содержанием протеина и незаменимых аминокислот в зелёной массе. Благодаря способности к вегетативному размножению эта культура способна обеспечивать формирование устойчивых гомеостатических агропопуляций, которые при соблюдении технологии использования могут длительно сохранять высокую семенную и кормовую продуктивность. Однако до настоящего времени козлятник восточный практически не используется как кормовое растение в высокотехнологичном кормопроизводстве для породистого высокопродуктивного КРС. Эта культура имеет ряд ограничительных факторов по комплексу хозяйственно полезных и биолого-технологических признаков, качеству сырья для заготовки объёмистых кормов. В настоящее время галега как кормовое растение по площадям посевов и использованию существенно уступает традиционным бобовым травам (люцерне, клеверу, эспарцету) и может рассматриваться только в качестве дополнительной многолетней культуры для овец, коз, кроликов, лошадей, свиней. Козлятник восточный может быть классифицирован как культура с очень небольшим генетическим изменением. Зарегистрированные сорта являются улучшенными биотипами природных популяций по кормовой и семенной продуктивности, зимостойкости (для северных районов ареала интродукции этой культуры). В научных учреждениях проводится традиционная фенотипическая селекция по отдельным признакам в границах конститутивного биотипа козлятника. Для повышения эффективности производственного использования козлятника необходимо выведение сортов со сниженным содержанием антипитательных веществ в зелёной массе и повышенной толерантностью к укосному режиму эксплуатации травостоев. Для устранения недостатков козлятника, в том числе в его биохимическом составе, требуется корректировка биологических свойств как поиском природных форм с необходимыми признаками, так и их индуцированием путём редактирования генома. Для этого необходимо использование арсенала современных методов: экспериментального мутагенеза, полиплоидии, клеточной селекции, соматической гибридизации, генотипирования или трансгенеза/интрогрессии — с последующей традиционной фенотипической селекционной оценкой и отборами. Eastern goat’s rue (Galega orientalis Lam.) is a valuable crop that is rich in protein and essential amino acids. Due to its ability to vegetative reproduction the crop forms stable homeostatic ecosystems providing high seed and forage yields. However, farmers still prefer other crops for cattle feeding. Eastern goat’s rue has a number of traits limiting its wide cultivation. Nowadays the crop occupies much smaller territories compared to legumes such as alfalfa, clover and sainfoin being an additional perennial fodder for sheep, goats, rabbits, horses and pigs. Genome of eastern goat’s rue has barely changed. Registered varieties have improved feed and seed productivities as well as winter hardiness. Research Institutes mostly focus on conventional phenotypic selection. More effective use of eastern goat’s rue requires breeding of new genotypes with lower concentration of anti-nutritional factors in its green mass combined with higher tolerance to regular cutting. Selection of new natural genotypes as well as genome editing are promising areas to improve its biochemical composition. Modern methods of plant breeding can be of great use: mutagenesis, polyploidization, cell selection, somatic hybridization, genotyping or transgenesis/introgression — followed by conventional phenotypic selection.

FORAGE PRODUCTION OF SAINFOIN AND ALFALFA ON DRYLAND IN MIXED- AND ALTERNATE-ROW SEEDINGS WITH THREE GRASSES

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. HANNA ◽  
G. C. KOZUB ◽  
S. SMOLIAK
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Agropyron Desertorum ◽  
Companion Species ◽  
Forage Yields ◽  
Selection Of

Forage yields were determined over a 5-yr period from alfalfa (Medicago media Pers. cv. Ladak) and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop. cv. Eski) grown alone and in mixed- and alternate-row seedings with crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult. cv. Nordan), Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch. cv. Sawki), and pubescent wheatgrass (Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt. cv. Greenleaf). Total yield and yield of the legume component were consistently higher for the alfalfa–grass than for the sainfoin–grass associations. The sainfoin–Russian wild ryegrass mixed-row stand was the most productive sainfoin–grass combination, and maintained the highest yield and proportion of sainfoin. The highest grass yields and lowest legume yields were obtained from associations involving pubescent wheatgrass, which was particularly competitive with sainfoin. Sainfoin grown alone outyielded all sainfoin–grass combinations with the exception of the associations with Russian wild ryegrass. Mixed-row seedings yielded significantly more than alternate-row seedings in sainfoin–Russian wild ryegrass, alfalfa–crested wheatgrass, and alfalfa–pubescent wheatgrass associations. However, legume yield and total yield in an alternate-row seeding of sainfoin–pubescent wheatgrass were higher than in a mixed-row seeding. Sainfoin is a suitable alternative to alfalfa in parts of the prairie region, but particular attention must be paid to the selection of companion species if it is to be grown in association with a grass.

Evolution of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) imprinted by natural and human factorsThis review is one of a selection of papers presented at the symposium on Vitis at the XVII International Botanical Congress held in Vienna, Austria, in 2005.

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 679-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Bessis
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
International Botanical ◽  
International Botanical Congress ◽  
Environmental Agents ◽  
Selection Of

This paper is concerned with vegetative reproduction, which is the only mode of propagation in cultivated grapevines. After a brief summary of the systematics of the Vitaceae the question of the nomenclature of cultivated grapevines is discussed. Intra-varietal variability is discussed using morphological and molecular characteristics. The origins of variation are presented: mutations, foreign nucleic acids, and memory of previous environmental conditions. Grapevines provide characteristic products, leading viticulturalists to make selections among the diversity observed in the vineyard, thus decreasing diversity. Grapevines interact with various environmental agents. One example, the natural defence provided by resveratrol, is analysed, showing its direct effects against parasitic fungi and its indirect effects, both metabolic and genetic, on other organisms. Thus, the grapevine, viticulturalists, and their environment form a web of biological interactions.

Sources of valuable traits for perennial grass breeding

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-89
Author(s):  
LZ Baistruk-Hlodan ◽  
MM Кhomiak ◽  
HZ Zhapaleu
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Galega Orientalis

Aim. The purpose was to identify collection accessions – sources of valuable traits to use as starting material for creating varieties of perennial grasses in Western Ukraine. Results and Discussion. Perennial grasses play an essential role in improving the efficiency of forage production. They produce a fodder mass that contains major macro- and micronutrients, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and other nutrients in available forms, with a high energy protein saturation. Practice shows that due to the introduction of varietal crops into production in combination with optimal technologies of their cultivation, which allows revealing the potential of each variety, it is possible to additionally obtain 20-30% higher yields of fodder mass annually and harvest 2 to 3-fold seed yields. In 2016-2020, a search was carried out and 570 new accessions of perennial grasses were recruited, of which 201 were legumes and 369 were graminaceous grasses. The collection contains 1,319 accessions, of which 232 are Trifolium pratense L., 115 are Trifolium repens L., 49 are Trifolium hybridum L., 107 are Lotus corniculatus L., 80 belong to other legume species (Medicago, Galega orientalis L. Galega orientalis L. and Trifolium species), 131 are Phleum pratense L., 187 are Dactylis glomerata L., 146 are Lolium perenne L., 53 are Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. et C.Presl., 67 are Festuca rubra L., 28 are Festuca trachyphylla L., 32 are Bromopsis inermis (Leyss.) Holub, 92 belong to other species of other types of graminaceous grasses (Festuca pratensis Huds., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Agrostis alba L. etc.). Accessions that enter the Department are registered and sown for propagation in the field. After examination, valuable accessions are transferred to the National Depository and registered in the National Catalogue; the rest of the obtained seeds are used in working collections. Conclusions. The best collection accessions were identified by a set of economically valuable traits: sources of daily growth of shoots (30), winter hardiness (28), plant height (22), yield of green mass upon haymaking (28) and pasture (19) use, forage productivity (15), seed productivity (25), foliage (21), and disease resistance (23). They can be recommended as starting material to create varieties of perennial grasses with high yields of forage mass and seeds for various applications.

scholarly journals Calibration and measurement capability (CMC) and customer technical qualification

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suelí Fischer Beckert ◽  
Renan Ednan Flôres
Keyword(s):  
Measuring Range ◽  
Measurement Capability ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Accredited Laboratories ◽  
Accredited Laboratory ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Formal Recognition ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Calibration And Measurement Capability

In the context of metrological confirmation, calibration is an essential process in all quality assurance efforts. Several organizations choose to outsource this activity to accredited laboratories in accordance with the requirements set forth in ISO/IEC 17025: 2017. Companies understand that accredited laboratory has formal recognition of its technical competence to perform the services within its scope of accreditation. The document ILAC P14: 2013 sets out guidelines for the presentation of Calibration and Measurement Capability (CMC). However, when analysing the scope of accredited laboratories in some national calibration bodies, it is possible to observe that, for the same instrument and the same measuring range, different values are attributed to CMC. If the CMC should result from normal calibration operations on the best existing device, what causes this dispersion? How can the customer make effective use of the information contained in accreditation scopes? In order to further standardize the presentation of CMC in accreditation scopes, calibration methods adopted by laboratories should be required to meet the maximum permissible errors established by manufacturers or normative documents. Companies can outsource calibration activities. But the selection of service provider and the interpretation of the results remains a customer assignment. The paper presents an analysis of accreditation scopes of different national calibration bodies and discusses the qualification of those in charge of metrology management, regarding the knowledge and skills required for activity.

scholarly journals Agua, economía y territorio: nuevos enfoques de la Directiva Marco del Agua para la gestión del recurso

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
José A. Gómez-Limón ◽  
Julia Martin-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Water Management Plans ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Economic Good ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Water Uses ◽  
Selection Of

Water is a natural resource that performs different functions in development processes (satisfaction of population’s basic needs, key element for ecosystems and landscapes, input in different economic activities, etc.). Taking into account this relevance and its features as an economic good, public authorities have carried out an important role as regulators. The last milestone in this path has been the approval of the Water Framework Directive. One of the most innovative points of this European rule is the use of economic analysis for the optimisation of different water uses. However, the development of the works done for the design of the new water management plans has shown several shortcomings regarding the economic analysis of water uses, the analysis of costs recovery for water services and the selection of meassures to reach these objectives. In this sense it is necessary to strength the nexus between the policy- making and academic spheres in order to support a more rigorous and effective use of the large scientific knowledge developed in this field.

scholarly journals Estimation of genetic parameters and selection of elephant-grass ( Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) for forage production using mixed models

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanessa F. Stida ◽  
Rogério F. Daher ◽  
Alexandre P. Viana ◽  
Ana Kesia F. Vidal ◽  
Rafael S. Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Estimation Of Genetic Parameters ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals  Molecular markers: their use in tree improvement

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mahajan ◽  
P. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Linkage Maps ◽  
Genetic Linkage Maps ◽  
Selection Of

Earlier breeders used phenotypic selection based on morphological characteristics to improve tree varieties. These selections often take many cycles of breeding and backcrossing in order to place desired characteristics. But today the knowledge has paved the way for a much deeper understanding of the mechanics of cell biology and the hereditary process itself. Breeders are presented with numerous possibilities of altering the behaviour of existing varieties. Linkage between molecular markers can be translated to genetic linkage maps, which have become an important tool in plant genetics. They may choose to use marker-assisted approaches in order to facilitate the selection of favourable combinations of genes that occur naturally within a tree species.  

scholarly journals The Renin Angiotensin System — Its Physiology and Role in Disease States

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Electrolyte Depletion ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Selection Of

The renin-angiotensin system is one of a number of interlinked mechanisms regulating vascular resistance and blood volume. Under certain conditions it may become a predominant factor in maintaining vascular tone. Knowledge about these conditions (sodium depletion, mineralocorticoid deficiency, renovascular hypertension and iatrogenic hyperreninaemic states) is important for the safe and effective use of drugs which inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. Measurements of plasma renin activity are useful in the diagnostic assessment of hypertensive patients with hypokalaemia or evidence of renal artery stenosis. They may also have a place in the management of refractory or dialysis-resistant hypertension. Their use in the selection of antihypertensive therapy for the individual patient is controversial. Sequential measurements of plasma renin are helpful in analysing states of electrolyte depletion, and in titrating therapy for Addison's disease.

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