К вопросу реновации зеленых насаждений санаторных парков

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-28
Author(s):  
В.В. КРУГЛЯК ◽  
Е.И. ГУРЬЕВА

Зеленые насаждения санаторных парков (Воронежская область) закладывались в предвоенные годы на основе дворянских усадеб. В настоящее время они на 60% представлены искусственными насаждениями. Характеризуются усилением деградации, снижением санитарно-гигиенических, декоративных и рекреационных функций и нуждаются в реновации. Актуальность темы обусловлена острой необходимостью улучшения функционирования санаторных парковых территорий в современных условиях путем обогащения ассортимента с обоснованием их пространственного размещения и ландшафтно-эстетической ценности. Цель исследований – обоснование мероприятий по реновации и оптимизации зеленых насаждений санаторных парков на основе их комплексной оценки в современных условиях. Выявлено, что повторение засушливых лет, урбоэкологические условия санаторных парков лимитируют эффективное функционирование зеленых насаждений. Наибольший процент насаждений относится ко второму и третьему классам устойчивости. Здоровые деревья во втором классе составляют от 71 до 90 %. В зеленых насаждениях третьего класса устойчивости наблюдаются процессы деградации, обусловленные возрастными категориями. На основе инвентаризации установлено, что площадь зеленых насаждений искусственного и естественного происхождения санаториев Воронежской области значительно варьирует. Зеленые насаждения искусственного происхождения произрастают в санатории им. Горького (площадь 9,6 га; возраст до 88 лет). Лесные массивы естественного происхождения в санаториях им. Дзержинского, «Углянец», им. Цюрупы, дом отдыха «Петровский» составляют от 45,4 до 66,8 % парковых территорий. Доля участия лиственных древесные видов составляет около 70%. На территориях санатория им. Дзержинского и дома отдыха «Петровский» лесопарковые ландшафты включают лесные массивы с преобладанием Quercus robur (9Д1Кл). Для лесопарков санаториев лесостепной зоны отмечена общая тенденция сокращения объема крон в связи с ухудшением состояния растительности, обусловленные возрастом. (24376000 м3 – 97985110 м3). Для усиления рекреационного эффекта требуется значительно увеличить долю участия  декоративных кустарников. В общем объеме, занимаемом кронами растений в настоящее время она незначительна – менее 1 %. Рекомендовано вводить в зеленые насаждения кустарники для оптимизации пространственной структуры и повышения ландшафтно-эстетической привлекательности санаторных парков. Так как преобладание закрытых пространств в существующих насаждениях санаториев (более 50 %) приводит к монотонности в композиционном построении. Наличие системы открытых (7-25), полуоткрытых (32-47%) приведет к формированию соответствующих целям рекреации и функциям насаждений. Для соответствия функциям лечебно- оздоровительного учреждения с учетом нормативных документов предусмотрено увеличение площадей (на 20%) зоны тихого отдыха. На основе комплексной оценки зеленых насаждений санаториев, с учетом видового разнообразия и типов посадок разработана классификация пространственной организации. Определен санитарно-гигиенический и рекреационный потенциал, принципы подбора и ассортимент декоративных деревьев и кустарников для реновации санаторных парков в лесостепной зоне. Установлен регламент мероприятий при реконструкции зеленых насаждений парковых территорий лечебно-оздоровительных учреждений. Green plantations of sanatorium parks (Voronezh region) were laid in the pre-war years on the basis of noble estates. Currently, they are 60% represented by artificial plantations. Characterized by increased degradation, reduction of sanitary, decorative and recreational functions and need renovation. The relevance of the topic is due to the urgent need to improve the functioning of sanatorium Park areas in modern conditions by enriching the range with the justification of their spatial location and landscape and aesthetic value. The purpose of the research is to substantiate measures for the renovation and optimization of green spaces of sanatorium parks on the basis of their comprehensive assessment in modern conditions. It is revealed that the repetition of dry years, urban ecological conditions of sanatorium parks limit the effective functioning of green spaces. The highest percentage of plantings belongs to the second and third classes of stability. Healthy trees in the second class are from 71 to 90%. In the green spaces of the third class of sustainability there are processes of degradation due to age categories. On the basis of the inventory it was found that the area of green spaces of artificial and natural origin of health resorts of the Voronezh region varies significantly. Green plantations of artificial origin grow in the sanatorium. Gorky (area of 9.6 hectares; age up to 88 years). Forests of natural origin in sanatoria. Dzerzhinsky, "Uglyanets", them. Tsyurupy, the rest house "Petrovsky" make from 45,4 to 66,8% of Park territories. The share of participation of deciduous tree species is about 70%. On the territories of the sanatorium. Dzerzhinsky and the rest house "Petrovsky" forested landscapes include forests with predominance of Quercus robur (9Д1Кл). For the forest parks of the health resorts of the forest-steppe zone the General tendency of reduction of volume of crowns in connection with deterioration of the condition of vegetation caused by age is noted. (24376000 m3 – 97985110 m3). To enhance the recreational effect requires a significant increase in the share of decorative shrubs. In the total volume occupied by the canopy of plants at the present time it is insignificant – less than 1 %. It is recommended to introduce bushes into green plantings to optimize the spatial structure and increase the landscape and aesthetic attractiveness of sanatorium parks. Since the predominance of enclosed spaces in existing plantations of health resorts (more than 50 %) leads to monotony in the composition. The system of open (7-25), half-open (32-47%) will lead to the formation of appropriate recreational purposes and functions of plantations. To comply with the functions of the medical and health institution, taking into account regulatory documents, an increase in the area (by 20%) of the quiet recreation area is provided. On the basis of a comprehensive assessment of green areas of health resorts, taking into account the species diversity and types of landings, the classification of spatial organization is developed. The sanitary-hygienic and recreational potential, principles of selection and the range of decorative trees and bushes for renovation of sanatorium parks in the forest-steppe zone are defined. The rules of measures for the reconstruction of green spaces of Park areas of medical and health institutions are established.

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
N.O. Kryuchenko ◽  
◽  
Ya. Zhovinsky ◽  
P.S. Paparyga ◽  
O.A. Zhuk ◽  
...  

The results of a comprehensive analysis of the microelement composition of soils — B, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn and plants — Ag, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn (oak (Quercus robur L.), pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) perennial grasses — Kupena (Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All.), wheatgrass (Elymus repens (L.) Gould)) of natural reserve belonging to different physical and geographical zones — Polessky reserve (mixed forest zone), Roztochya reserve (broad-leaved forest zone), Kanevsky reserve (forest-steppe zone), the reserve «Askania Nova» (steppe zone), the Chernogorsk massif of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (KBR, Ukrainian Carpathians), which are proposed to be considered as background. It was found that in the soils of mixed and broad-leaved forests and the Chernogorsk massif KBR with an increase in the content of gross forms of Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, the content of their mobile forms increases, this dependence is inverse in the soils of the steppe zone, which is associated with a decrease in soil acidity and mobility microelements A positive correlation was revealed between the humus content in soils and Zn, Co (gross and mobile forms) and negative — B, Mo in the soils of all reserve zones. It was found that the greatest biogeochemical activity is characteristic of plants in the zone of deciduous forests — oak leaves (Quercus robur L.) and pine needles (Pinus sylvestris L.).


2020 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 04025
Author(s):  
D. A. Filimonova ◽  
S V Solovev ◽  
A N Bezborodova ◽  
G F Miller

At present, the return of fallow lands to agricultural circulation is an important and one of the topical issues of the whole world. Research related to the restoration of soil properties of fallows is of particular value. Therefore, it is necessary to know what processes occur in the vegetation and soil cover of fallows at the different stages of their development, taking into account local natural features. The paper presents the results of a survey of young (up to four years) and middle-aged (up to ten years) fallows of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia within the Novosibirsk region. It is established that in the first decade of succession in fallow areas there are two stages of overgrowth, and when analyzing the structure of plant matter, it is shown that the ratio of their fractional composition reflects the general tendency to restore the ecosystem that preceded plowing. Restoration of soil properties under young and middle-aged fallows is much slower. Data of humus content analysis allow us to conclude that its content is somewhat higher in the upper parts of the profile in middle-aged fallows compared to young fallows. The research on soil-physical characteristics and vegetation cover allowed us to note the trends of restoration of the initial state of soils.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Valeriy Sapega ◽  
Aleksandr Mitrikovskiy

The studies were carried out in 2015–2018 in the southern forest-steppe of Tyumen region in order to assess the yield, realize its potential and ecological plasticity of pea varieties admitted for use in the region, to identify the best genotypes. The material for the study was the data on the yield of eight varieties of peas. The index of environmental conditions and ecological plasticity were determined according to the method of S.A. Eberhart, W.A. Russell, the share of yield, relative to the average variety, and the realization of its potential - according to L.A. Zhivotkov and E.D. Nettevich, the yield range - according to V.A. Zykin. The index of environmental conditions in the years of testing varied from 0.89 (2015) to -1.04 (2016). Salamanca variety was characterized by the highest yield potential and the highest adaptability, in comparison with the average variety, in the most favorable (120.3%) and most unfavorable conditions (141.7%). On average for 2015–2018 the best in terms of yield was Omskiy 9 variety (1.98 t/ha). At the same time, the range of variation in the value of this indicator for the analyzed was significant - from 73.8% (Yamalskiy) to 89.0% (Kumir). Omskiy 9 variety (69.0%) was characterized by the highest value of the realization of the yield potential, and the lowest - Kumir (50.7%). The varieties Omskiy 9 (bi = 1.17), Kumir (bi = 1.13) and Salamanca (bi = 1.15) were characterized by the highest responsiveness to changes in environmental conditions - these are varieties of the intensive type. Weak responsiveness to changes in environmental conditions was found in the varieties Yamalsky (bi = 0.80) and Yamal (bi = 0.86). The varieties Batrak, Agrointel and Tomas, with a regression coefficient equal to or close to one, are classified as plastic. The Tomas variety was the most stable (Si2 = 0.16), the least - Kumir (Si2 = 15.98). On the basis of a comprehensive assessment of yield and parameters of ecological adaptability, the best varieties in the southern forest-steppe zone of Tyumen region were recognized as Omskiy 9 and Salamanca


2014 ◽  
pp. 101-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Semenishchenkov ◽  
A. V. Poluyanov

Steppificated oak forests — the unique relic natural complexes of the Eastern Europe remained in Central Russia by small fragments. These forests are important elements of forest-steppe natural complexes and the reserves of rare plant species. In the European scientific literature the questions of their syntaxonomy, features of structure and dynamics are discussed (Mucina at al., 1993; Chytrý, 1997; Chytrý, Horak, 1997; Roleček, 2005, 2007; Kevey, 2008; etc.). The data on phytocoenotic diversity of such forests in Central Russia were obtained only recently but they are fragmented and insufficient. According to the Braun-Blanquet approach these forests belong to the subcontinental forest-steppe alliance Aceri tatarici–Quercion Zólyomi 1957. Such forests are described within the areas of distribution of two important edificator species — Acer tataricum and A.campestre which the northeast areal border generally corresponds to the northeast border of the forest-steppe zone. On the basis of geobotanical data collected by the authors on the Middle-Russian Upland (Belgorod, Kursk, Tula regions) the 4 new associations within the alliance Aceri tatarici–Quercion Zólyomi 1957 are described. Floristic differentiation of new syntaxa from the Central-European syntaxa is demonstrated by the DCA-ordination. Authors propose an original combination of the diagnostic species for this alliance, for the area studied. Taking into account the floristic specificity of the forests of the region, we suggest uniting of the established associations into the new suballiance Crataego curvisepalae–Quercenion roboris. This alliance represents the East European mesoxerophyte broad-leaved (with Quercus robur) forests of forest-steppe zone of the Middle Russian subprovince of the East European forest-steppe province. The diagnostic species of the suballiance are following: Quercus robur, Acer platanoides, Chamaecytisus ruthenicus, Crataegus curvisepala, Frangula alnus, Melampyrum nemorosum, Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata, Vibur­num opulus. The suballiance is diagnosed by absence of thermophilous ous Quercus species, in particular, Q.petraea, Q.pubescens, Q.cerris, etc., their hybrid forms, and also some Central European and Sub-Mediterranean trees and shrubs: Acer pseudoplatanus, Carpinus betulus, Crataegus laevigata, C.monogyna, Cornus mas, Fagus sylvatica, Ligustrum vulgare, Sorbus aria, S.tomentosa, Tilia argentea, T.plathyphyllos, Viburnum lantana, Ulmus minor. Results of the research spread our knowledge on distribution of the steppificatedbroad-leaved forests in the Central Russia. and geography of the alliance Aceri tatarici–Quercion in Eastern Europe.


2020 ◽  
Vol 87-88 ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
Lyubov Pleskach ◽  
Vitaliy Virchenko

Investigations of the species diversity of epiphytic bryophytes of the State Dendrological Park “Olexandria” (the historical part and the “Budynok Lisnyka” plot) were conducted in 2017–2019 and revealed 40 species representing 22 genera, 17 families, seven orders, two classes, and two divisions. This corresponds to 46.51 % of the total number of detected bryophytes in the park. The leading families in the bryoflora of the park are Orthotrichaceae (9 species), Brachytheciaceae (6), Amblystegiaceae (3), Anomodontaceae (3), Dicranaceae (3), Hypnaceae (3), and Pottiaceae (2). The leading genera are Orthotrichum (9 species), Anomodon (3), and Dicranum (3).Among the identified taxa, five species (Dicranum tauricum, Orthotrichum lyellii, Porella platyphylla, Sciuro-hypnum reflexum, and Syntrichia virescens) are regionally rare within the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. Most of the recorded epiphytic mosses were found on the bark of Acer platanoides (28 species), Fraxinus excelsior (27), Quercus robur (26), Acer campestre (23), and Tilia cordata (22). The least epiphytic mosses were found on the bark of conifers (Pinus sylvestris, P. strobus, Picea abies, Larix decidua, etc.).The surveyed trees in the State Dendrological Park “Olexandria” were also found such epigeal mosses as Plagiomnium cuspidatum, Ceratodon purpureus, Dicranella heteromalla, and Pohlia nutans, as well as epixilic moss Dicranum flagellare, etc.The “Budynok Lisnyka” plot hosts three species that do not occur in the park’s historical part. In particular, Lophocolea heterophylla and Sciuro-hypnum curtum were found there on Quercus robur trunks and Sciuro-hypnum reflexum on Quercus rubra bark. At the same time, the historical part of the park is characterized by the number of expansive bryophytes.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Kondrat'eva

A new view of the position of oak in the successional processes of oak forests of the forest-steppe is presented, based on the population strategy of this species and the peculiarities of the conditions for the development of pregenerative stages. The preferable conditions for natural regeneration of oak in forest communities and their relationship with the dynamics of deciduous communities of the forest-steppe are analyzed.


2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-89
Author(s):  
Чернышов ◽  
Mikhail Chernyshov

Allocation in the forests of specially protected forest areas (SPFE) is one of the legal forms of preservation of unique in significance or location and small areas for the conservation of biological diversity of forest flora and fauna. In the forest districts of the Voronezh region, located in the forest steppe and steppe forest zones (13 and 9, respectively) during the forest inventory in 2003 11 types of specially protected forest areas (SPFE) was allocated, a total area of 54478 hectares. Together, this amounts to 13.1 % of the total area of forest fund. Studies have shown that the largest share of the area of SPFE comes on plots of forest on a radius of 1 km around the villages, gardening companies, resorts, holiday homes and camping (76.6 %), in the second place - natural monuments of regional significance (7.2 % ) , on the third-plantations of nectar-bearing plants (5.1 %). The lowest share falls on forest cultures and geographic areas of scientific value (0.1 %). The presence and spatial distribution of SPFE types in forest districts is uneven and their areas because of forest district belonging to the forest-steppe and steppe zones are different. The largest area of SPFE is in Voronezhskoe (3411.4 hectares) and Novousmanskoe (3933.8 hectares) forest districts. In some forest districts SPFEs were not allocated (Somovskoe), in other forest districts from 4 to 9 types were allocated. The greatest diversity of SPFE types is seen in Rossosh and Tellerman forest districts (9 types), as well as Anninskoe and Vorontsovskoe forest districts (8 types). Forest districts of forest-steppe zone is characterized by not only the greatest biodiversity of forest vegetation, but also a greater variety of types of SPFE compared with forest districts of the steppe forest vegetation zone. In selected types of SPFE, activities incompatible with their purpose and performed functions are prohibited from performing.


Author(s):  
И.С. Левченко ◽  
В.В. Мартынов

Большая еловая ложнощитовка Physokermes piceae (Schrank, 1801) - опасный вредитель естественных еловых лесов и искусственных декоративных насаждений. В степной зоне Украины, где ели представлены исключительно интродуцентами, фитофаг имеет статус вселенца. С момента проникновения в 1983 г. до 2020 г. отмечено четыре подъема численности ложнощитовки продолжительностью 2-3 года каждый. Несмотря на это, целенаправленных исследований биологии вредителя в условиях степной зоны Украины ранее не проводилось. Основой работы послужили материалы, собранные в 2018-2020 гг. на 17 модельных участках в городских насаждениях Донбасса, расположенного в пределах степной зоны Украины. Рассмотрены объем рода Physokermes в регионе, фенология, трофические предпочтения, характер распределения в кроне кормового растения, распространение в городских насаждениях. На рассматриваемой территории род Physokermes представлен одним видом - P. piceae. В степной зоне Украины биология большой еловой ложнощитовки существенным образом не отличается от описанной в пределах лесной и лесостепной зон, что говорит об успешной натурализации фитофага на исследуемой территории. Отмечен ряд отличий в характере распределения ложнощитовки по кормовому растению. Отсутствует приуроченность вредителя к ярусам и экспозициям кроны, наблюдается уход фитофага вглубь кроны и переход на питание на 3-, 4- и 5-летнем приросте, что, вероятно, связано с высокими летними температурами и низкой влажностью воздуха. В коллекции Донецкого ботанического сада P. piceae с разной интенсивностью поражала Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., P. obovata Ledeb., P. orientalis (L.) Peterm., P. pungens Engelm . Выделена группа непоражаемых видов: Picea asperata Mast., P. engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., P. koraiensis Nakai. и P. omorika (Pancic) Purk. В Донбассе P. piceae встречается повсеместно во всех типах городских насаждениях с участием елей. Несмотря на высокие показатели плотности заселения вредителем, общее угнетение и снижение декоративности, массового выпадения елей в зеленых насаждениях степной зоны Украины не наблюдается. Spruce bud scale Physokermes piceae (Schrank, 1801) is a dangerous pest of natural spruce forests and man-made amenity plantations. In the steppe zone of Ukraine spruce is represented exclusively by introduced species, therefore this bud scale has the status of an invader. From its initial invasion in 1983 until 2020, four increases in abundance of spruce bud scale lasting for 2-3 years have been observed. Despite this, there were no previous studies focused on the biology of this pest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. This work is based on the materials collected in 2018-2020 in 17 model areas of city green spaces in Donbass, located within the steppe zone of Ukraine. The study focused on the number of species of the genus Physokermes in the region, their phenology, trophic preferences, distribution pattern in the food plant crown, and the spread throughout urban plantations. In the researched area the genus Physokermes is represented by one species, namely P . piceae. Biological characteristics of the spruce bud scale in the Ukraine’s steppe is only insignificantly different from the data reported for the forest and forest-steppe zones. This fact is indicative of the naturalization of this phytophagous insect in the researched area. However, a number of differences were noted in the distribution of the spruce bud scale along the host plant. Showing no confinement to the crown layers and expositions, the studied bud scale goes deep into the crown and undergoes transition to feeding on a 3-, 4-, and 5-year growth, which is probably associated with high summer temperatures and low air humidity. In the collection of the Donetsk Botanical Garden, P. piceae damaged Picea abies (L.) H. Karst., P. obovata Ledeb., P. orientalis (L.) Peterm., and P. pungens Engelm with varying intensity. The study has identified a group of unsusceptible species, namely Picea asperata Mast., P. engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., P. koraiensis Nakai., and P. omorika (Pancic) Purk. In Donbass, P. piceae is found in all types of the city green plantings with spruce. Despite the phytophagous insect's population density, we observed no overall decay and loss of ornamental characteristics in spruce in green spaces of the steppe zone of Ukraine.


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1(20)) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
V.O. Stadnyk ◽  
◽  
A.I. Samchuk ◽  
I.V. Kuraeva ◽  
K.V. Vovk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

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