A method of hidden messages embedding in graphlike structures of a social network

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.В. Нечта
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Automatic Registration ◽  
Connected Component ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Empty Container ◽  
First Time

Предложен новый метод передачи скрытых сообщений в социальных сетях на примере сети “Вконтакте”, позволяющий через структуру графа друзей пользователя внедрять секретные сообщения. Получены количественные оценки объема внедряемого сообщения в графы различного размера. Показана необходимость добавления избыточности во внедряемое сообщение. Представленный метод позволяет использовать другие графоподобные структуры социальной сети для внедрения скрытых сообщений. Purpose. This article addresses the construction of a new method for transmission of hidden messages in social networks. Methodology. The research employs methods of information theory, probability theory and mathematical statistics The Shannon entropy is used as the statistics for the analysis of an embedded message. Findings. The author proposed using the graphical structures of social networks as a container for the secret message transmission for the first time. As an example, the popular Vkontakte network is considered. The main idea of the method involves using the structure of the user’s friends graph to embed a secret message. Based on the available vertices (friends’ accounts), a complete graph is constructed, and its edges are enumerated. Each edge of the graph corresponds to one bit of the message being embedded: the bit is “1”, if the edge is present in the graph (one account in friends of the other), the bit is “0” if the edge is missing. To transfer the graph from one person to another, a key vertex is used. The specified vertex is connected by an edge with each connected component of the graph, which allows the graph to be transmitted using a single node and take into account all the vertices (including isolated ones). When retrieving a message, the key vertex and the edges connected to it are not considered. Conclusions. During the experimental research, it was shown that messages extracted from an empty container differ from the encrypted message by the probability distribution of bits. The necessity of adding redundancy to transmitted secret messages is shown with the purpose of “leveling” the statistical properties of an empty and filled container. The results of the experiment have showed that this method of steganography allows embedding a large amount of information into various social network structures represented in the form of a graph. It was noted in the paper that potentially “narrow” place of the algorithm is registration of new accounts. The restrictions imposed by the administration of some social networks for security purposes do not always allow automatic registration of new accounts, which makes the process of message embedding more difficult.

scholarly journals Taking sociality seriously: the structure of multi-dimensional social networks as a source of information for individuals

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1599) ◽  
pp. 2108-2118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Barrett ◽  
S. Peter Henzi ◽  
David Lusseau
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feedback Process ◽  
Cognitive Evolution ◽  
Systems Approaches ◽  
Entropy Measures ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Source Of Information

Understanding human cognitive evolution, and that of the other primates, means taking sociality very seriously. For humans, this requires the recognition of the sociocultural and historical means by which human minds and selves are constructed, and how this gives rise to the reflexivity and ability to respond to novelty that characterize our species. For other, non-linguistic, primates we can answer some interesting questions by viewing social life as a feedback process, drawing on cybernetics and systems approaches and using social network neo-theory to test these ideas. Specifically, we show how social networks can be formalized as multi-dimensional objects, and use entropy measures to assess how networks respond to perturbation. We use simulations and natural ‘knock-outs’ in a free-ranging baboon troop to demonstrate that changes in interactions after social perturbations lead to a more certain social network, in which the outcomes of interactions are easier for members to predict. This new formalization of social networks provides a framework within which to predict network dynamics and evolution, helps us highlight how human and non-human social networks differ and has implications for theories of cognitive evolution.

Il radicamento di una comunitŕ di Xoraxanč Romŕ a Roma

2009 ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Marco Solimene
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

- The present contribution examines the rootedness of a community of xoraxané romá in the city of Rome; rather than simply the continuity of presence in a specific territory, under consideration is the development and maintenance of social networks with the Roman population, specifically in the territories romá reside and/or work in. Further on, the paper describes how rootedness may be conjugated with some forms of mobility: on the one hand, the continuity in specific areas (of work and in some cases of residence), can be maintained through practices of urban circulation; on the other hand, especially when mobility turns on national and transnational scale, the presence - although mobile and changing - of romá who belong to the same social network, spread among different territories, enables singular domestic units to maintain, despite mobility, a continuity with several non-rom realities.

scholarly journals THE SOCIAL NETWORK OF CONTEMPORARY POPULAR MUSICIANS

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (07) ◽  
pp. 2281-2288 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUYONG PARK ◽  
OSCAR CELMA ◽  
MARKUS KOPPENBERGER ◽  
PEDRO CANO ◽  
JAVIER M. BULDÚ
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
The Other ◽  
Collaboration Network ◽  
Perceived Similarity ◽  
Similarity Network ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
The Social ◽  
Information Database

In this paper, we analyze two social network datasets of contemporary musicians constructed from allmusic.com (AMG), a music and artists' information database: one is the collaboration network in which two musicians are connected if they have performed or produced an album together, and the other is the similarity network in which they are connected if they were musically similar according to the music experts. We find that, while both networks exhibit typical features of social networks such as high transitivity (clustering), we find that they differ significantly in some key network features such as the degree and the betweenness distributions. We believe that this highlights the fundamental differences in the construction mechanism (self-organized collaboration and human-perceived similarity) of the new networks.

scholarly journals Pragmatic Reality of Finglish (in Twitter Social Network)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Elena A. Kartushina
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
The Us ◽  
Personal Perceptions ◽  
Pragmatic Aspect ◽  
Global Language

Being a global language English undergoes certain changes and acquires different varieties known as pre-pidgin forms when English serves as a lexificator language. The number of these “Worlds Englishes” is constantly growing and changing, but on the other hand, based on some personal perceptions, we could notice certain reluctance among linguists to examine and describe the language fusions of such kind. The author analyses the concept of World Englishes noting that there is no unity among both Russian and Western linguists towards the terminology and types of World Englishes. Another review covers the mixture of English and Finnish under question that was formed in the US. Special attention is paid to the pshyco-linguistic theories explaining the emergence of both types of pre-pidgins. The author used social network Twitter with “Finglish” as a hash tag as the material for the study. To give a certain estimate to the pragmatic side of it it also carried out a contextual analysis of all the twits with the respective hash tag. The research interest is to specify the connotation, i. e. pragmatic aspect of it that micro context of a twit post might reveal. Overall, we have analyzed 398 twit inscriptions dated from 2009 until 2018. The paper describes three types of pragmatic attitudes to Finglish: neutral (which is typical to the code switching), irony and negative. It is almost impossible to predict whether this pre-pidgin form will develop further or would be restricted (with variable degree of frequency) by social networks and/or informal aural communication, but what is certain is that this form of the language takes place at present and thus linguists cannot ignore it.

scholarly journals Analysis of The Utilization of the Social Center for Orangutan Protection (COP) In Kalimantan in Orangutan Saving Efforts

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Octalina Hardiyanti ◽  
Agustin Nurmanina
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weak Ties ◽  
Power Networks ◽  
Network Stability ◽  
Work Patterns ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Actors

ABSTRACT: Utilization of the Center for Orangutan Protection (COP) 2 social network in Kalimantan. With the limited number of human resources compared to the wide scope of work in all of Kalimantan, COP makes use of its social networks to meet the needs and the functioning of the organization. In investigative activities, COP has effectively used weak ties to obtain information on the whereabouts of orangutans and the destruction of their habitat. The policies in this activity are also dominated by central actors through their power networks which result in network stability. In contrast to the use of social networks for educational activities, local actors are more dominant in making program policies and work patterns. In the alternation between actors from time to time, there are differences in assumptions and work patterns of the actors in charge, resulting in differences in utilization results and potential network damage. COP can utilize its social network in fulfilling its function as an NGO campaigning for the protection and rescue of orangutans, but on the other hand, COP's bonding social network only connects this NGO with similar organizations, limited to handling cases of orangutans and their habitat. Supporting nature conservation, such as economic, social, and cultural, as part of the needs of the community around the ring habitat is not fulfilled. ABSTRAK: Pemanfaatan jaringan sosial Centre for Orangutan Protection (COP)2 di Kalimantan. Dengan keterbatasan jumlah SDM dibanding luasnya cakupan kerja di seluruh Kalimantan, COP memanfaatkan jaringan sosialnya untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dan berjalannya fungsi organisasi. Dalam kegiatan investigasi COP efektif menggunakan ikatan lemah untuk memperoleh informasi keberadaan orangutan dan perusakan habitatnya. Kebijakan dalam aktivitas ini pun didominasi aktor pusat melalui jaringan powernya yang menghasilkan stabilitas jaringan. Berbeda dengan pemanfaatan jaringan sosial untuk kegiatan edukasi, aktor lokal lebih dominan mengambil kebijakan program dan pola kerja. Dalam pergantian antar aktor pada masa ke masa terdapat perbedaan asumsi dan pola kerja aktor-aktor yang bertugas sehingga menimbulkan perbedaan hasil pemanfaatan hingga potensi terjadinya kerusakan jaringan. COP mampu memanfaatkan jaringan sosialnya dalam memenuhi fungsinya sebagai LSM yang mengkampanyekan perlindungan dan penyelamatan orangutan, namun sisi lainnya jaringan sosial COP yang bersifat bonding (tertutup) hanya menghubungkan LSM ini dengan organisasi sejenis terbatas pada penanganan kasus orangutan dan habitatnya. Pendukung konservasi alam seperti ekonomi, sosial dan budaya sebagai bagian dari kebutuhan masyarakat di sekitar ring habitat tak terpenuhi.

scholarly journals Manipulation of k-Coalitional Games on Social Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naftali Waxman ◽  
Sarit Kraus ◽  
Noam Hazon
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Coalition Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Information ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Coalitional Games ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social

In many coalition formation games the utility of the agents depends on a social network. In such scenarios there might be a manipulative agent that would like to manipulate his connections in the social network in order to increase his utility. We study a model of coalition formation in which a central organizer, who needs to form k coalitions, obtains information about the social network from the agents. The central organizer has her own objective: she might want to maximize the utilitarian social welfare, maximize the egalitarian social welfare, or only guarantee that every agent will have at least one connection within her coalition. In this paper we study the susceptibility for manipulation of these objectives, given the abilities and information that the manipulator has. Specifically, we show that if the manipulator has very limited information, namely he is only familiar with his immediate neighbours in the network, then a manipulation is almost always impossible. Moreover, if the manipulator is only able to add connections to the social network, then a manipulation is still impossible for some objectives, even if the manipulator has full information on the structure of the network. On the other hand, if the manipulator is able to hide some of his connections, then all objectives are susceptible to manipulation, even if the manipulator has limited information, i.e., when he is familiar with his immediate neighbours and with their neighbours.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: People With Larger Social Networks Show Poorer Voice Recognition

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110307
Author(s):  
Shiri Lev-Ari
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Voice Recognition ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Network Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Markers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Network Size ◽  
British Sample

The way we process language is influenced by our experience. We are more likely to attend to features that proved to be useful in the past. Importantly, the size of individuals’ social network can influence their experience, and consequently, how they process language. In the case of voice recognition, having a larger social network might provide more variable input and thus enhance the ability to recognize new voices. On the other hand, learning to recognize voices is more demanding and less beneficial for people with a larger social network as they have more speakers to learn yet spend less time with each. This paper tests whether social network size influences voice recognition, and if so, in which direction. Native Dutch speakers listed their social network and performed a voice recognition task. Results showed that people with larger social networks were poorer at learning to recognize voices. Experiment 2 replicated the results with a British sample and English stimuli. Experiment 3 showed that the effect does not generalize to voice recognition in an unfamiliar language suggesting that social network size influences attention to the linguistic rather than non-linguistic markers that differentiate speakers. The studies thus show that our social network size influences our inclination to learn speaker-specific patterns in our environment, and consequently the development of skills that rely on such learned patterns, such as voice recognition.

scholarly journals Gleb Vassilievich Wataghin: Physics, University and Politics in Brazil (1934-1949)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 965-978
Author(s):  
Luciana Vieira Souza da Silva ◽  
Bruno Jr. Bontempi
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War

In 1934, the Russian-Italian physicist Gleb Vassilevich Wataghin arrived in Brazil as part of an Italian diplomatic mission to organize the instruction of physics at the new Universidade de So Paulo. Still in the country, he returned to his Russian origins after Brazils declaration of war against Italy and the other Axis countries in 1942. This article discusses how Wataghin asserted his Russian nationality to help him stay there and adapt his work. It analyzes Wataghins path according to the methodological concept of intellectual scientists to investigate his political engagement with the organization of the scientific field, considering his work as a professor and a physicist, and his national origins. By examining the relevant sources to reconstruct his itinerary, social networks and generation, the authors consider the scientists intellectual outlook. They conclude, among other, that Wataghin's involvement in So Paulo's Russian community, specifically the Russian Red Cross, made him the target of investigation and repression by the State Department of Political and Social Order of So Paulo. After World War II, being a physicist further aggravated suspicions of the authorities. This affected Wataghins work environment and social network, which were also under investigation.

The evolution and structure of social networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-340
Author(s):  
WHITMAN RICHARDS ◽  
NICHOLAS WORMALD
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Preferential Attachment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Patterns ◽  
Global Patterns ◽  
Scale Properties ◽  
Empirical Networks

AbstractAs social networks evolve, new nodes are linked to the large-scale organization already in place. We show that the combination of two simple algorithms, one the Barabasi-Albert preferential attachment proposal and the other a neighbor attachment rule, successfully generate networks exhibiting both the local and global characteristics of empirical data on social network structures. Ideally, one might hope that some coarse features of this linking process and the form of the local patterns might enable the prediction of large-scale properties. We show that this is generally not the case. This might help explain the variety of local and global patterns in empirical networks.

scholarly journals Exposing the Colonial Exhibition

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marin Kuijt
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Radical Critique ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Repertoire Of Contention ◽  
First Time

In 1932 anti-colonial activists from Surinam, Indonesia and the Netherlands formed a committee to oppose the Indonesian Exhibition staged in The Hague, the Netherlands. They called themselves the Anti-Koloniale Tentoonstellingsaktie (AKTA) (Anti-Colonial Exhibition Action). The Dutch government used the exhibition to spread a pro-colonial message. The committee confronted the Dutch audiences, on the other hand, with a radical critique of colonialism. This article recounts AKTA’s history for the first time. I focus on the writings of the committee and ask why the committee criticised the exhibition in the ways it did. This close attention to discourse brings to light the thought, message and aims of the committee. It also illuminates the different contexts, both local and transnational that influenced AKTA. I complement the focus on AKTA’s texts with the reconstruction of social networks and comparisons to other anti-colonial discourses. This approach yields valuable insights. In this article I show how AKTA’s criticism of the Indonesian Exhibition was profoundly influenced by anti-colonial activism in Surinam, Harlem, Indonesia, Holland and Paris. The committee fashioned its activism on anti-colonial examples from these contexts. I introduce the term discursive repertoire of contention to describe this phenomenon.

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